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Bremelanotide

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Bremelanotide chemical structure
Bremelanotide

(3R,6R,9S,12R,15R,23R)-15-{[(2R)-2-

Acetamidohexanoyl]amino}-9-benzyl- 6-(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-12- (1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)-3-(1H-indol- 3-ylmethyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaoxo- 1,4,7,10,13,18-hexaazacyclotricosane -23-carboxylic acid
IUPAC name

CAS number
189691-06-3 		ATC code

none[1]

PubChem
9941379 		DrugBank
[2]
Chemical formula
Molecular weight 1025.2
Bioavailability
Metabolism
Elimination half-life
Excretion
Pregnancy category
Legal status
Routes of administration


Bremelanotide (Template:Pron-en) (formerly PT-141) is a compound under drug development by Palatin Technologies as a treatment for hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion injury. It functions by activating the melanocortin receptors MC1R and MC4R, to modulate inflammation and limiting ischemia.[1] It was originally developed for use in treating sexual dysfunction but this application was discontinued in 2008, after concerns were raised over adverse side effects of increased blood pressure.

Development[]

Originally, the peptide Melanotan II, that bremelanotide was developed from, was tested as a sunless tanning agent. In initial testing, Melanotan II did induce tanning but additionally caused sexual arousal and spontaneous erections as unexpected side effects in nine out of the ten original male volunteer test subjects.[2]

In studies, bremelanotide was shown to induce lordosis in an animal model[3] and was also effective in treating sexual dysfunction in both men (erectile dysfunction or impotence) and women (sexual arousal disorder). Unlike Viagra and other related medications, it does not act upon the vascular system, but directly increases sexual desire via the nervous system.[4]

A Phase III clinical trial was scheduled to begin in the first half of 2007, but was delayed until August 2007. On August 30, Palatin announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration had expressed serious concerns regarding the risk/benefit ratio of bremelanotide with regards to the side effect of increased blood pressure. The FDA stated that they would consider alternate uses for bremelanotide, including as a treatment for individuals who do not respond to more established ED treatments. However, On May 13, 2008, Palatin Technologies announced it had "discontinued development of Bremelanotide for the treatment of male and female sexual dysfunction" while concurrently announcing plans to develop it as a treatment for hemorrhagic shock instead.[5] The company additionally announced intentions to focus its attention on another compound, PL-6983, that causes lower blood pressure in animal models.[6] Palatin has since re-initiated Bremelanotide studies for ED and FSD using a subcutaneous delivery method. On August 12, 2009, the company announced that in a double-blind study of 54 volunteers bremelanotide failed to evoke the hypertensive side effects seen with the nasal delivery system used in prior studies, concluding that "variability of uptake" inherent in intranasal administration of the drug resulted in "increases in blood pressure and gastrointestinal events...primarily related to high plasma levels in [only] a subset of patients" and that subcutaneous administration of the drug circumvented the potential for this side effect. It is now in discussions with the FDA to resume Human Phase 2 studies utilizing subcutaneous administration.[6]

Structure[]

Bremelanotide is a cyclic hepta-peptide lactam analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) that activates the melanocortin receptors MC3-R and MC4-R in the central nervous system. It has the amino acid sequence Ac-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-OH or cyclo-[Nle4, Asp5, D-Phe7, Lys10]alpha-MSH-(4-10). It is a metabolite of Melanotan II that lacks the C-terminal amide function.

See also[]

References[]

  1. ↑ Bremelanotide for Organ Protection and Related Indications, Palatin Technologies fact sheet. Retrieved on 2009-01-18.
  2. ↑ (1999). Tanning drug may find new life as Viagra alternative. (HTML) CNN. URL accessed on 2007-09-16.
  3. ↑ Pfaus JG, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P (July 2004). Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (27): 10201–4.
  4. ↑ Vicki Mabrey (2006). ABC News "The Business of Desire - Love Potion". (HTML, Flash Video) ABC News. URL accessed on 2009-01-24.
  5. ↑ (2008). Palatin Technologies announces new strategic objectives and reports third quarter 2008 financial results. (HTML) Palatin Technologies press release. URL accessed on 2008-08-21.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Palatin Technologies Announces New Strategic Objectives. URL accessed on 2008-05-13. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Palatin Technologies" defined multiple times with different content

External links[]

bremelanotide (PT-141) patent (Appl. No.:040547)

Template:Peptides Template:Peptide hormone agonists and antagonists

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