- Main article: Tree of Knowledge System
The Tree of Knowledge (ToK) System, created by Gregg Henriques, (Ph.D., Assistant Professor Combined-Integrated Doctoral Program, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA), depicts knowledge as consisting of four levels or dimensions of complexity:
- Matter
- Life
- Mind
- Culture
that correspond with four classes of objects:
- Material objects
- Organisms
- Animals
- Humans
and four classes of science:
- Physical
- Biological
- Psychological
- Social
Each dimension of complexity is connected to the dimension of complexity beneath it via a theoretical joint point:
- Quantum Gravity
- The Modern Synthesis
- Behavioral Investment Theory (BIT)
- The Justification Hypothesis (JH)
Each joint point provides the causal explanatory framework for how the level of complexity evolved.
Psychology is defined as being "boxed in" between the Life-to-Mind joint point, (conceptualized by BIT), and the Mind-to-Culture joint point, (conceptualized by the JH).
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