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Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
Amantadine chemical structure | |
adamantan-1-amine IUPAC name | |
CAS number 768-94-5 |
ATC code |
PubChem 2130 |
DrugBank APRD00787 |
Chemical formula | {{{chemical_formula}}} |
Molecular weight | 151.249 g/mol |
Bioavailability | well absorbed |
Metabolism | negligible |
Elimination half-life | 10-14 hours, in renal impairment up to 7-10 days |
Excretion | renal |
Pregnancy category | C |
Legal status | |
Routes of administration | oral |
Amantadine is the organic compound known formally as 1-aminoadamantane. The molecule consists of adamantane backbone that is substituted at one of the four methyne positions with an amino group. This compound is sold under the name "Symmetrel," for use both as an antiviral and an antiparkinsonian drug. Rimantadine is a closely related derivative of adamantane with similar biological properties.
Apart from medical uses, this compound is useful as a building block, allowing the insertion of an adamantyl group.
Preparation[]
1-Adamantylamine may be prepared by reacting adamantane with bromine or nitric acid to give the bromide or nitroester at the 1- position. Reaction with acetonitrile affords the acetamide, which is hydrolyzed to give 1-adamantylamine.[1]
Dosage[]
A starting dose is often 100 mg, but if the person is not responding to it, then often the dosage will be increased to 200 mg, otherwise 300 mg maximum.[verification needed]
Uses[]
Approved[]
It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in October 1966 as a prophylactic agent against Asian influenza and eventually received approval for the treatment of Influenzavirus A[2][3][4][5] in adults. In 1969 the drug was also discovered by accident to help reduce symptoms of Parkinson's disease and drug-induced extrapyramidal syndromes.
As an antiparkinsonian it can be used as monotherapy; or together with L-DOPA to treat L-DOPA-related motor fluctuations (i.e., shortening of L-DOPA duration of clinical effect, probably related to progressive neuronal loss) and L-DOPA-related dyskinesias (choreiform movements associated with long-term L-DOPA use, probably related to chronic pulsatile stimulation of dopamine receptors).
Off-label uses[]
Amantadine is frequently used to treat the characteristic fatigue often experienced by patients with multiple sclerosis.[6] Additionally, there have been anecdotal reports that low-dose amantadine has been successfully used to treat ADHD.[7] Amantadine has also been shown to relieve SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction.[8][9][10]
Side effects[]
Amantadine has been associated with several central nervous system side effects, likely due to amantadine's dopaminergic and adrenergic activity, and to a lesser extent, its activity as an anticholinergic. CNS side effects include nervousness, anxiety, agitation, insomnia, difficulty in concentrating, and exacerbations of pre-existing seizure disorders and psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or Parkinson's disease. The usefulness of amantadine as an anti-parkinsonian agent is thus limited by the need to screen patients for a history of seizures and psychiatric symptoms. In Parkinson's patients who show such symptoms, the risks of amantadine may well outweigh the benefits. Vomiting has been recorded in pigeons fed amantadine.
Cases of suicidal ideation in patients treated with amantadine have been described,[11] although this psychiatric adverse event is relatively rare. Nonetheless, clinical surveillance of suicidal ideation in patients on amantadine is warranted at the clinician's discretion, as amantadine has been implicated as the major fatal (biologically toxic) factor in completed patient suicides.[12]
Another potential side effect is livedo reticularis, a dermatological reaction that results in skin mottling and purpurish mesh network of blood vessels.
Mechanism of action[]
The mechanism for its antiviral and antiparkinsonian effects seems to be unrelated.
- The mechanism of its antiparkinsonian effect is poorly understood. The drug appears to induce release of dopamine from the nerve endings of the brain cells, together with stimulation of norepinephrine response. Furthermore, it appears to be a weak NMDA receptor antagonist[13] and an anticholinergic.
- In terms of the mechanism of its antiviral properties, amantadine interferes with a viral protein, M2 (an ion channel),[14] which is required for the viral particle to become "uncoated" once it is taken inside the cell by endocytosis.
Misuse[]
In 2005, Chinese poultry farmers were reported to have used amantadine to protect birds against avian influenza.[15] In western countries and according to international livestock regulations, amantadine is approved only for use in humans. Chickens in China have received an estimated 2.6 billion doses of amantadine.[15] Avian flu (H5N1) strains in China and southeast Asia are resistant to amantadine, but strains circulating elsewhere seem to be sensitive. If amantadine resistant strains of the virus spread, the drug of choice in an avian flu outbreak will likely be restricted to one of the scarcer and costlier oseltamivir or zanamivir, which work by a different mechanism and are less likely to trigger resistance.
Declining effectiveness[]
Early in the 2005/2006 flu season, the United States' Center for Disease Control [CDC] found rates of amantadine resistance to be much higher than in previous seasons. Looking at samples from 26 states yielded the following findings:
A total of 193 (92.3%) of 209 influenza A(H3N2) and 2 (25%) of 8 influenza A(H1N1) viruses analyzed contained point mutations resulting in a serine-to-asparagine change at amino acid 31 (S31N) of the M2 protein that conferred amantadine resistance.[16]
A resistance rate of 92% for the major flu strain was called "alarmingly high". The CDC issued an alert to doctors not to prescribe amantadine any more for the season.[17] Among some Asian countries, A/H3N2 and A/H1N1 resistance has reached 100%.[18]
References[]
- ↑ I. K. Moiseev, R. I. Doroshenko and V. I. Ivanova (1976). {{{title}}}. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 10 (4): 450-451.
- ↑ David A. Hounshell and John Kenly Smith, "Science and Corporate Strategy: Du Pont R&D, 1902-1980", 1988, Cambridge University Press, p. 469. http://books.google.com/books?id=6ld0K9VNpmIC
- ↑ "SALES OF FLU DRUG BY DU PONT UNIT A 'DISAPPOINTMENT'" (Last accessed May 19, 2008.) October 5, 1982, The New York Times.
- ↑ Thomas H. Maugh. "Amantadine: An Alternative for Prevention of Influenza" Science. April 9, 1976. 192: 130-131. DOI: 10.1126/science.386515 Article (subscription required)
- ↑ T.H. Maugh. "Panel urges wide use of antiviral drug" Science. November 30, 1979. 206: 1058-1060. DOI: 10.1126/science.192.4235.130 Article (subscription required)
- ↑ Cohen RA, Fisher M. Amantadine treatment of fatigue associated with MS. Arch Neurol 1989;46:676–680
- ↑ Hallowell, Edward M. and John J. Ratey, Delivered from Distraction: Getting the Most out of Life with Attention Deficit Disorder (2005), pp. 253-5.
- ↑ Shrivastava RK, Shrivastava S, Overweg N, Schmitt M (February 1995). Amantadine in the treatment of sexual dysfunction associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology 15 (1): 83–4.
- ↑ Balogh S, Hendricks SE, Kang J (June 1992). Treatment of fluoxetine-induced anorgasmia with amantadine. The Journal of clinical psychiatry 53 (6): 212–3.
- ↑ Keller Ashton A, Hamer R, Rosen RC (1997). Serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction and its treatment: a large-scale retrospective study of 596 psychiatric outpatients. Journal of sex & marital therapy 23 (3): 165–75.
- ↑ Endo Pharmaceuticals (May 2003). "Symmetrel (Amantadine) Prescribing Information" (PDF). Retrieved on 2007-08-02.
- ↑ Cook et al, "Fatal overdose with amantadine". Can. J. Psychiatry (Nov 1986); 31(8), pp. 757-758.
- ↑ Blanpied TA, Clarke RJ, Johnson JW (March 2005). Amantadine inhibits NMDA receptors by accelerating channel closure during channel block. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 25 (13): 3312–22.
- ↑ Wang C, Takeuchi K, Pinto LH, Lamb RA (September 1993). Ion channel activity of influenza A virus M2 protein: characterization of the amantadine block. Journal of virology 67 (9): 5585–94.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 includeonly>Sipress, Alan. "Bird Flu Drug Rendered Useless", Washington Post, 2005-06-18, pp. A01. Retrieved on 2007-08-02.
- ↑ Bright, R A, Shay, D K; Shu, B;Cox, N J;Klimov, A I (2006-02-22). Adamantane Resistance Among Influenza A Viruses Isolated Early During the 2005-2006 Influenza Season in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association 295 (8): 891–894. BL Shelfmark 4689.000000.
- ↑ CDC Recommends against the Use of Amantadine and Rimantadine for the Treatment or Prophylaxis of Influenza in the United States during the 2005–06 Influenza Season. CDC Health Alert. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. URL accessed on 2008-05-20.
- ↑ Deyde, Varough M., Xu, Xiyan; Bright, Rick A.; Shaw, Michael; Smith, Catherine B.; Zhang, Ye; Shu, Yuelong; Gubareva, Larisa V.; Cox, Nancy J.; Klimov, Alexander I. (2007-07-15). Surveillance of Resistance to Adamantanes among Influenza A(H3N2) and A(H1N1) Viruses Isolated Worldwide. Journal of Infectious Diseases 196 (2): 249–257.
See also[]
- Rimantadine
- Tromantadine
Anti-parkinson drugs: dopaminergic agents (N04B) | |
---|---|
Dopa and derivatives |
Levodopa, Melevodopa, Etilevodopa |
Adamantane derivatives |
Amantadine |
Dopamine agonists |
Apomorphine, Bromocriptine, Cabergoline, Dihydrexidine, Dihydroergocryptine mesylate, Fenoldopam, Lisuride, Pergolide, Piribedil, Pramipexole, Quinpirole, Ropinirole, Rotigotine, SKF 38393, SKF 82958 |
MAOIs | |
Other |
Tolcapone, Entacapone, Budipine |
Antivirals (primarily J05, also S01AD and D06BB) | |
---|---|
Anti-herpesvirus |
Aciclovir • Cidofovir • Docosanol • Famciclovir • Fomivirsen • Foscarnet • Ganciclovir • Idoxuridine • Penciclovir • Trifluridine • Tromantadine • Valaciclovir • Valganciclovir • Vidarabine |
Anti-influenza agents |
Arbidol • adamantane derivatives/M2 inhibitors (Amantadine, Rimantadine) • neuraminidase inhibitors (Oseltamivir, Peramivir, Zanamivir) |
Antiretrovirals: NRTIs |
Abacavir • Didanosine • Emtricitabine • Lamivudine • Stavudine • Zalcitabine • Zidovudine |
Antiretrovirals: NtRTIs |
Adefovir • Tenofovir |
Antiretrovirals: NNRTIs |
Efavirenz • Delavirdine • Nevirapine • Loviride |
Antiretrovirals: PIs |
Amprenavir • Atazanavir • Darunavir • Fosamprenavir • Indinavir • Lopinavir • Nelfinavir • Ritonavir • Saquinavir • Tipranavir |
Antiretrovirals: Fusion inhibitors |
Enfuvirtide |
Antiretrovirals: Integrase inhibitors |
Raltegravir |
Other antiviral agents |
general (Inosine, Interferon) • HIV (Maraviroc) • Picornavirus (Pleconaril) • Hepatitis C (Ribavirin, Viramidine) • Human papillomavirus/Molluscum contagiosum (Imiquimod, Podophyllotoxin) |
Influenza | |
---|---|
Influenza |
Research - Vaccine - Avian influenza - Treatment - Genome sequencing |
Influenza viruses |
Orthomyxoviridae - Influenza A - Influenza B - Influenza C |
Subtypes of Influenza A virus |
H1N1 - H1N2 - H2N2 - H3N2 - H3N8 - H5N1 - H5N2 - H5N3 - H5N8 - H5N9 - H7N1 - H7N2 - H7N3 - H7N4 - H7N7 - H9N2 - H10N7 |
H5N1 |
Genetic structure - Transmission and infection - Global spread - Clinical Trials - Human mortality |
Antiviral drugs |
Arbidol - adamantane derivatives (Amantadine, Rimantadine) - neuraminidase inhibitors (Oseltamivir, Peramivir, Zanamivir) |
Influenza vaccines |
FluMist - Fluzone |
Influenza pandemics |
Asian Flu - Hong Kong Flu - Spanish flu - Fujian flu - Pandemic Severity Index |
Influenza in non-human mammals |
Canine influenza - Equine influenza - Swine flu |
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