Cardiology

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Cardiology is the branch of medicine pertaining to the heart and the vascular system of the human body -- the cardiovascular system. Its a subspecialty (fellowship) of Internal Medicine.

The heart[]

Main article: heart

Cardiac pacemaker (Electrical system of the heart)[]

Electrical conduction system of the heart
- Action potential
  - Ventricular action potential
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers

Basic cardiac physiology[]

Systole
Diastole
Heart sounds
Preload
Afterload
Kussmaul's sign

Disorders of the heart[]

Main article: heart disease

Disorders of the coronary circulation[]

Atherosclerosis
Restenosis
Coronary heart disease (Ischaemic heart disease, Coronary artery disease)
Acute coronary syndrome
- Angina
- Myocardial infarction (Heart attack)

Sudden cardiac death (The abrupt cessation of blood flow, leading to death)[]

Cardiac arrest

Treatment of sudden cardiac death[]

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Disorders of the myocardium (muscle of the heart)[]

Cardiomyopathy
- Ischemic cardiomyopathy
- Nonischemic cardiomyopathy
  - Amyloid cardiomyopathy
  - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
    - Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) (Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS))
    - Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  - Dilated cardiomyopathy
    - Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
    - Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy
    - Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (Transient apical ballooning, stress-induced cardiomyopathy)
  - Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy)
  - Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Congestive heart failure
- Cor pulmonale
Ventricular hypertrophy
- Left ventricular hypertrophy
Primary tumors of the heart
- Myxoma
Myocardial rupture

Disorders of the pericardium (outer lining of the heart)[]

Pericarditis
Pericardial tamponade
Constrictive pericarditis

Disorders of the heart valves[]

Aortic valve disorders
- Aortic insufficiency
- Aortic stenosis
- Aortic valve replacement
- Aortic valve repair
- Aortic valvuloplasty
Mitral valve disorders
- Mitral valve prolapse
- Mitral regurgitation
- Mitral stenosis
- Mitral valve replacement
- Mitral valve repair
- Mitral valvuloplasty
Pulmonary valve disorders
- Congenital pulmonic stenosis
Tricuspid valve disorders

Disorders of the electrical system of the heart (Cardiac electrophysiology)[]

Tachycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias
- Supraventricular tachycardia (Fast rhythms that originate above the ventricles)
  - Atrial fibrillation
  - Atrial flutter
  - Atrial tachycardia
  - Sick sinus syndrome (Tachy-Brady syndrome)
  - AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)
  - AV reentrant tachycardia (AVRT)
- Bigeminy
- Premature ventricular contraction
- Ventricular tachycardia
  - Torsades de pointes
- Ventricular fibrillation
- Sick sinus syndrome
- Bundle branch block
  - Left bundle branch block
  - Right bundle branch block
- Heart block
  - First degree AV block
  - Second degree AV block
  - Bifascicular block
  - Trifascicular block
  - Third degree AV block
    - Lev's disease
Specific diseases of the electrical system of the heart
- Brugada syndrome
- Long QT syndrome
  - Andersen-Tawil syndrome
  - Romano-Ward syndrome
  - Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
- Short QT syndrome
- Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW syndrome)

Inflammation and infection of the heart[]

Endocarditis
- Rheumatic heart disease
Myocarditis
Pericarditis

Congenital heart disease[]

Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Bicuspid aortic valve
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of the great vessels (TGV)
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Diseases of blood vessels (Vascular diseases)[]

Vasculitis
Atherosclerosis
Aneurysm
Varicose veins
Economy class syndrome
Diseases of the aorta
- Coarctation of the aorta
- Aortic dissection
- Aortic aneurysm
Diseases of the carotid arteries
- Carotid artery disease
- Carotid artery dissection

Procedures done for coronary artery disease[]

Percutaneous coronary intervention
- Atherectomy
- Angioplasty (PTCA)
- Stenting
Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG)
Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP)

Devices used in cardiology[]

Stethoscope
Devices used to maintain normal electrical rhythm
- Pacemaker
- Defibrillator
  - Automated external defibrillator
  - Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
Devices used to maintain blood pressure
- Artificial heart
- Heart-lung machine
- Intra-aortic balloon pump
- Ventricular assist device

Diagnostic tests and procedures[]

Blood tests
Echocardiogram
CMR
Cardiac stress test
Auscultation (Listening with the Stethoscope)

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

- QT interval
- Osborn wave
Ambulatory Holter monitor
Electrophysiologic study
- Programmed electrical stimulation
Sphygmomanometer (Blood pressure cuff)
Cardiac enzymes
Coronary catheterization
- Myocardial Fractional Flow Reserve (FFRmyo)
- IVUS (IntraVascular UltraSound)

Cardiac pharmaceutical agents[]

The followings are medications commonly prescribed in cardiology:

Antiarrhythmic agents
- Type I (sodium channel blockers)
  - Type Ia
    - Quinidine
  - Type Ib
    - Lidocaine
    - Phenytoin
  - Type Ic
    - Propafenone
- Type II (beta blockers)
  - Metoprolol
- Type III (potassium channel blockers)
  - Amiodarone
  - Dofetilide
  - Sotalol
- Type IV (slow calcium channel blockers)
  - Diltiazem
  - Verapamil
- Type V
  - Adenosine
  - Digoxin
ACE inhibitors
- Captopril
- Enalapril
- Perindopril
- Ramipril
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
- Candesartan
- Eprosartan
- Irbesartan
- Losartan
- Telmisartan
- Valsartan
Beta blocker
Calcium channel blocker

External links[]

Cardiology News
European Society of Cardiology
U.S. National Institute of Health (NIH) : Heart and Circulation
American College of Cardiology
Coronary heart disease
Virtual Cardiac Centre - latest comprehensive information on the field of Cardiology.
Cardiovascular Physiology - comprehensive explanation of basic concepts in cardiology.
Preventive Cardiology
A cardiac atlas using CMR images

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