Assessment |
Biopsychology |
Comparative |
Cognitive |
Developmental |
Language |
Individual differences |
Personality |
Philosophy |
Social |
Methods |
Statistics |
Clinical |
Educational |
Industrial |
Professional items |
World psychology |
Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
A Cochlear implant (CI) is a surgically implanted electronic device that provides a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf or severely hard of hearing. The cochlear implant is often referred to as a bionic ear. Unlike hearing aids, the cochlear implant does not amplify sound, but works by directly stimulating any functioning auditory nerves inside the cochlea with electrical impulses. External components of the cochlear implant include a microphone, speech processor and transmitter which also allows an individual to adjust the sound for quality and amplification.
According to researchers at the University of Michigan [1], approximately 100,000 people worldwide have received cochlear implants; roughly half are children and half are adults. The vast majority are in developed countries due to the high cost of the device, surgery and post-implantation therapy — Mexico had performed only 55 cochlear implant operations by the year 2000 (Berruecos 2000). China will be having 15,000 cochlear implant surgeries on children, which are being paid for by a Taiwanese philanthropist. The concern is that the follow-up services in China are not adequate to meet the needs of cochlear implanted children.[1] A small percentage of those now have bilateral implants, or one on each cochlea. Bilateral cochlear implants are a growing trend globally, Cochlear Americas reported that 15% of their 2006 sales in the United States were for bilateral implants. [2]
Individuals who have acquired deafblindness (loss of hearing and vision combined) may find cochlear implants a radical improvement in their daily life. It may provide them with more information for safety, communication, balance, orientation and mobility and promote interaction within their environment and with other people, reducing isolation. Having more auditory information that they may be familiar with may provide them independent gathering of information to become more independent.
The implant often gives recipients additional auditory information, which may include sound discrimination fine enough to understand speech in quiet environments. Though sufficient, and quality, post-implantation rehabilitative therapy is a critical factor affecting the success rate.
The introduction of cochlear implants has seen the renewal of a century-old debate about models of deafness that often pits the hearing parents of deaf children on one side and the Deaf community on the other. There still exists much debate regarding the value and necessity of an implant, some of which is detailed in the below ethical, cultural, and social impact sections.
History[]
The discovery that electrical stimulation to the auditory system can create a perception of sound occurred around 1790, when Alessandro Volta (the developer of the electric battery) placed metal rods in his own ears and connected them to a 50-volt circuit, experiencing a jolt and hearing a noise "like a thick boiling soup". Other experiments occurred sporadically, until electrical (sound amplifying) hearing aids began to be developed in earnest in the 20th century.
The first direct stimulation of an acoustic nerve with an electrode was performed in the 1950s by the French-Algerian surgeons André Djourno and Charles Eyriès. They placed wires on nerves exposed during an operation, and reported that the patient heard sounds like "a roulette wheel" and "a cricket" when a current was applied.
In 1961, American doctor William F. House of House Ear Institute [3] and House Ear Clinic[4] had Djourno's paper translated and had devices made which he implanted into three patients. In 1969 he created the first wearable implant. House's technology used a single electrode and was designed to aid lip-reading. Throughout the 1970s, University Of Melbourne researcher Graeme Clark, initially inspired to develop an artificial hearing device through his deaf father[5], developed implants which stimulated the cochlea at multiple points, and on the 1st of August, 1978, Melbourne resident Rod Saunders was implanted with the first Australian multi-channel cochlear implant. Although other multi-channel implants had been performed since 1964, this marked the beginning of one of the most successful.
In December 1984, the Australian cochlear implant was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to be implanted into adults in the United States. In 1990 the FDA lowered the approved age for implantation to 2 years, then 18 months in 1998, and finally 12 months in 2002, although off label use has occurred in babies as young as 6 months in the United States and 4 months internationally.
Throughout the 1990s, the large external components which had been worn strapped to the body grew smaller and smaller thanks to developments in miniature electronics. By 2006, most school-age children and adults used a small behind-the-ear (BTE) speech processor about the size of a power hearing aid. Younger children have small ears and might mishandle behind-the-ear speech processors, therefore, they often wear the sound processor on their hip in a pack or small harness, or wear the BTE's pinned to their collar, barrette or elsewhere.
On October 5, 2005, the first of 3 recipients was implanted with a totally implantable cochlear implant (TIKI sic) in Melbourne, Australia. This was part of a research project conducted by Cochlear Ltd. and the University of Melbourne Department of Otolaryngology under the umbrella of CRC HEAR to be the first cochlear implant system capable of functioning for sustained periods with no external components. The system is capable of providing hearing via TIKI in standalone mode (invisible hearing), or via an external sound processor. Although these recipients continue to use their devices successfully today, it will be many years before a commercial product becomes available.
Since hearing in two ears allows people to localize sounds and to hear better in noisy environments, bilateral (both ear) implants are currently being investigated and utilized. Users generally report better hearing with two implants, and tests show that bilateral implant users are better at localizing sounds and hearing in noise. Nearly 3000 people worldwide are bilateral cochlear implant users, including 1600 children. As of 2006, the world's youngest recipient of a bilateral implant was just over 5 months old (163 days) in Germany (2004).
Parts of the cochlear implant[]
The implant is surgically placed under the skin behind the ear. The basic parts of the device include:
- External:
- a microphone which picks up sound from the environment
- a speech processor which selectively filters sound to prioritise audible speech and sends the electrical sound signals through a thin cable to the transmitter,
- a transmitter, which is a coil held in position by a magnet placed behind the external ear, and transmits the processed sound signals to the internal device by electromagnetic induction,
- Internal:
- a receiver and stimulator secured in bone beneath the skin, which converts the signals into electric impulses and sends them through an internal cable to electrodes,
- an array of up to 22 electrodes wound through the cochlea, which send the impulses to the nerves in the scala tympani and then directly to the brain through the auditory nerve system.
Candidates[]
There are a number of factors that determine the degree of success to expect from the operation and the device itself. Cochlear implant centers determine implant candidacy on an individual basis and take into account a person's hearing history, cause of hearing loss, amount of residual hearing, speech recognition ability, health status, and family commitment to aural habilitation/rehabilitation.
A prime candidate is described as:
- having severe to profound sensorineural hearing impairment in both ears
- having a functioning auditory nerve
- having lived a short amount of time without hearing (approximately 70+ decibel loss, on average)
- having good speech, language, and communication skills, or in the case of infants and young children, having a family willing to work toward speech and language skills with therapy
- not benefitting enough from other kinds of hearing aids
- having no medical reason to avoid surgery
- living in or desiring to live in the "hearing world"
- having realistic expectations about results
- having the support of family and friends
- having appropriate services set up for post-cochlear implant aural rehabilitation (through a speech language pathologist, deaf educator, or auditory verbal therapist).
Type of hearing impairment[]
People with mild or moderate sensorineural hearing loss are generally not candidates for cochlear implantation. After the implant is put into place, sound no longer travels via the ear canal and middle ear but will be picked up by a microphone and sent through the device's speech processor to the implant's electrodes inside the cochlea. Thus, most candidates have been diagnosed with profound sensorineural hearing loss.
The presence of auditory nerve fibres is essential to the functioning of the device: if these are damaged to such an extent that they cannot receive electrical stimuli, the implant will not work. A small number of individuals with severe auditory neuropathy may also benefit from cochlear implants.
Age of recipient[]
Post-lingually deaf adults and pre-lingually deaf children form two distinct groups of potential users of cochlear implants with different needs and outcomes. Those who have lost their hearing as adults were the first group to find cochlear implants useful, in regaining some comprehension of speech and other sounds. If an individual has been deaf for a long period of time, the brain may begin using the area of the brain normally used for hearing for other functions. If such a person receives a cochlear implant, the sounds can be very disorienting, and the brain often will struggle to readapt to sound.
The risk of surgery in the older patient must be weighed against the improvement in quality of life. As the devices improve, particularly the sound processor hardware and software, the benefit is often judged to be worth the surgical risk, particularly for the newly deaf elderly patient. [6]
The other group of customers are parents of children born deaf who want to ensure that their children grow up with good spoken language skills. Research shows that congenitally deaf children who receive cochlear implants at a young age (less than 2 years) have better success with them than congenitally deaf children who first receive the implants at a later age, though the critical period for utilizing auditory information does not close completely until adolescence.
Number of users[]
It has been estimated in 2002 that around 10,000 children in the US and an additional 49,000 people worldwide have received Cochlear implants. By the end of 2007, the total number of cochlear implant recipients has grown to an estimated 120,000 worldwide.[2]
The operation, post-implantation therapy and ongoing effects[]
The device is surgically implanted under a general anaesthetic, and the operation usually takes from 1½ to 5 hours. First a small area of the scalp directly behind the ear is shaved and cleaned. Then a small incision is made in the skin just behind the ear and the surgeon drills into the mastoid bone and the inner ear where the electrode array is inserted into the cochlea. The patient normally goes home the same day as the surgery, although some cochlear implant recipients stay in the hospital for 1 to 2 days. It is considered outpatient surgery. As with every medical procedure, the surgery involves a certain amount of risk; in this case, the risks include skin infection, onset of tinnitus, damage to the vestibular system, and damage to facial nerves that can cause muscle weakness, or, in worst cases, disfiguring paralysis. There is also the risk of device failure, usually where the incision does not heal properly. This occurs in 2% of cases and the device must be removed. The operation also may destroy any residual hearing the patient may have; as a result, some doctors advise single-ear implantation, saving the other ear in case a biological treatment becomes available in future.
After 1-4 weeks of healing (the wait is usually longer for children than adults), the implant is turned on or activated. Results are typically not immediate, and post-implantation therapy is required as well as time for the brain to adapt to hearing new sounds. In the case of congenitally deaf children, audiological training and speech therapy typically continue for years, though infants can become age appropriate in a matter of months. The participation of the child's family in working on spoken language development is considered to be even more important than therapy. The family can aid development by participating actively in the child's therapy, making hearing and listening interesting, talking about objects and actions, and encouraging the child to make sounds and form words.
In 2003, the CDC and FDA announced that children with cochlear implants are at a slightly increased risk of bacterial meningitis (Reefhuis 2003). Though this risk is small, it is still 30 times higher than children in the general population, without proper immunizations. Many users, audiologists, and surgeons also report that when there is an ear infection causing fluid in the middle ear, it can affect the cochlear implant, leading to temporarily reduced hearing.
The implant has a few effects unrelated to hearing. Manufacturers have cautioned against scuba diving due to the pressures involved, but the depths found in normal recreational diving appear to be safe. The external components must be turned off and removed prior to swimming or showering. Some brands of cochlear implant are unsafe in areas with strong magnetic fields, and thus cannot be used with certain diagnostic tests such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but some are now FDA approved for use with certain strengths of MRI machine. Large amounts of static electricity can cause the device's memory to reset. For this reason, children with cochlear implants are also advised to avoid plastic playground slides. [7] The electronic stimulation the implant creates appears to have a positive effect on the nerve tissue that surrounds it.[3]==[How to reference and link to summary or text]
Cost[]
In the United States, medical costs run from USD$45,000 to $105,000; this includes evaluation, the surgery itself, hardware (device), hospitalization and rehabilitation. Some or all of this may be covered by health insurance. In the United Kingdom, the NHS covers cochlear implants in full, as does Medicare in Australia. According to the National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders, the estimated total cost is $60,000 per person implanted.
Efficiency[]
A cochlear implant will not cure deafness or hearing impairment, but is a prosthetic substitute for hearing. Some recipients find them very effective, others somewhat effective and some feel overall worse off with the implant than without. [8] For people already functional in spoken language who lose their hearing, cochlear implants can be a great help in restoring functional comprehension of speech, especially if they have only lost their hearing for a short time.
British Member of Parliament Jack Ashley received a cochlear implant in 1994 at age 70 after 25 years of deafness, and reported that he has no trouble speaking to people he knows one on one, even on the telephone, although he might have difficulty with a new voice or with a busy conversation, and still had to rely to some extent on lipreading. He described the robotic sound of human voices perceived through the cochlear implant as "a croaking dalek with laryngitis". Even modern cochlear implants have at most 24 electrodes to replace the 16,000 delicate hair cells that are used for normal hearing. However, the sound quality delivered by a cochlear implant is often good enough that many users do not have to rely on lipreading. American radio host Rush Limbaugh, who has severe hearing difficulties, says that everything sounds normal except that he cannot decipher the melody of new music that he had not heard prior to becoming deaf.
Adults who have grown up deaf can find the implants ineffective or irritating. This relates to the specific pathology of deafness and the time frame. Adults who are born with normal hearing and who have had normal hearing for their early years and who have then progressively lost their hearing tend to have better outcomes than adults who were born deaf. This is due to the neural patterns laid down in the early years of life - which are crucially important to speech perception. Cochlear implants cannot overcome such a problem. Some who were orally educated and used amplifying hearing aids have been more successful with cochlear implants, as the perception of sound was maintained through use of the hearing aid.
Many individuals who use sign language believe they have no use for sound, with the obvious exception of the detection of emergency situations (onrushing vehicles, law enforcement officials calling to them or attackers) located outside the range of vision. Individuals who are Deaf use sign language and an interpreter to communicate with those who use spoken languages, in the same way that an individual who only speaks English but wants to meet with an individual who only speaks French, would utilize an interpreter.
For small children, amazing results have been achieved with the use of cochlear implants.[4] Almost all children hear quite well with a cochlear implant, save for a rare few.[How to reference and link to summary or text] Those children without a working auditory nerve may be helped with a cochlear implant, although the results they experience may not be as spectacular. Patients without a viable auditory nerve are usually identified during the candidacy process. Fewer than 1% of deaf individuals have a missing or damaged auditory nerve, which today can be treated with an auditory brainstem implant. Recent research has suggested that children and adults can benefit from bilateral cochlear implants in order to aid in sound localization and speech understanding. (See Offeciers et al. 2005)
Risks and disadvantages[]
Some effects of implantation are irreversible; while the device promises to provide new sound information for a recipient, the implantation process inevitably results in damage to nerve cells within the cochlea, which often results in a permanent loss of most residual natural hearing. While recent improvements in implant technology, and implantation techniques, promise to minimize such damage, the risk and extent of damage still varies.
In addition, while the device can help the recipient better hear and understand sounds in their environment, it is simply incapable of replicating the quality of sound processed by a natural cochlea. As a result, some recipients can only distinguish the difference between simple sounds, such as a ringing phone vs a doorbell, while others can clearly understand speech in quiet environments, while some even gain the ability to distinguish the nuances of fine classical music. The success rate depends on a variety of factors, including technology used, condition of the recipient's cochlea, and the follow-through of post-implantation aural rehabilitation.
The FDA reports that cochlear implant recipients may be at higher risk for meningitis.[9] A study of 4,265 American children who received implants between 1997 and 2002 concluded that recipient children had a risk of pneumococcal meningitis more than 30 times greater than that for children in the general population.[10] A later, UK-based, study found that while the incidence of meningitis in implanted adults was significantly higher than the general population, the incidence in children was no different than the general population.[11]
There are strict protocols in choosing candidates to avoid risks and disadvantages. A battery of tests are performed to make the decision of candidacy easier. For example, some patients suffer from deafness medial to the cochlea - typically acoustic neuromas. Implantation into the cochlea has a low success rate with these people as the artificial signal does not have a healthy nerve to travel along.
With careful selection of candidates, the risks of implantation are minimized.
Cultural and Social Impacts[]
This article may require cleanup. Please improve this article if you can. (January 2008) |
The introduction of cochlear implants has seen the renewal of a century-old debate about models of deafness that often pits the hearing parents of deaf children on one side and the Deaf community on the other. Many people who are Deaf feel they have no use for sound. Sound quality of implants and hearing aids have the ability to annoy people and just create a lot of negative noise and headaches and create safety issues. Many children throw their hearing aids away, they may feel the same way about implants. Many in the Deaf community stress that it is important for adults to choose for themselves and not to force children to have implants until they are old enough to understand and choose for themselves. Many hearing parents of deaf children do not feel comfortable learning sign language. More often than not, deaf or hard of hearing children of hearing parents have little or no methods to communicate and are delayed learners. Deaf children of Deaf parents show that they have closer to a normal childhood because they have a language to receive information and to express themselves. University of Pittsburgh science affiliation, led by prominent bio-molecular audiologist Michael Kraemer, has crafted the basic audiological structure for the cohesion to operate properly. On the one hand, modern medical ethics law dictates that the decision of whether to get a cochlear implant is up to the patient or the legal guardian of the patient. Therefore, political debate about whether deafness is a disability or not is irrelevant to the current medical profession. On the other hand, whether society treats deafness as a disability has direct bearing on government policy. Many governments in the world have disability legislation which includes people who are deaf. Some developed countries provide cochlear implantation as a part of state healthcare.[12] The debate is also economic. Many state-funded medical interventions for a disability (such as free genetic screening for Down Syndrome) are justified on the ground that, in the long run, they will prove cheaper for the state. Some may also regard this as just another form of abuse toward individual who is deaf. Many people who are Deaf say that it is wrong to implant a child and that it is the individual's choice as an adult. Many adults are very happy with implants and it has improved their life. There is not always funding to assist individuals and families to pay for the costs of what is needed to assist individuals to understand concepts of sound if it is their first experience.
Ethical issues[]
Discussions within the Deaf community continue to fuel controversy and emotional personal debates about health, rights of the individual citizen, language, ethics, Deaf culture, and the death of Deaf culture. Part of the controversy concerns also the basic right for an individual to choose a language versus an individual as a young child having a mode of communication and language chosen for them. In the past, many adults whose first language is sign language endured policies created by medical and educational governing bodies that enforced the use of spoken language and use of hearing aids on them. One argument made by those in the Deaf community opposed to cochlear implants is that implantation of CI's in young children is just another form of abuse. In the past, individuals who were Deaf have advocated change successfully to improve human rights for individuals and continue to work to advocate for change, to help children who are born with loss of hearing.
Cochlear implants for congenitally deaf children are often considered to be most effective when implanted at a young age, during the critical period in which the brain is still learning to interpret sound; hence they are implanted before the recipients can decide for themselves. Critics question the ethics of such invasive elective surgery on otherwise healthy children. They point out that manufacturers and specialists have exaggerated the efficacy and downplayed the risks of a procedure that they stand to gain from. On the other hand, Andrew Solomon of the New York Times states that "Much National Association of the Deaf propaganda about the danger of implants is alarmist; some of it is positively inaccurate."[5]
Much of the strongest objection to cochlear implants has come from the Deaf community, which consists largely of pre-lingually deaf people whose first language is a signed language. Regardless of the fact that to be deaf is to lack the ability to hear, many individuals who are Deaf and the Deaf community do not share the view of deafness held by the hearing parents of deaf children, which obviously regards deafness as a disability to be "fixed." Individuals who are Deaf celebrate their diverse culture (see Deaf culture). On the other hand, many people feel that refusing to implant deaf children is unethical, comparable to refusal to treat any other handicap or disease that can be effectively alleviated. Many individuals who can hear, or who have become deaf due to injury or illness, are not comfortable with the thought of a child that lacks the sense most commonly associated with human language. Individuals who are Deaf may feel that implants are just another form of mental and physical abuse in the long history of punishments, abuse and pain they have had to endure.
The conflict over these opposing models of deafness has raged since the 18th century, and cochlear implants are the latest in a history of medical interventions promising to turn a deaf child into a hearing child — or, more accurately, into a child with a mild or moderate hearing impairment.
Critics argue that the cochlear implant and the subsequent therapy often become the focus of the child's identity, at the expense of a Deaf identity and ease of communication in sign language. Measuring the child's success by their success in hearing and speech will lead to a poor self-image as "disabled" (because the implants do not produce normal hearing) rather than having the healthy self-concept of a proud Deaf person.[6]
Some writers have noted that children with cochlear implants are more likely to be educated orally and without access to sign language (Spencer et al 2003). Children with implants are also often isolated from other deaf children and from sign language (Spencer 2003), and instead are 'married' to a team of hearing experts who will monitor his cochlear implant and adjust the speech processor, at great expense. Children do not always receive support in the educational system to support their needs as they may require special education environments and EA's Educational Assistants. According to Johnston (Johnston 2004), cochlear implants have been one of the technological and social factors implicated in the decline of sign languages in the developed world. Some of the more extreme responses from Deaf activists have labelled the widespread implantation of children as "cultural genocide". As cochlear implants began to be implanted into deaf children in the mid to late 1980s, the Deaf community responded with protests in the US, UK, Germany, Finland, France and Australia.
Opposition continues today but is softening. As the trend for cochlear implants in children grows, Deaf-community advocates have tried to counter the "either or" formulation of oralism vs manualism with a "both and" approach; some schools now are successfully integrating cochlear implants with sign language in their educational programs. However, some opponents of sign language education argue that the most successfully implanted children are those who are encouraged to listen and speak rather than overemphasize their visual sense. Significantly, deaf individuals have a high rate of illiteracy due to the phonetic nature of the western writing systems; it is thought that cultivating the auditory senses will help a hearing impaired child to avoid this problem[How to reference and link to summary or text]. However, others (mainly Deaf people who have been through education in decades past) feel that the high levels of relative illiteracy is mainly due to profoundly deaf children being taught orally, despite being sign language users and not being able to fully understand speech. Oral education in the past, though, was vastly different from the approaches today, which have the benefit of hearing with cochlear implants. Previous generations relied heavily on lipreading; a fairly high percent of today's implanted person can often can hear well or only have moderate hearing loss, and depending on the individual, no lipreading whatsoever.
A recent study[7] about attitudes of young, implanted people shows, that their feelings about the implantation are overhelmingly positive; although they are aware of the negative effects, too. None of the teenagers participating in the study criticised their parents for making the decision. They developed a positive identity, felt that they belonged to both the hearing and Deaf worlds; although only some of them use both spoken and sign language.
Functionality[]
The implant works by using the tonotopic organization of the basilar membrane of the inner ear. "Tonotopic organization", also referred to as a "frequency-to-place" mapping, is the way the ear sorts out different frequencies so that our brain can process that information. In a normal ear, sound vibrations in the air lead to resonant vibrations of the basilar membrane inside the cochlea. High-frequency sounds (i.e. high pitched sounds) do not pass very far along the membrane, but low frequency sounds pass farther in. The movement of hair cells, located all along the basilar membrane, creates an electrical disturbance that can be picked up by the surrounding nerve cells. The brain is able to interpret the nerve activity to determine which area of the basilar membrane is resonating, and therefore what sound frequency is being heard.
In individuals with sensorineural hearing loss, hair cells are often fewer in number and damaged. Hair cell loss or absence may be caused by a genetic mutation or an illness such as meningitis. Hair cells may also be destroyed chemically by an ototoxic medication, or simply damaged over time by excessively loud noises. The cochlear implant bypasses the hair cells and stimulates the cochlear nerves directly using electrical impulses. This allows the brain to interpret the frequency of sound as it would if the hair cells of the basilar membrane were functioning properly (see above).
Processing[]
Sound received by the microphone must next be processed to determine how the electrodes should be activated.
Filterbank strategies use Fast Fourier Transforms to divide the signal into different frequency bands. The algorithm chooses a number of the strongest outputs from the filters, the exact number depending on the number of implanted electrodes and other factors. These strategies emphasize transmission of the spectral aspects of speech. Although coarse temporal information is presented, the fine timing aspects are as yet poorly perceived and this is the focus of much current research.
Feature extraction strategies used features which are common to all vowels. Each vowel has a fundamental frequency (the lowest frequency peak) and formants (peaks with higher frequencies). The pattern of the fundamental and formant frequencies is specific for different vowel sounds. These algorithms try to recognize the vowel and then emphasize its features. These strategies emphasize the transmission of spectral aspects of speech. Feature extraction strategies are no longer widely used.
Transmitter[]
This is used to transmit the processed sound information over a radio frequency link to the internal portion of the device. Radio frequency is used so that no physical connection is needed, which reduces the chance of infection. The transmitter attaches to the receiver using a magnet that holds through the skin.
Receiver[]
This component receives directions from the speech processor by way of magnetic induction sent from the transmitter. (The receiver also receives its power through the transmission.) The receiver is also a sophisticated computer that translates the processed sound information and controls the electrical current sent to the electrodes in the cochlea. It is embedded in the skull behind the ear.
Electrode array[]
The electrode array is made from a type of silicone rubber, while the electrodes are platinum or a similarly highly conductive material. It is connected to the internal receiver on one end and inserted into the cochlea deeper in the skull. (The cochlea winds its way around the auditory nerve, which is tonotopically organized just as the basilar membrane is). When an electrical current is routed to an intracochlear electrode, an electrical field is generated and auditory nerve fibers are stimulated.
In the devices manufactured by Cochlear Ltd, two electrodes sit outside the cochlea and acting as grounds-- one is a ball electrode that sits beneath the skin, while the other is a plate on the device. This equates to 24 electrodes in the Cochlear-brand 'nucleus' device, 22 array electrodes within the cochlea and 2 extra-cochlear electrodes.
Speech Processors[]
Speech Processors are the component of the cochlear implant that transforms the sounds picked up by the microphone into electronic signals capable of being transmitted to the internal receiver. The coding strategies programmed by the user's audiologist are stored in the processor, where it codes the sound accordingly. The signal produced by the speech processor is sent through the coil to the internal receiver, where it is picked up by radio signal and sent along the electrode array in the cochlea.
There are primarily two forms of speech processors available. The most common kind is called the "behind-the-ear" processor, or BTE. It is a small processor that is kept worn on the ear, typically together with the microphone. This is the kind of processor used by most adults and older children. In 2005 Cochlear released new speech processors called Freedom BTE.
The other form is called a body-worn-processor. This is the kind used typically by younger children, whose ears are too small to properly fit the bulky BTE processor (though it is gradually being phased out, with baby and child friendly BTEs on the market). The body worn processor is kept on the user's body, and a long wire extends up to the microphone earpiece to connect it with the processor. Users of the body worn processor have to find some creative way where to place the body worn processor. Some mothers place the processor on the child's back in a pocket sewn onto a T-shirt or onesie, others use a harness that clips across the child's chest. In July 2007, Cochlear Corp., the maker of the Nucleus brand of cochlear implants, announced that they will be making an accessory called "Babyworn", that will allows the BTE processor to be worn with a small battery pack that will clip onto the babies clothing.[8] This will possibly diminish demand for the Bodyworn style processor. Advanced Bionics will likely come out with a similar accessory for their processor in the near future. Med-el has had a baby-friendly BTE which pins on the collar on the U.S. market since the fall of 2001; 70% of their market is to children.
Programming the speech processor[]
The cochlear implant must be programmed individually for each user. The programming is performed by an audiologist trained to work with cochlear implants. The audiologist sets the minimum and maximum current level outputs for each electrode in the array based on the user's reports of loudness. The audiologist also selects the appropriate speech processing strategy and program parameters for the user.
Manufacturers[]
Currently (as of 2007), the three cochlear implant devices approved for use in the U.S. are manufactured by Cochlear Limited, Australia, MED-EL, Austria and Advanced Bionics, US. In the EU, an additional device manufactured by Neurelec, of France is available. Each manufacturer has adapted some of the successful innovations of the other companies to their own devices. There is no clear-cut consensus that any one of these implants is superior to the others. Users of all four devices display a wide range of performance after implantation.
Since the devices have a similar range of outcomes, other criteria are often considered when choosing a cochlear implant: usability of external components, cosmetic factors, battery life, reliability of the internal and external components, MRI compatibility, mapping strategies, customer service from the manufacturer, the familiarity of the user's surgeon and audiologist with the particular device, and anatomical concerns.
Cochlear America's Australian Stock Exchange filings in August 2007 reported a record profit of A$100 million (or just over US$85 million) and a 70% market share.
Cochlear's 2007 annual report acknowledges that a Federal investigation continues into its payments to physicians and providers. In February 2007, part of the whistleblower complaint against Cochlear filed by former Chief Financial Officer Brenda March was unsealed by the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado. The complaint alleges that Cochlear violated the Federal anti-kickback statute through its Partners Program, which offered credits towards free or discounted products for physicians who implanted Cochlear devices, as well as gifts, trips, and other gratuities paid to physicians and providers. The government intervened in the case and transferred it from the U.S. Department of Justice to the Health and Human Services Inspector General for the imposition of civil penalties. The amount of sanctions are not yet known.
Cochlear implant in popular culture[]
In 2000, an Academy Award nominated documentary film Sound and Fury depicted the cultural divide between the Deaf community and children with cochlear implants. The Artinian family themselves are a "microcosm" of the Deaf culture war and two children – Peter (11 months old) and Heather (7 yrs old) – are caught in the middle. Many of the family members who opposed cochlear implants later went on to receive implants or allow their children to be implanted, and have become strong advocates for cochlear implants.
Famous recipients of cochlear implants include British MP Jack Ashley, conservative U.S. talk-show host Rush Limbaugh, British designer and typographer Tony Malone, and Heather Whitestone, Miss America 1995. Sigrid Cerf, wife of the creator of TCP/IP and Chief Internet Evangelist Vint Cerf, has two cochlear implants. Vint Cerf has a hearing impairment himself, and has spoken in support of the Hear and Say Centre, a cochlear implant and speech training organisation based in Brisbane, Australia.
On the television show ER, Reese Benton, the son of Dr. Peter Benton, is born deaf and his father briefly considers giving his son a cochlear implant.
On the television show Scrubs, the son of Mr. Francis is a child born deaf that ends up receiving a cochlear implant.
On the long running soap opera The Young and The Restless, Neil and Drusilla Winters adoptive son Devon lost his hearing due to meningitis and got a Cochlear Implant so he could hear again.
On the long running soap opera "Guiding Light", actress Amy Ecklund received a cochlear implant in 1999. It was later written into the show.
A Cochlear Implant is present in the video game series Splinter Cell as a means of communication without obvious microphones and the risk of being overheard and is used by the protagonist Sam Fisher.
On the television show, "What About Brian", the daughter of Dave and Deena, Carrie, gets a cochlear implant. The factual inaccuracies brought much criticism from people and families who have experienced cochlear implants.
The Michael Moore film Sicko documents one family's fight against CIGNA to receive a sequential bilateral cochlear implant for their daughter. Their child was a client of the Let Them Hear Foundation Insurance Advocacy Program. After several other appeals and an investigation opened by the Florida Attorney General, CIGNA finally changed their policy to include bilateral cochlear implants as a standard benefit in all traditionally insured plans in May 2007.
On the television show, "Bones" in the episode The Boy in the Tree the body of a boy is found and has a cochlear implant, which is used to help identify the body of the deceased.
On the television show, "CSI: Miami", one of the co-conspirators in a prison escape has a cochlear implant which is found by the Medical Examiner when her scalpel is magnetically attracted to the implant.
On the television show, "House, M.D." in the episode House Divided, a deaf teen named Seth Miller, was implanted surgically with a cochlear implant by Dr. Chase, on the prompting of Dr. House and Amber.
On the television show, "True Life" in the episode I'm Deaf, a teen who was born deaf, Chris Bryson gets a cochlear implant, which is part of the episode's storyline.
See also[]
References[]
- ↑ Cochlear Corp. News.
- ↑ van der Heijden, Dennis What are Cochlear Implants?. Axistive. URL accessed on 2007-03-01.
- ↑ http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E2D91639F93BA1575BC0A962958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=10
- ↑ www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/46327.php.
- ↑ Defiantly Deaf.
- ↑ Cochlear Implants.
- ↑ Wheeler, A., Archbold, S., Gregory, S.: "Cochlear implants: young people's view", The National Deaf Children's Society & The Ear Foundation, 2007
- ↑ hearingpocket.wordpress.com/2007/07/27/babyworn-is-here/.
- Berruecos, Pedro. (2000). Cochlear implants: An international perspective - Latin American countries and Spain. Audiology. Hamilton: Jul/Aug 2000. Vol. 39, 4:221-225
- Chorost, Michael. (2005). Rebuilt: How Becoming Part Computer Made Me More Human. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
- Christiansen, John B., and Irene W. Leigh (2002,2005). Cochlear Implants in Children: Ethics and Choices. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
- Djourno A, Eyriès C. (1957). 'Prothèse auditive par excitation électrique à distance du nerf sensoriel à l'aide d'un bobinage inclus à demeure.' In: La Presse Médicale 65 no.63. 1957.
- Djourno A, Eyriès C, (1957) 'Vallencien B. De l'excitation électrique du nerf cochléaire chez l'homme, par induction à distance, à l'aide d'un micro-bobinage inclus à demeure.' CR de la société.de biologie. 423-4. March 9, 1957.
- Eisen MD (2003), 'Djourno, Eyries, and the first implanted electrical neural stimulator to restore hearing.' in: Otology and Neurotology. 2003 May;24(3):500-6.
- Grodin, M. (1997). Ethical Issues in Cochlear Implant Surgery: An Exploration into Disease, Disability, and the Best Interests of the Child. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 7:231-251.
- Johnston, Trevor. (2004). W(h)ither the Deaf Community? In 'American Annals of the Deaf' (volume 148 no. 5),
- Lane, H. and Bahan, B. (1998). Effects of Cochlear Implantation in Young Children: A Review and a Reply from a DEAF-WORLD Perspective. Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery 119:297-308.
- Lane, Harlan (1993), Cochlear Implants:Their Cultural and Historical Meaning. In 'Deaf History Unveiled', ed. J.Van Cleve, 272-291. Washington, D.C. Gallaudet University Press.
- Lane, Harlan (1994), The Cochlear Implant Controversy. World Federation of the Deaf News 2 (3):22-28.
- Litovsky, Ruth Y., et al. (2006). "Bilateral Cochlear Implants in Children: Localization Acuity Measured with Minimum Audible Angle." Ear & Hearing, 2006; 27; 43-59.
- Miyamoto, R.T.,K.I.Kirk, S.L.Todd, A.M.Robbins, and M.J.Osberger. (1995). Speech Perception Skills of Children with Multichannel Cochlear Implants or Hearing Aids. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 105 (Suppl.):334-337
- Officiers, P.E., et. a. (2005). "International Consensus on bilateral cochlear implants and bimodal stimulation." Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2005; 125; 918-919.
- Osberger M.J. and Kessler, D. (1995). Issues in Protocol Design for Cochlear Implant Trials in Children: The Clarion Pediatric Study. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 9 (Suppl.):337-339.
- Reefhuis J, et al. (2003) Risk of Bacterial Meningitis in Children with Cochlear Implants, USA 1997-2002. New England Journal of Medicine, 2003; 349:435-445.
- Spencer, Patricia Elizabeth and Marc Marschark. (2003). Cochlear Implants: Issues and Implications. In 'Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language and Education', ed. Marc Marschark and Patricia Elizabeth Spencer, 434-450. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Further reading[]
Books[]
- Brown, C. J. (2003). The electrically evoked whole nerve action potential. Philadelphia, PA: Whurr Publishers.
- Burkholder, R. A., & Pisoni, D. B. (2006). Working Memory Capacity, Verbal Rehearsal Speed, and Scanning in Deaf Children With Cochlear Implants. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Clark, G. M. (2002). Learning to understand speech with the cochlear implant. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Coerts, J. A., Baker, A. E., van den Broek, P., & Brokx, J. (1996). Language development by deaf children with cochlear implants. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
- Cullington, H. E. (2003). Cochlear implants: Objective measures. Philadelphia, PA: Whurr Publishers.
- Cullington, H. E., & Battmer, R.-D. (2003). Introduction to cochlear implant objective measures. Philadelphia, PA: Whurr Publishers.
- Firszt, J. B., & Kileny, P. R. (2003). Electrically evoked middle latency and cortical auditory evoked potentials. Philadelphia, PA: Whurr Publishers.
- Hellman, R. P. (1993). Can magnitude scaling reveal the growth of loudness in cochlear impairment? Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
- Hodges, A. V., Butts, S. L., & King, J. E. (2003). Electrically evoked stapedial reflexes: Utility in cochlear implant patients. Philadelphia, PA: Whurr Publishers.
- Mason, S. (2003). The electrically evoked auditory brainstem response. Philadelphia, PA: Whurr Publishers.
Papers[]
- Abo Khatwa, M. M., Khan, A., & Osborne, J. (2007). Surgical emphysema: A rare complication following cochlear implantation: Cochlear Implants International Vol 8(3) Sep 2007, 158-161.
- Alexander, I. E., & Githler, F. J. (1952). Chronic effects of jet engine noise on the structure and function of the cochlear apparatus: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 45(4) Aug 1952, 381-391.
- Allum, J. H. J., Greisiger, R., & Probst, R. (2002). Relationship of intraoperative electrically evoked stapedius reflex thresholds to maximum comfortable loudness levels of children with cochlear implants: International Journal of Audiology Vol 41(2) Mar 2002, 93-99.
- Alpin, D. Y. (1993). Psychological evaluation of adults in a cochlear implant program: American Annals of the Deaf Vol 138(5) Dec 1993, 415-419.
- Anderson, I., Baumgartner, W.-D., Boheim, K., Nahler, A., Arnolder, C., & D'Haese, P. (2006). Telephone use: What benefit do cochlear implant users receive? : International Journal of Audiology Vol 45(8) Aug 2006, 446-453.
- Anderson, I., Baumgartner, W.-D., Boheim, K., Nahler, A., Arnoldner, C., & D'Haese, P. (2006). "Telephone use: What benefit do cochlear implant users receive?": Erratum: International Journal of Audiology Vol 45(10) Oct 2006, 617.
- Anderson, I., Martin, J., Costa, A., Jamieson, L., Bailey, E., Plant, G., et al. (2005). Validation of the common objects token (COT) test for children with cochlear implants: Deafness & Education International Vol 7(3) 2005, 154-170.
- Anderson, I., Schmidt, M., Buchreiter, T., & Bisanar, K. (2004). Handling of the MED-EL TEMPO+ ear-level speech processor by paediatric cochlear implant users and their parents: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(10) Nov-Dec 2004, 579-584.
- Arauz, S. L., Aronson, L., Pinto, S. N. M., Preti, M. C., Pallante, S. A., Estienne, P. A., et al. (1997). Multichannel cochlear implant in a deaf-blind patient: Audiology Vol 36(2) Mar-Apr 1997, 109-116.
- Archbold, S., Sach, T., O'Neill, C., Lutman, M., & Gregory, S. (2006). Deciding to Have a Cochlear Implant and Subsequent After-care: Parental Perspectives: Deafness & Education International Vol 8(4) 2006, 190-206.
- Archbold, S. M., Nikolopoulos, T. P., Lutman, M. E., & O'Donoghue, G. M. (2002). The educational settings of profoundly deaf children with cochlear implants compared with age-matched peers with hearing aids: Implications for management: International Journal of Audiology Vol 41(3) Apr 2002, 157-161.
- Arehart, K. H., Rossi-Katz, J., & Swensson-Prutsman, J. (2005). Double-Vowel Perception in Listeners With Cochlear Hearing Loss: Differences in Fundamental Frequency, Ear of Presentation, and Relative Amplitude: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 48(1) Feb 2005, 236-252.
- Aronson, L., Rosenhouse, J., Podoshin, L., & Rosenhouse, G. (1994). Multi-channel cochlear prosthesis adapted to Hebrew: A case study: Speech Communication Vol 14(3) Jun 1994, 263-277.
- Bacciu, A., Pasanisi, E., Vincenti, V., Guida, M., Barbot, A., Berghenti, M., et al. (2004). Comparison of Speech Perception Performance Between the Nucleus 24 and Nucleus 24 Contour Cochlear Implant Systems: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 124(10) Dec 2004, 1155-1158.
- Balkany, T. J., Hodges, A. V., Eshraghi, A. A., Butts, S., Bricker, K., Lingvai, J., et al. (2002). Cochlear implants in children: A review: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 122(4) 2002, 356-362.
- Ball, M. (2006). Editorial: Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics Vol 20(2-3) Apr-May 2006, 89.
- Barry, J. G., Blamey, P. J., & Fletcher, J. (2006). Factors affecting the acquisition of vowel phonemes by pre-linguistically deafened cochlear implant users learning Cantonese: Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics Vol 20(10) Dec 2006, 761-780.
- Barry, J. G., Blamey, P. J., & Martin, L. F. A. (2002). A multidimensional scaling analysis of tone discrimination ability in Cantonese-speaking children using a cochlear implant: Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics Vol 16(2) 2002, 101-113.
- Barry, J. G., Blamey, P. J., Martin, L. F. A., Lee, K. Y. S., Tang, T., Ming, Y. Y., et al. (2002). Tone discrimination in Cantonese-speaking children using a cochlear implant: Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics Vol 16(2) 2002, 79-99.
- Barton, G. R., Bloor, K. E., Marshall, D. H., & Summerfield, A. Q. (2004). Health service costs of paediatric cochlear implantation: Influence of the scale and scope of activity: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(7) Jul-Aug 2004, 369-376.
- Baskent, D., & Shannon, R. V. (2003). Speech recognition under conditions of frequency-place compression and expansion: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 113(4,Pt 1) Apr 2003, 2064-2076.
- Basta, D., Dahme, A., Todt, I., & Ernst, A. (2007). Relationship between Intraoperative eCAP Thresholds and Postoperative Psychoacoustic Levels as a Prognostic Tool in Evaluating the Rehabilitation of Cochlear Implantees: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 12(2) Jan 2007, 113-118.
- Bat-Chava, Y., & Deignan, E. (2001). Peer relationships of children with cochlear implants: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 6(3) Jun 2001, 186-199.
- Battmer, R. D., Dillier, N., Lai, W. K., Weber, B. P., Brown, C., Gantz, B. J., et al. (2004). Evaluation of the Neural Response Telemetry (NRT) capabilities of the Nucleus Research Platform 8: Initial results from the NRT trial: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(Suppl1) Dec 2004, S10-S15.
- Beitel, R. E., Vollmer, M., Snyder, R. L., Schreiner, C. E., & Leake, P. A. (2000). Behavioral and neurophysiological thresholds for electrocal cochlear stimulation in the deaf cat: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 5(1) Jan-Feb 2000, 31-38.
- Bekhterev, N. N. (1994). Auditory perception upon electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve: Sensory Systems Vol 7(3) Jul-Sep 1994, 133-140.
- Bender, D. G. (2004). Do Fourteenth Amendment Considerations Outweigh a Potential State Interest in Mandating Cochlear Implantation for Deaf Children? : Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 9(1) Win 2004, 104-111.
- Ben-Itzhak, D., Most, T., & Weisel, A. (2005). Relationships among professionals' knowledge, experience, and expectations regarding cochlear implants: American Annals of the Deaf Vol 150(4) Fal 2005, 329-342.
- Berger-Vachon, C., & Morgon, A. (1988). An evaluation of auditory performances in patients with cochlear implants: Speech Communication Vol 7(1) Mar 1988, 87-95.
- Bergeson, T. R., Miller, R. J., & McCune, K. (2006). Mothers' Speech to Hearing-Impaired Infants and Children With Cochlear Implants: Infancy Vol 10(3) 2006, 221-240.
- Bergeson, T. R., & Pisoni, D. B. (2004). Audiovisual Speech Perception in Deaf Adults and Children Following Cochlear Implantation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Bergeson, T. R., Pisoni, D. B., & Davis, R. A. O. (2001). A Longitudinal Study of Audiovisual Speech Perception by Children with Hearing Loss Who have Cochlear Implants: Volta Review Vol 103(4) 2001, 347-370.
- Bernhardt, B. H., Loyst, D., Pichora-Fuller, K., & Williams, R. (2000). Speech production outcomes before and after palatometry for a child with a cochlear implant: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology Vol 33 2000, 11-37.
- Bertram, B. (2004). Cochlear Implantation for Children with Hearing Loss and Multiple Disabilities: An Evaluation from an Educator's Perspective: Volta Review Vol 104(4) 2004, 349-359.
- Beynon, A. J., & Snik, A. F. M. (2004). Use of the event-related P300 potential in cochlear implant subjects for the study of strategy-dependent speech processing: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(Suppl1) Dec 2004, S44-S47.
- Beynon, A. J., Snik, A. F. M., Stegeman, D. F., & van den Broek, P. (2005). Discrimination of Speech Sound Contrasts Determined with Behavioral Tests and Event-Related Potentials in Cochlear Implant Recipients: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology Vol 16(1) Jan 2005, 42-53.
- Beynon, A. J., Snik, A. F. M., & van den Broek, P. (2002). Evaluation of cochlear implant benefit with auditory cortical evoked potentials: International Journal of Audiology Vol 41(7) Oct 2002, 429-435.
- Binzer, S. M. (2000). Self-assessment with the Communication Profile for the Hearing Impaired: Pre- and post-cochlear implantation: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology Vol 33 2000, 91-114.
- Blamey, P., Arndt, P., Bergeron, F., Bredberg, G., Brimacombe, J., Facer, G., et al. (1996). Factors affecting auditory performance of postlinguistically deaf adults using cochlear implants: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 1(5) Sep-Oct 1996, 293-306.
- Blamey, P., Barry, J., Bow, C., Sarant, J., Paatsch, L., & Wales, R. (2001). The development of speech production following cochlear implantation: Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics Vol 15(5) Jul-Aug 2001, 363-382.
- Blamey, P. J., Barry, J. G., & Jacq, P. (2001). Phonetic inventory development in young cochlear implant users 6 years postoperation: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 44(1) Feb 2001, 73-79.
- Blamey, P. J., Dooley, G. J., Alcantara, J. I., Gerin, E. S., & et al. (1993). Formant-based processing for hearing aids: Speech Communication Vol 13(3-4) Dec 1993, 453-461.
- Blamey, P. J., Dowell, R. C., Brown, A. M., Clark, G. M., & et al. (1987). Vowel and consonant recognition of cochlear implant patients using formant-estimating speech processors: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 82(1) Jul 1987, 48-57.
- Blamey, P. J., Dowell, R. C., Clark, G. M., & Seligman, P. M. (1987). Acoustic parameters measured by a formant-estimating speech processor for a multiple-channel cochlear implant: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 82(1) Jul 1987, 38-47.
- Blamey, P. J., & Sarant, J. (2002). Speech perception and language criteria for paediatric cochlear implant candidature: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 7(2) Mar-Apr 2002, 114-121.
- Boas, A. C. V. B. V., Rodrigues, O. M. P. R., & Yamada, M. O. (2006). Enhancing interaction between mother and child following cochlear implantation: A case study: Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa Vol 22(3) Sep-Dec 2006, 259-267.
- Boex, C., de Balthasar, C., Kos, M.-I., & Pelizzone, M. (2003). Electrical field interactions in different cochlear implant systems: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 114(4,Pt1) Oct 2003, 2049-2057.
- Boex, C., Kos, M.-I., & Pelizzone, M. (2003). Forward masking in different cochlear implant systems: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 114(4,Pt1) Oct 2003, 2058-2065.
- Bohnert, A., Spitzlei, V., Lippert, K. L., & Keilmann, A. (2006). Bilateral cochlear implantation in children: Experiences and considerations: Volta Review Vol 106(3) Win 2006, 343-364.
- Bonnet, R. M., Frijns, J. H. M., Peeters, S., & Briaire, J. J. (2004). Speech Recognition with a Cochlear Implant Using Triphasic Charge-balanced Pulses: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 124(4) May 2004, 371-375.
- Boothroyd, A. (1997). Auditory capacity of hearing-impaired children using hearing aids and cochlear implants: Issues of efficacy and assessment: Scandinavian Audiology Supplement Vol 26(Suppl 46) 1997, 17-25.
- Boothroyd, A., & Eran, O. (1994). Auditory speech perception capacity of child implant users expressed as equivalent hearing loss: Volta Review Vol 96(5) Nov 1994, 151-167.
- Bouchard, M.-E. G., Le Normand, M.-T., & Cohen, H. (2007). Production of consonants by prelinguistically deaf children with cochlear implants: Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics Vol 21(11-12) Nov 2007, 875-884.
- Brinton, J. (2001). Measuring language development in deaf children with cochlear implants: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders Vol 36(Suppl) 2001, 121-125.
- Brown, C. J., Abbas, P. J., Borland, J., & Bertschy, M. R. (1996). Electrically evoked whole nerve action potentials in Ineraid cochlear implant users: Responses to different stimulating electrode configurations and comparison to psychophysical responses: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research Vol 39(3) Jun 1996, 453-467.
- Buhler, H. C., DeThomasis, B., Chute, P., & DeCora, A. (2007). An analysis of phonological process use in young children with cochlear implants: Volta Review Vol 107(1) 2007, 55-74.
- Burger, T., Spahn, C., Richter, B., Eissele, S., Lohle, E., & Bengel, J. (2005). Parental Distress: The Initial Phase of Hearing Aid and Cochlear Implant Fitting: American Annals of the Deaf Vol 150(1) Spr 2005, 5-10.
- Burkholder, R. A., & Pisoni, D. B. (2003). Speech timing and working memory in profoundly deaf children after cochlear implantation: Journal of Experimental Child Psychology Vol 85(1) May 2003, 63-88.
- Burkholder, R. A., Pisoni, D. B., & Svirsky, M. A. (2005). Effects of a cochlear implant simulation on immediate memory in normal-hearing adults: International Journal of Audiology Vol 44(10) Oct 2005, 551-558.
- Burkholder-Juhasz, R. A., Levi, S. V., Dillon, C. M., & Pisoni, D. B. (2007). Nonword repetition with spectrally reduced speech: Some developmental and clinical findings from pediatric cochlear implantation: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 12(4) Fal 2007, 472-485.
- Busby, P. A., & Clark, G. M. (1996). Electrode discrimination by early-deafened cochlear implant patients: Audiology Vol 35(1) Jan-Feb 1996, 8-22.
- Busby, P. A., & Clark, G. M. (1999). Gap detection by early-deafened cochlear-implant subjects: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 105(3) Mar 1999, 1841-1852.
- Busby, P. A., & Clark, G. M. (2000). Pitch estimation by early-deafened subjects using multiple-electrode cochlear implant: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 107(1) Jan 2000, 547-558.
- Busby, P. A., Tong, Y. C., & Clark, G. M. (1993). The perception of temporal modulations by cochlear implant patients: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 94(1) Jul 1993, 124-131.
- Busby, P. A., Whitford, L. A., Blamey, P. J., Richardson, L. M., & et al. (1994). Pitch perception for different modes of stimulation using the cochlear multiple-electrode prosthesis: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 95(5, Pt 1) May 1994, 2670-2680.
- Butler, K. G. (2003). From the editor: As time goes by: Topics in Language Disorders Vol 23(1) Jan-Mar 2003, 1.
- Carlyon, R. P., van Wieringen, A., Long, C. J., Deeks, J. M., & Wouters, J. (2002). Temporal pitch mechanisms in acoustic and electric hearing: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 112(2) Aug 2002, 621-633.
- Carney, A. E., Osberger, M. J., Carney, E., Robbins, A. M., & et al. (1993). A comparison of speech discrimination with cochlear implants and tactile aids: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 94(4) Oct 1993, 2036-2049.
- Carter, A. K., Dillon, C. M., & Pisoni, D. B. (2002). Imitation of nonwords by hearing impaired children with cochlear implants: Suprasegmental analyses: Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics Vol 16(8) Dec 2002, 619-638.
- Cazals, Y., Pelizzone, M., Saudan, O., & Boex, C. (1994). Low-pass filtering in amplitude modulation detection associated with vowel and consonant identification in subjects with cochlear implants: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 96(4) Oct 1994, 2048-2054.
- Chang, Y.-p., & Fu, Q.-J. (2006). Effects of talker variability on vowel recognition in cochlear implants: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 49(6) Dec 2006, 1331-1341.
- Charasse, B., Chanal, J. M., Berger-Vachon, C., & Collet, L. (2004). Influence of stimulus frequency on NRT recordings: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(4) Apr 2004, 236-244.
- Charasse, B., Thai-Van, H., Berger-Vachon, C., & Collet, L. (2003). Assessing auditory nerve recovery function with a modified subtraction method: Results and mathematical modeling: Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 114(7) Jul 2003, 1307-1315.
- Chatterjee, M. (1999). Effects of stimulation mode on threshold and loudness growth in multielectrode cochlear implants: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 105(2, Pt 1) Feb 1999, 850-860.
- Chatterjee, M. (1999). Temporal mechanisms underlying recovery from forward masking in multielectrode-implant listeners: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 105(3) Mar 1999, 1853-1863.
- Chatterjee, M. (2003). Modulation masking in cochlear implant listeners: Envelope versus tonotopic components: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 113(4,Pt 1) Apr 2003, 2042-2053.
- Chatterjee, M., Fu, Q.-J., & Shannon, R. V. (1998). Within-channel gap detection using dissimilar markers in cochlear implant listeners: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 103(5, Pt 1) May 1998, 2515-2519.
- Chatterjee, M., Fu, Q.-J., & Shannon, R. V. (2000). Effects of phase duration and electrode separation on loudness growth in cochlear implant listeners: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 107(3) Mar 2000, 1637-1644.
- Chatterjee, M., & Shannon, R. V. (1998). Forward masked excitation patterns in multielectrode electrical stimulation: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 103(5, Pt 1) May 1998, 2565-2572.
- Cheng, A. K., Rubin, H. R., Powe, N. R., Mellon, N. K., Francis, H. W., & Niparko, J. K. (2000). Cost-utility analysis of the cochlear implant in children: JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association Vol 284(7) Aug 2000, 850-856.
- Chin, S. B. (2002). Aspects of stop consonant production by pediatric users of cochlear implants: Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools Vol 33(1) Jan 2002, 38-51.
- Chin, S. B. (2003). Children's Consonant Inventories After Extended Cochlear Implant Use: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 46(4) Aug 2003, 849-862.
- Chin, S. B. (2006). Realization of complex onsets by pediatric users of cochlear implants: Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics Vol 20(7-8) Oct-Sep 2006, 501-508.
- Chin, S. B., Finnegan, K. R., & Chung, B. A. (2001). Relationship among types of speech intelligbility in pediatric users of cochlear implants: Journal of Communication Disorders Vol 34(3) May-Jun 2001, 187-205.
- Ching, T. Y. C., Hill, M., Brew, J., Incerti, P., Priolo, S., Rushbrook, E., et al. (2005). The effect of auditory experience on speech perception, localization, and functional performance of children who use a cochlear implant and a hearing aid in opposite ears: International Journal of Audiology Vol 44(12) Dec 2005, 677-690.
- Ching, T. Y. C., Incerti, P., & Hill, M. (2003). Comparing Cochlear Implant with Hearing Aid to Bilateral Microphone Inputs for Unilateral Cochlear Implant Users: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Audiology Vol 25(2) Nov 2003, 99-109.
- Ching, T. Y. C., Incerti, P., Hill, M., & van Wanrooy, E. (2006). An Overview of Binaural Advantages for Children and Adults Who Use Binaural/Bimodal Hearing Devices: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 11(Suppl1) Oct 2006, 6-11.
- Ching, T. Y. C., van Wanrooy, E., Hill, M., & Dillon, H. (2005). Binaural redundancy and inter-aural time difference cues for patients wearing a cochlear implant and a hearing aid in opposite ears: International Journal of Audiology Vol 44(9) Sep 2005, 513-521.
- Ching, T. Y. C., van Wanrooy, E., Hill, M., & Incerti, P. (2006). Performance in children with hearing aids or cochlear implants: Bilateral stimulation and binaural hearing: International Journal of Audiology Vol 45(Suppl1) 2006, S108-S112.
- Chonan, H., & Saitoh, S. (2007). Phonological awareness in deaf children with cochlear implants: Japanese Journal of Special Education Vol 44(5) Jan 2007, 283-290.
- Christiansen, J. B. (2006). Learning to Live with a Cochlear Implant: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 11(2) Spr 2006, 268.
- Chute, P. M., & Nevins, M. E. (2003). Educational challenges for children with cochlear implants: Topics in Language Disorders Vol 23(1) Jan-Mar 2003, 57-67.
- Ciocca, V., Francis, A. L., Aisha, R., & Wong, L. (2002). The perception of Cantonese lexical tones by early-deafened cochlear implantees: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 111(5,Pt1) May 2002, 2250-2256.
- Claeson, M., & Ringdahl, A. (2006). Prevalence of cochlear implants in postlingually deafened adults in a Swedish region: International Journal of Audiology Vol 45(11) Nov 2006, 670-674.
- Cleary, M., Pisoni, D. B., & Kirk, K. I. (2000). Working memory spans as predictors of spoken word recognition and receptive vocabulary in children with cochlear implants: Volta Review Vol 102(4) 2000, 259-280.
- Cleary, M., Pisoni, D. B., & Kirk, K. I. (2005). Influence of Voice Similarity on Talker Discrimination in Children With Normal Hearing and Children With Cochlear Implants: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 48(1) Feb 2005, 204-223.
- Cohen, L. T., Busby, P. A., & Clark, G. M. (1996). Cochlear implant place psychophysics: 2. Comparison of forward masking and pitch estimation data: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 1(5) Sep-Oct 1996, 278-292.
- Cohen, L. T., Busby, P. A., Whitford, L. A., & Clark, G. M. (1996). Cochlear implant place psychophysics: 1. Pitch estimation with deeply inserted electrodes: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 1(5) Sep-Oct 1996, 265-277.
- Cohen, L. T., Lenarz, T., Battmer, R.-D., von Saebelkampf, C. B., Busby, P. A., & Cowan, R. S. C. (2005). A psychophysical forward masking comparison of longitudinal spread of neural excitation in the ContourTM and straight NucleusReg. electrode arrays: International Journal of Audiology Vol 44(10) Oct 2005, 559-566.
- Cohen, L. T., Saunders, E., & Richardson, L. M. (2004). Spatial spread of neural excitation: Comparison of compound action potential and forward-masking data in cochlear implant recipients: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(6) Jun 2004, 346-355.
- Cohen, S. M., & Haynes, D. S. (2003). Surgical management of the pediatric cochlear implant patient: Topics in Language Disorders Vol 23(1) Jan-Mar 2003, 34-45.
- Colleau, A., & Dumont, A. (2003). Deafness, language and cognitive functions: Close interactions: A N A E Approche Neuropsychologique des Apprentissages chez l'Enfant Vol 15(4-5)[74-75] Dec 2003, 232-236.
- Colletti, V., Soli, S. D., Carner, M., & Colletti, L. (2006). Treatment of mixed hearing losses via implantation of a vibratory transducer on the round window: International Journal of Audiology Vol 45(10) Oct 2006, 600-608.
- Collins, L. M., & Throckmorton, C. S. (2000). Investigating perceptual features of electrode stimulation via a multidimensional scaling paradigm: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 108(5,Pt1) Nov 2000, 2353-2365.
- Collins, L. M., Wakefield, G. H., & Feinman, G. R. (1994). Temporal pattern discrimination and speech recognition under electrical stimulation: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 96(5, Pt 1) Nov 1994, 2731-2737.
- Collins, L. M., Zwolan, T. A., & Wakefield, G. H. (1997). Comparison of electrode discrimination, pitch ranking, and pitch scaling data in postlingually deafened adult cochlear implant subjects: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 101(1) Jan 1997, 440-455.
- Collison, E. A., Munson, B., & Carney, A. E. (2004). Relations Among Linguistic and Cognitive Skills and Spoken Word Recognition in Adults With Cochlear Implants: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 47(3) Jun 2004, 496-508.
- Cone-Wesson, B. (2001). Electrophysiologic Assessment of Hearing in Infants: Compound Nerve Action Potential, Auditory Brainstem Response, and Auditory Steady State Response: Volta Review Vol 103(4) 2001, 253-279.
- Connor, C. M. (2006). Examining the Communication Skills of a Young Cochlear Implant Pioneer: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 11(4) Fal 2006, 449-460.
- Connor, C. M., & Zwolan, T. A. (2004). Examining Multiple Sources of Influence on the Reading Comprehension Skills of Children Who Use Cochlear Implants: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 47(3) Jun 2004, 509-526.
- Conway, C. M., Karpicke, J., & Pisoni, D. B. (2007). Contribution of implicit sequence learning to spoken language processing: Some preliminary findings with hearing adults: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 12(3) Sum 2007, 317-334.
- Copeland, B. J., & Pillsbury, H. C., III. (2004). Cochlear implantation for the treatment of deafness: Annual Review of Medicine Vol 55 Jan 2004, 157-167.
- Dahl, H.-H. M., Wake, M., Sarant, J., Poulakis, Z., Siemering, K., & Blamey, P. (2003). Language and Speech Perception Outcomes in Hearing-Impaired Children with and without Connexin 26 Mutations: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 8(5) Sep-Oct 2003, 263-268.
- Dawson, P. W., Busby, P. A., McKay, C. M., & Clark, G. M. (2002). Short-term auditory memory in children using cochlear implants and its relevance to receptive language: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 45(4) Aug 2002, 789-801.
- Debener, S., Hine, J., Bleeck, S., & Eyles, J. (2008). Source localization of auditory evoked potentials after cochlear implantation: Psychophysiology Vol 45(1) Jan 2008, 20-24.
- Deman, P. R., van Dijk, B., Offeciers, F. E., & Govaerts, P. J. (2004). Pitch estimation of a deeply inserted cochlear implant electrode: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(6) Jun 2004, 363-368.
- Dettman, S. J., Fiket, H., Dowell, R. C., Charlton, M., Williams, S. S., Tomov, A. M., et al. (2004). Speech Perception Results for Children Using Cochlear Implants Who Have Additional Special Needs: Volta Review Vol 104(4) 2004, 361-392.
- Dillier, N., Battmer, R. D., Doring, W. H., & Muller-Deile, J. (1995). Multicentric field evaluation of a new speech coding strategy for cochlear implants: Audiology Vol 34(3) May-Jun 1995, 145-159.
- Dillier, N., Bogli, H., & Spillmann, T. (1993). Speech discrimination via cochlear implants with two different digital speech processing strategies: Preliminary results for 7 patients: Scandinavian Audiology Vol 22(Suppl 38) 1993, 145-153.
- Dillon, C. M., Burkholder, R. A., Cleary, M., & Pisoni, D. B. (2004). Nonword Repetition by Children With Cochlear Implants: Accuracy Ratings From Normal-Hearing Listeners: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 47(5) Oct 2004, 1103-1116.
- Dinse, H. R., Godde, B., Reuter, G., Cords, S. M., & Hilger, T. (2003). Auditory cortical plasticity under operation: Reorganization of auditory cortex induced by electric cochlear stimulation reveals adaptation to altered sensory input statistics: Speech Communication Vol 41(1) Aug 2003, 201-219.
- Donaldson, G. S., & Nelson, D. A. (2000). Place-pitch sensitivity and its relation to consonant recognition by cochlear implant listeners using the MPEAK and SPEAK speech processing strategies: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 107(3) Mar 2000, 1645-1658.
- Donaldson, G. S., & Viemeister, N. F. (2000). Intensity discrimination and detection of amplitude modulation in electric hearing: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 108(2) Aug 2000, 760-763.
- Donaldson, G. S., Viemeister, N. F., & Nelson, D. A. (1997). Psychometric functions and temporal integration in electric hearing: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 101(6) Jun 1997, 3706-3721.
- Dorman, M. F., Loizou, P. C., Fitzke, J., & Tu, Z. (1998). The recognition of sentences in noise by normal-hearing listeners using simulations of cochlear-implant signal processors with 6-20 channels: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 104(6) Dec 1998, 3583-3585.
- Dorman, M. F., Loizou, P. C., & Rainey, D. (1997). Simulating the effect of cochlear-implant electrode insertion depth on speech understanding: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 102(5, Pt 1) Nov 1997, 2993-2996.
- Dorman, M. F., Loizou, P. C., & Rainey, D. (1997). Speech intelligibility as a function of the number of channels of stimulation for signal processors using sine-wave and noise-band outputs: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 102(4) Oct 1997, 2403-2411.
- Dorman, M. F., Louzou, P., Spahr, A. J., & Maloff, E. (2002). A comparison of the speech understanding provided by acoustic models of fixed-channel and channel-picking signal processors for cochlear implants: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 45(4) Aug 2002, 783-788.
- Dorman, M. F., Sharma, A., Gilley, P., Martin, K., & Roland, P. (2007). Central auditory development: Evidence from CAEP measurements in children fit with cochlear implants: Journal of Communication Disorders Vol 40(4) Jul-Aug 2007, 284-294.
- Dorman, M. F., Smith, L. M., Smith, M., & Parkin, J. L. (1996). Frequency discrimination and speech recognition by patients who use the Ineraid and continuous interleaved sampling cochlear-implant signal processors: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 99(2) Feb 1996, 1174-1184.
- Dorman, M. F., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Parkin, J. L. (1994). The pitch of electrically presented sinusoids: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 95(3) Mar 1994, 1677-1678.
- Dumont, A., Viala, P., Van den Abbeele, T., & Francois, M. (1996). Study of phonology following cochlear implantation in children exhibiting congenital or acquired deafness before the age of three: A N A E Approche Neuropsychologique des Apprentissages chez l'Enfant Vol 8(2)[37] Jun 1996, 41-47.
- Dunn, C. C., Tyler, R. S., & Witt, S. A. (2005). Benefit of Wearing a Hearing Aid on the Unimplanted Ear in Adult Users of a Cochlear Implant: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 48(3) Jun 2005, 668-680.
- Dunn, J. (1993). A study of consonant confusions in a group of cochlear impaired individuals demonstrating rollover: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Easterbrooks, S. R. (2002). Annotated bibliography of cochlear implant research and publications: Communication Disorders Quarterly Vol 24(1) Fal 2002, 28-31.
- Easterbrooks, S. R., & Mordica, J. A. (2000). Teachers' ratings of functional communication in students with cochlear implants: American Annals of the Deaf Vol 145(1) Mar 2000, 54-59.
- Edwards, L., Khan, S., Broxholme, C., & Langdon, D. (2006). Exploration of the cognitive and behavioural consequences of paediatric cochlear implantation: Cochlear Implants International Vol 7(2) Jun 2006, 61-76.
- Edwards, L. C. (2003). Candidacy and the Children's Implant Profile: Is our selection appropriate? : International Journal of Audiology Vol 42(7) Oct 2003, 426-431.
- Edwards, L. C. (2007). Children with cochlear implants and complex needs: A review of outcome research and psychological practice: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 12(3) Sum 2007, 258-268.
- Eilers, R. E., Cobo-Lewis, A. B., Vergara, K. C., & Oller, D. K. (1997). Longitudinal speech perception performance of young children with cochlear implants and tactile aids plus hearing aids: Scandinavian Audiology Supplement Vol 26(Suppl 47) 1997, 50-54.
- Eisenberg, L. S., Johnson, K. C., Martinez, A. S., Cokely, C. G., Tobey, E. A., Quittner, A. L., et al. (2006). Speech Recognition at 1-Year Follow-Up in the Childhood Development after Cochlear Implantation Study: Methods and Preliminary Findings: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 11(4) 2006, 259-268.
- Emamdjomeh, H., Shafaghat, L., Abbassalipour, P., Hassanzadeh, S., Alaeddini, F., Farhadi, M., et al. (2005). Blink reflex and auditory speech perception in prelingually cochlear-implanted children: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 125(4) Apr 2005, 358-362.
- Eriksson-Mangold, M., Erlandsson, S. I., & Jansson, G. (1996). The subjective meaning of illness in severe otosclerosis: A descriptive study in three steps based on focus group interviews and written questionnaire: Scandinavian Audiology Supplement Vol 25 (Suppl 43) 1996, 34-44.
- Ertmer, D. J. (2001). Emergence of a vowel system in a young cochlear implant recipient: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 44(4) Aug 2001, 803-813.
- Ertmer, D. J., Leonard, J. S., & Pachuilo, M. L. (2002). Communication intervention for children with cochlear implants: Two case studies: Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools Vol 33(3) Jul 2002, 205-217.
- Ertmer, D. J., & Mellon, J. A. (2001). Beginning to talk at 20 months: Early vocal development in a young cochlear implant recipient: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 44(1) Feb 2001, 192-206.
- Ertmer, D. J., Strong, L. M., & Sadagopan, N. (2003). Beginning to communicate after cochlear implantation: Oral language development in a young child: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 46(2) Apr 2003, 328-340.
- Ertmer, D. J., Young, N., Grohne, K., Mellon, J. A., Johnson, C., Corbett, K., et al. (2002). Vocal development in young children with cochlear implants: Profiles and implications for intervention: Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools Vol 33(3) Jul 2002, 184-195.
- Ertmer, D. J., Young, N. M., & Nathani, S. (2007). Profiles of vocal development in young cochlear implant recipients: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 50(2) Apr 2007, 393-407.
- Faber, C. E., & Grontved, A. M. (2000). Cochlear implantation and change in quality of life: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 120(Suppl543) 2000, 151-153.
- Fagan, M. K., Pisoni, D. B., Horn, D. L., & Dillon, C. M. (2007). Neuropsychological correlates of vocabulary, reading, and working memory in deaf children with cochlear implants: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 12(4) Fal 2007, 461-471.
- Faulkner, A. (2006). Adaptation to Distorted Frequency-to-Place Maps: Implications of Simulations in Normal Listeners for Cochlear Implants and Electroacoustic Stimulation: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 11(Suppl1) Oct 2006, 21-26.
- Faulkner, A., Rosen, S., & Smith, C. (2000). Effects of the salience of pitch and periodicity information on the intelligibility of four-channel vocoded speech: Implications for cochlear implants: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 108(4) Oct 2000, 1877-1887.
- Fellinger, J., Holzinger, D., Gerich, J., & Goldberg, D. (2007). Mental distress and quality of life in the hard of hearing: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 115(3) Mar 2007, 243-245.
- Filipo, R., Bosco, E., Mancini, P., & Ballantyne, D. (2004). Cochlear Implants in Special Cases: Deafness in the Presence of Disabilities and/or Associated Problems: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 124(Suppl552) May 2004, 74-80.
- Fishman, K. E., Shannon, R. V., & Slattery, W. H. (1997). Speech recognition as a function of the number of electrodes used in the SPEAK cochlear implant speech processor: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 40(5) Oct 1997, 1201-1215.
- Fitzpatrick, E., Durieux-Smith, A., Angus, D., Olds, J., Schramm, D., & Whittingham, J. (2006). Economic Evaluation of Cochlear Implants in Children: Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology Vol 30(4) Win 2006, 215-223.
- Fitzpatrick, E., & Schramm, D. (2006). Clinicians' Perceptions of Cochlear Implant Benefits in Adults with Prelingual Deafness: Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology Vol 30(3) Fal 2006, 192-197.
- Flipsen, P., Jr., & Colvard, L. G. (2006). Intelligibility of conversational speech produced by children with cochlear implants: Journal of Communication Disorders Vol 39(2) Mar-Apr 2006, 93-108.
- Fortnum, H., Stacey, P., Barton, G., & Summerfield, A. Q. (2007). National evaluation of support options for deaf and hearing-impaired children: Relevance to education services: Deafness & Education International Vol 9(3) Sep 2007, 120-130.
- Fortnum, H. M., Marshall, D. H., & Summerfield, A. Q. (2002). Epidemiology of the UK population of hearing-impaired children, including characteristics of those with and without cochlear implants--Audiology, aetiology, comorbidity and affluence: International Journal of Audiology Vol 41(3) Apr 2002, 170-179.
- Fourakis, M. S., Hawks, J. W., Holden, L. K., Skinner, M. W., & Holden, T. A. (2004). Effect of Frequency Boundary Assignment on Vowel Recognition with the Nucleus 24 ACE Speech Coding Strategy: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology Vol 15(4) Apr 2004, 281-299.
- Franz, D. C., Caleffe-Schenck, N., & Kirk, K. l. (2004). A Tool for Assessing Functional Use of Audition in Children: Results in Children with the MED-EL COMBI 40+ Cochlear Implant System: Volta Review Vol 104(3) 2004, 175-196.
- Friesen, L. M., Shannon, R. V., Baskent, D., & Wang, X. (2001). Speech recognition in noise as a function of the number of spectral channels: Comparison of acoustic hearing and cochlear implants: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 110(2) Aug 2001, 1150-1163.
- Friesen, L. M., Shannon, R. V., & Cruz, R. J. (2005). Effects of Stimulation Rate on Speech Recognition with Cochlear Implants: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 10(3) May-Jun 2005, 169-184.
- Frijns, J. H. M., Klop, W. M. C., Bonnet, R. M., & Briaire, J. J. (2003). Optimizing the Number of Electrodes with High-rate Stimulation of the Clarion CII Cochlear Implant: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 123(2) 2003, 138-142.
- Fryauf-Bertschy, H., Tyler, R. S., Kelsay, D. M. R., Gantz, B. J., & et al. (1997). Cochlear implant use by prelingually deafened children: The influences of age at implant and length of device use: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 40(1) Feb 1997, 183-199.
- Fu, Q.-J. (2002). Temporal processing and speech recognition in cochlear implant users: Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research Vol 13(13) Sep 2002, 1635-1639.
- Fu, Q.-J., & Galvin, J. J., III. (2001). Recognition of spectrally asynchronous speech by normal-hearing listeners and Nucleus-22 cochlear implant users: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 109(3) Mar 2001, 1166-1172.
- Fu, Q.-J., & Galvin, J. J., III. (2006). Recognition of simulated telephone speech by cochlear implant users: American Journal of Audiology Vol 15(2) Dec 2006, 127-132.
- Fu, Q.-J., Galvin, J. J., III, & Wang, X. (2001). Recognition of time-distorted sentences by normal-hearing and cochlear-implant listeners: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 109(1) Jan 2001, 379-384.
- Fu, Q.-J., & Shannon, R. V. (1999). Effect of acoustic dynamic range on phoneme recognition in quiet and noise by cochlear implant users: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 106(6) Dec 1999, L65-L70.
- Fu, Q.-J., & Shannon, R. V. (2000). Effect of stimulation rate on phoneme recognition by Nucleus-22 cochlear implant listeners: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 107(1) Jan 2000, 589-597.
- Fu, Q.-J., Shannon, R. V., & Galvin, J. J., III. (2002). Perceptual learning following changes in the frequency-to-electrode assignment with the Nucleus-22 cochlear implant: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 112(4) Oct 2002, 1664-1674.
- Fu, Q.-J., Shannon, R. V., & Wang, X. (1998). Effects of noise and spectral resolution on vowel and consonant recognition: Acoustic and electric hearing: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 104(6) Dec 1998, 3586-3596.
- Fujiki, N., Naito, Y., Hirano, S., Kojima, H., Kamoto, Y., Nishizawa, S., et al. (1998). Influence of speech-coding strategy on cortical activity in cochlear implant users: A positron emission tomography study: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 118(6) 1998, 797-802.
- Gallego, S., Frachet, B., Micheyl, C., Truy, E., & Collet, L. (1998). Cochlear implant performance and electrically-evoked auditory brain-stem response characteristics: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology: Evoked Potentials Vol 108(6) Nov 1998, 521-525.
- Gallego, S., & Micheyl, C. (1998). Intensity discrimination and auditory brainstem responses in cochlear implant and normal-hearing listeners: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 112(4) Aug 1998, 793-799.
- Gantz, B. J., & Turner, C. (2004). Combining Acoustic and Electrical Speech Processing: Iowa/Nucleus Hybrid Implant: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 124(4) May 2004, 344-347.
- Gantz, B. J., Turner, C., & Gfeller, K. E. (2006). Acoustic plus Electric Speech Processing: Preliminary Results of a Multicenter Clinical Trial of the Iowa/Nucleus Hybrid Implant: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 11(Suppl1) Oct 2006, 63-68.
- Garud, R., & Rappa, M. A. (1994). A socio-cognitive model of technology evolution: The case of cochlear implants: Organization Science Vol 5(3) Aug 1994, 344-362.
- Geers, A., & Brenner, C. (1994). Speech perception results: Audition and lipreading enhancement: Volta Review Vol 96(5) Nov 1994, 97-108.
- Geers, A., & Moog, J. (1994). Spoken language results: Vocabulary, syntax, and communication: Volta Review Vol 96(5) Nov 1994, 131-148.
- Geers, A., Spehar, B., & Sedey, A. (2002). Use of speech by children from total communication programs who wear cochlear implants: American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology Vol 11(1) Feb 2002, 50-58.
- Geers, A. E. (2002). Factors affecting the development of speech, language, and literacy in children with early cochlear implantation: Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools Vol 33(3) Jul 2002, 172-183.
- Geers, A. E. (2006). Spoken Language in Children With Cochlear Implants. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Geurts, L., & Wouters, J. (1999). Enhancing the speech envelope of continuous interleaved sampling processors for cochlear implants: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 105(4) Apr 1999, 2476-2484.
- Geurts, L., & Wouters, J. (2000). A concept for a research tool for experiments with cochlear implant users: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 108(6) Dec 2000, 2949-2956.
- Geurts, L., & Wouters, J. (2001). Coding of the fundamental frequency in continuous interleaved sampling processors for cochlear implants: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 109(2) Feb 2001, 713-726.
- Gfeller, K. (2001). Aural rehabilitation of music listening for adult cochlear implant recipients: Addressing learner characteristics: Music Therapy Perspectives Vol 19(2) 2001, 88-95.
- Gfeller, K., Christ, A., Knutson, J., Witt, S., & Mehr, M. (2003). The effects of familiarity and complexity on appraisal of complex songs by cochlear implant recipients and normal hearing adults: Journal of Music Therapy Vol 40(2) Sum 2003, 78-112.
- Gfeller, K., Mehr, M., & Witt, S. (2001). Aural Rehabilitation of Music Perception and Enjoyment of Adult Cochlear Implant Users: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology Vol 34 2001, 17-27.
- Gfeller, K., Witt, S., Adamek, M., Mehr, M., Rogers, J., Stordahl, J., et al. (2002). Effects of training on timbre recognition and appraisal by postlingually deafened cochlear implant recipients: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology Vol 13(3) Mar 2002, 132-145.
- Gfeller, K., Witt, S., Stordahl, J., Mehr, M., & Woodworth, G. (2000). The effects of training on melody recognition and appraisal by adult cochlear implant recipients: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology Vol 33 2000, 115-138.
- Gfeller, K., Witt, S. A., Kim, K.-H., Adamek, M., & Coffman, D. (1999). Preliminary report of a computerized music training program for adult cochlear implant recipients: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology Vol 32 1999, 11-27.
- Gfeller, K., Witt, S. A., Spencer, L. J., Stordahl, J., & Tomblin, B. (1998). Musical involvement and enjoyment of children who use cochlear implants: Volta Review Vol 100(4) 1998, 213-233.
- Gfeller, K. E., Olszewski, C., Turner, C., Gantz, B., & Oleson, J. (2006). Music Perception with Cochlear Implants and Residual Hearing: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 11(Suppl1) Oct 2006, 12-15.
- Gheysen, F., Loots, G., & Van Waelvelde, H. (2008). Motor development of deaf children with and without cochlear implants: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 13(1) Win 2008, 61-70.
- Gifford, R. H., Dorman, M. F., McKarns, S. A., & Spahr, A. J. (2007). Combined electric and contralateral acoustic hearing: Word and sentence recognition with bimodal hearing: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 50(4) Aug 2007, 835-843.
- Gilley, P. M., Sharma, A., Dorman, M., Finley, C. C., Panch, A. S., & Martin, K. (2006). Minimization of cochlear implant stimulus artifact in cortical auditory evoked potentials: Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 117(8) Aug 2006, 1772-1782.
- Giraud, A. L., Price, C. J., Graham, J. M., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (2001). Functional plasticity of language-related brain areas after cochlear implantation: Brain: A Journal of Neurology Vol 124(7) Jul 2001, 1307-1316.
- Giraud, A. L., Price, C. J., Truy, E., Graham, J. M., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (2000). Functional reorganization after cochlear implantation: Positron emission tomography studies: Revue de Neuropsychologie Vol 10(4) Dec 2000, 583-602.
- Giraud, A. L., & Truy, E. (2002). The contribution of visual areas to speech comprehension: A PET study in cochlear implants patients and normal-hearing subjects: Neuropsychologia Vol 40(9) 2002, 1562-1569.
- Giraud, A. L., Truy, E., & Frackowiak, R. (2001). Imaging plasticity in cochlear implant patients: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 6(6) Nov-Dec 2001, 381-393.
- Giraud, A.-L., Truy, E., Frackowiak, R. S. J., Gregoire, M.-C., Pujol, J.-F., & Collet, L. (2000). Differential recruitment of the speech processing system in healthy subjects and rehabilitated cochlear implant patients: Brain: A Journal of Neurology Vol 123(7) Jul 2000, 1391-1402.
- Gordon, K., Papsin, B. C., & Harrison, R. V. (2004). Programming cochlear implant stimulation levels in infants and children with a combination of objective measures: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(Suppl1) Dec 2004, S28-S32.
- Gordon, K. A., Tanaka, S., & Papsin, B. C. (2005). Atypical cortical responses underlie poor speech perception in children using cochlear implants: Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research Vol 16(18) Dec 2005, 2041-2045.
- Gordon, K. A., Valero, J., & Papsin, B. C. (2007). Binaural processing in children using bilateral cochlear implants: Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research Vol 18(6) Apr 2007, 613-617.
- Grasmeder, M. L., & Lutman, M. E. (2006). The identification of musical instruments through Nucleus cochlear implants: Cochlear Implants International Vol 7(3) Sep 2006, 148-158.
- Grayeli, A. B., Kalamarides, M., Bouccara, D., Gamra, L. B., Ambert-Dahan, E., & Sterkers, O. (2006). Auditory Brainstem Implantation to Rehabilitate Profound Hearing Loss with Totally Ossified Cochleae Induced by Pneumococcal Meningitis: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 12(1) Dec 2006, 27-30.
- Green, K. M. J., Bhatt, Y. M., Mawman, D. J., O'Driscoll, M. P., Saeed, S. R., Ramsden, R. T., et al. (2007). Predictors of audiological outcome following cochlear implantation in adults: Cochlear Implants International Vol 8(1) Mar 2007, 1-11.
- Groenen, P., Snik, A., & van den Broek, P. (1997). Electrically evoked auditory middle latency responses versus perception abilities in cochlear implant users: Audiology Vol 36(2) Mar-Apr 1997, 83-97.
- Groenen, P. A. P., Beynon, A. J., Snik, A. F. M., & van den Broek, P. (2001). Speech-evoked cortial potentials and speech recognition in cochlear implant users: Scandinavian Audiology Vol 30(1) 2001, 31-40.
- Gstoettner, W. K., Hamzavi, J., & Baumgartner, W. D. (1998). Speech discrimination scores of postlingually deaf adults implanted with the Combi 40 implant: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 118(5) 1998, 640-645.
- Gstoettner, W. K., Hamzavi, J., Egelierler, B., & Baumgartner, W. D. (2000). Speech perception performance in prelingually deaf children with cochlear implants: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 120(2) 2000, 209-213.
- Gstoettner, W. K., Helbig, S., Maier, N., Kiefer, J., Radeloff, A., & Adunka, O. F. (2006). Ipsilateral Electric Acoustic Stimulation of the Auditory System: Results of Long-Term Hearing Preservation: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 11(Suppl1) Oct 2006, 49-56.
- Guiberson, M. M. (2005). Children with Cochlear Implants from Bilingual Families: Considerations for Intervention and a Case Study: Volta Review Vol 105(1) Spr 2005, 29-39.
- Hallberg, L. R. M., Ringdah, A., Holmes, A., & Carver, C. (2005). Psychological general well-being (quality of life) in patients with cochlear implants: Importance of social environment and age: International Journal of Audiology Vol 44(12) Dec 2005, 706-711.
- Hallberg, L. R. M., & Ringdahl, A. (2004). Living with cochlear implants: Experiences of 17 adult patients in Sweden: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(2) Feb 2004, 115-121.
- Hamilton, N., Green, T., & Faulkner, A. (2007). Use of single channel dedicated to conveying enhanced temporal periodicity cues on cochlear implants: Effects on prosodic perception and vowel identification: International Journal of Audiology Vol 46(5) May 2007, 244-253.
- Hamzavi, J., Baumgartner, W. D., & Pok, S. M. (2002). Does cochlear reimplantation affect speech recognition? : International Journal of Audiology Vol 41(3) Apr 2002, 151-156.
- Hamzavi, J., Baumgartner, W.-D., Pok, S. M., Franz, P., & Gstoettner, W. (2003). Variables Affecting Speech Perception in Postlingually Deaf Adults Following Cochlear Implantation: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 123(4) 2003, 493-498.
- Hamzavi, J., Pok, S. M., Gstoettner, W., & Baumgartner, W.-D. (2004). Speech perception with a cochlear implant used in conjunction with a hearing aid in the opposite ear: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(2) Feb 2004, 61-65.
- Harnsberger, J. D., Svirsky, M. A., Kaiser, A. R., Pisoni, D. B., Wright, R., & Meyer, T. A. (2001). Perceptual "vowel spaces" of cochlear implant users: Implication for study of auditory adaptation to spectral shift: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 109(5,Pt1) May 2001, 2135-2145.
- Harrison, R. V., Gordon, K. A., & Mount, R. J. (2005). Is There a Critical Period for Cochlear Implantation in Congenitally Deaf Children? Analyses of Hearing and Speech Perception Performance after Implantation: Developmental Psychobiology Vol 46(3) Apr 2005, 252-261.
- Harrison, R. V., Panesar, J., El-Hakim, H., Abdolell, M., Mount, R. J., & Papsin, B. (2001). The effects of age of cochlear implantation on speech perception outcomes in prelingually deaf children: Scandinavian Audiology Vol 30(Suppl53) 2001, 73-78.
- Harvey, M. A. (2003). Does God have a cochlear implant? Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
- Havranek, J. E. (2007). Film review of Sound & fury: Six years later: Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling Vol 38(1) Spr 2007, 49.
- Hawthorne, G., & Hogan, A. (2002). Measuring disability-specific patient benefit in cochlear implant programs: Developing a short form of the Glasgow Health Status Inventory, the Hearing Participation Scale: International Journal of Audiology Vol 41(8) Dec 2002, 535-544.
- Hawthorne, G., Hogan, A., Giles, E., Stewart, M., Kethel, L., White, K., et al. (2004). Evaluating the health-related quality of life effects of cochlear implants: A prospective study of an adult cochlear implant program: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(4) Apr 2004, 183-192.
- Hay-McCutcheon, M. J., Brown, C. J., Clay, K. S., & Seyle, K. (2002). Comparison of electrically evoked whole-nerve action potential and electrically evoked auditory brainstem response thresholds in nucleus CI24R cochlear implant recipients: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology Vol 13(8) Sep 2002, 416-427.
- Hedley-Williams, A. J., Sladen, D. P., & Tharpe, A. M. (2003). Programming, care and troubleshooting of cochlear implants for children: Topics in Language Disorders Vol 23(1) Jan-Mar 2003, 46-56.
- Henkin, Y., Kaplan-Neeman, R., Muchnik, C., Kronenberg, J., & Hildesheimer, M. (2003). Changes over time in the psycho-electric parameters in children with cochlear implants: International Journal of Audiology Vol 42(5) Jul 2003, 274-278.
- Henkin, Y., Kishon-Rabin, L., Tatin-Schneider, S., Urbach, D., Hildesheimer, M., & Kileny, P. R. (2004). Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) in children with cochlear implants: A preliminary report: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(Suppl1) Dec 2004, S48-S51.
- Henry, B. A., & Turner, C. W. (2003). The resolution of complex spectral patterns by cochlear implant and normal-hearing listeners: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 113(5) May 2003, 2861-2873.
- Henshall, K. R., & McKay, C. M. (2001). Optimizing electrode and filter selection in cochlear implant speech processor maps: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology Vol 12(9) Oct 2001, 478-489.
- Herman, R., & Pisoni, D. B. (2000). Perception of "elliptical speech" following cochlear implantation: Use of broad phonetic categories in speech perception: Volta Review Vol 102(4) 2000, 321-347.
- Heydebrand, G., Hale, S., Potts, L., Gotter, B., & Skinner, M. (2007). Cognitive predictors of improvements in adults' spoken word recognition six months after cochlear implant activation: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 12(4) 2007, 254-264.
- Heydebrand, G., Mauze, E., Tye-Murray, N., Binzer, S., & Skinner, M. (2005). The efficacy of a structured group therapy intervention in improving communication and coping skills for adult cochlear implant recipients: International Journal of Audiology Vol 44(5) May 2005, 272-280.
- Higgins, M., Carney, A. E., McCleary, E., & Rogers, S. (1996). Negative intraoral air pressures of deaf children with cochlear implants: Physiology, phonology, and treatment: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research Vol 39(5) Oct 1996, 957-967.
- Hildesheimer, M., Teiltelbaum, R., Segal, O., Tenne, S., Kishon-Rabin, L., Kronenberg, Y., et al. (2001). Speech perception results--the first 10 years of a cochlear implant program: Scandinavian Audiology Vol 30(Suppl52) 2001, 39-41.
- Himi, T., Shintani, T., Yamaguchi, T., Harabushi, Y., Yoshioka, I., & Kataura, A. (1997). Relation between vestibular function and speech recognition in postlingually deafened adults with cochlear implantation: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 2(4) Jul-Aug 1997, 223-230.
- Hirsch, H. G. (1993). Intelligibility improvement of noisy speech for people with cochlear implants: Speech Communication Vol 12(3) Jul 1993, 261-266.
- Ho, E. C., Proops, D., Andrews, P., & Graham, J. (2007). Unexpected exit of a cochlear implant electrode through the wall of the basal turn of the cochlea: A report on two patients: Cochlear Implants International Vol 8(3) Sep 2007, 162-171.
- Hogan, A. (1998). The business of hearing: Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine Vol 2(4) Oct 1998, 485-501.
- Holden, L. K., Vandali, A. E., Skinner, M. W., Fourakis, M. S., & Holden, T. A. (2005). Speech Recognition With the Advanced Combination Encoder and Transient Emphasis Spectral Maxima Strategies in Nucleus 24 Recipients: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 48(3) Jun 2005, 681-701.
- Holte, L. (2006). Review of: School professionals working with children with cochlear implants: International Journal of Audiology Vol 45(12) Dec 2006, 681.
- Hong, R. S., & Rubinstein, J. T. (2003). High-rate conditioning pulse trains in cochlear implants: Dynamic range measures with sinusoidal stimuli: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 114(6,Pt1) Dec 2003, 3327-3342.
- Hoppe, U., Rosanowski, F., Iro, H., & Eysholdt, U. (2001). Loudness perception and late auditory evoked potentials in adult evoked potentials in adult cochlear implant users: Scandinavian Audiology Vol 30(2) 2001, 119-125.
- Horga, D., & Liker, M. (2006). Voice and pronunciation of cochlear implant speakers: Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics Vol 20(2-3) Apr-May 2006, 211-217.
- Houston, D. M., Carter, A. K., Pisoni, D. B., Kirk, K. l., & Ying, E. A. (2005). Word Learning in Children Following Cochlear Implantation: Volta Review Vol 105(1) Spr 2005, 41-72.
- Houston, D. M., Ying, E. A., Pisoni, D. B., & Kirk, K. I. (2001). Development of Pre- Word-Learning Skills in Infants with Cochlear Implants: Volta Review Vol 103(4) 2001, 303-326.
- Huang, C. Q., Tykocinski, M., Stathopoulos, D., & Cowan, R. (2007). Effects of steroids and lubricants on electrical impedance and tissue response following cochlear implantation: Cochlear Implants International Vol 8(3) Sep 2007, 123-147.
- Hyde, M. (2004). Cochlear Implants: Parents' Choices and Perceptions: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 9(2) Spr 2004, 247.
- Hyde, M., & Power, D. (2006). Some ethical dimensions of cochlear implantation for deaf children and their families: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 11(1) Win 2006, 102-111.
- Iguchi, F., Nakagawa, T., Tateya, I., Kim, T. S., Endo, T., Taniguchi, Z., et al. (2003). Trophic support of mouse inner ear by neural stem cell transplantation: Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research Vol 14(1) Jan 2003, 77-80.
- Ito, K., Momose, T., Oku, S., Ishimoto, S.-I., Yamasoba, T., Sugasawa, M., et al. (2004). Cortical Activation Shortly after Cochlear Implantation: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 9(5) Sep-Oct 2004, 282-293.
- Ivasovic, V. (2002). Psychological implications of cochlear implantation: Suvremena Psihologija Vol 5(1) 2002, 85-104.
- James, C., Blamey, P., Shallop, J. K., Incerti, P. V., & Nicholas, A. M. (2001). Contralateral masking in cochlear implant users with residual hearing in the non-implanted ear: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 6(2) Mar-Apr 2001, 87-97.
- James, C. J., Fraysse, B., Deguine, O., Lenarz, T., Mawman, D., Ramos, A., et al. (2006). Combined Electroacoustic Stimulation in Conventional Candidates for Cochlear Implantation: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 11(Suppl1) Oct 2006, 57-62.
- James, D., Rajput, K., Brown, T., Sirimanna, T., Brinton, J., & Goswami, U. (2005). Phonological Awareness in Deaf Children Who Use Cochlear Implants: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 48(6) Dec 2005, 1511-1528.
- Jeng, F.-C., Abbas, P. J., Brown, C. J., Miller, C. A., Nourski, K. V., & Robinson, B. K. (2007). Electrically Evoked Auditory Steady-State Responses in Guinea Pigs: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 12(2) Jan 2007, 101-112.
- Johnston, T. (2004). W(h)ither the Deaf Community? Population, Genetics, and the Future of Australian Sign Language: American Annals of the Deaf Vol 148(5) Win 2004, 358-375.
- Jones, D. L., Gao, S., & Svirsky, M. A. (2003). The effect of short-term auditory deprivation on the control of intraoral pressure in pediatric cochlear implant users: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 46(3) Jun 2003, 658-669.
- Kadner, A., & Scheich, H. (2000). Trained discrimination of temporal patterns: Cochlear implants in gerbils: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 5(1) Jan-Feb 2000, 23-30.
- Kaiser, A. R., Kirk, K. I., Lachs, L., & Pisoni, D. B. (2003). Talker and lexical effects on audiovisual word recognition by adults with cochlear implants: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 46(2) Apr 2003, 390-404.
- Kampfe, C. M., Harrison, M., Oettinger, T., Ludington, J., & et al. (1993). Parental expectations as a factor in evaluating children for the multichannel cochlear implant: American Annals of the Deaf Vol 138(3) Jul 1993, 297-303.
- Kanabus, M., Szelag, E., Kolodziejczyk, I., & Szuchnik, J. (2004). Reproduction of auditory and visual standards in monochannel cochlear implant users: Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis Vol 64(3) 2004, 395-402.
- Karinen, P. J., Sorri, M. J., Valimaa, T. T., Huttunen, K. H., & Lopponen, H. J. (2001). Cochlear implant patients and quality of life: Scandinavian Audiology Vol 30(Suppl52) 2001, 48-50.
- Kawano, A., Seldon, H. L., Clark, G. M., Ramsden, R. T., & Raine, C. H. (1998). Intracochlear factors contributing to psychophysical percepts following cochlear implantation: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 118(3) 1998, 313-326.
- Kessler, D. K., Osberger, M. J., & Boyle, P. (1997). CLARION patient performance: An update on the adult and children's clinical trials: Scandinavian Audiology Supplement Vol 26(Suppl 47) 1997, 45-49.
- Khan, S., Edwards, L., & Langdon, D. (2005). The Cognition and Behaviour of Children with Cochlear Implants, Children with Hearing Aids and Their Hearing Peers: A Comparison: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 10(2) Mar-Apr 2005, 117-126.
- Kileny, P. R., & Zwolan, T. A. (2004). Pre-perioperative, transtympanic electrically evoked auditory brainstem response in children: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(Suppl1) Dec 2004, S16-S21.
- King, J. E., Polak, M., Hodges, A. V., Payne, S., & Telischi, F. F. (2006). Use of Neural Response Telemetry Measures to Objectively Set the Comfort Levels in the Nucleus 24 Cochlear Implant: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology Vol 17(6) Jun 2006, 413-431.
- Kirk, K. I. (1998). Assessing speech perception in listeners with cochlear implants: The development of the lexical neighborhood tests: Volta Review Vol 100(2) 1998, 63-85.
- Kirk, K. I., Miyamoto, R. T., Ying, E. A., Perdew, A. E., & Zuganelis, H. (2000). Cochlear implantation in young children: Effects of age at implantation and communication mode: Volta Review Vol 102(4) 2000, 127-144.
- Klimacka, L., Patterson, A., & Patterson, R. (2001). Listening to deaf speech: Does experience count? : International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders Vol 36(Suppl) 2001, 210-215.
- Kluwin, T. N., & Stewart, D. A. (2000). Cochlear implants for younger children: A preliminary description of the parental decision process and outcomes: American Annals of the Deaf Vol 145(1) Mar 2000, 26-32.
- Knutson, J. F., Johnson, A., & Murray, K. T. (2006). Social and emotional characteristics of adults seeking a cochlear implant and their spouses: British Journal of Health Psychology Vol 11(2) May 2006, 279-292.
- Koelsch, S., Wittfoth, M., Wolf, A., Muller, J., & Hahne, A. (2004). Music perception in cochlear implant users: An event-related potential study: Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 115(4) Apr 2004, 966-972.
- Kompis, M., Jenk, M., Vischer, M. W., Seifert, E., & Hausler, R. (2002). Intra- and intersubject comparison of cochlear implant systems using the Esprit and the Tempo+ behind-the-ear speech processor: International Journal of Audiology Vol 41(8) Dec 2002, 555-562.
- Kompis, M., Vischer, M. W., & Hausler, R. (1999). Performance of compressed analogue (CA) and continuous interleaved sampling (CIS) coding strategies for cochlear implants in quiet and noise: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 119(6) 1999, 659-664.
- Kral, A., Hartmann, R., Tillein, J., Heid, S., & Klinke, R. (2000). Congenital auditory deprivation reduces synaptic activity within the auditory cortex in a layer-specific manner: Cerebral Cortex Vol 10(7) Jul 2000, 714-726.
- Kral, A., Hartmann, R., Tillein, J., Heid, S., & Klinke, R. (2002). Hearing after congenital deafness: Central auditory plasticity and sensory deprivation: Cerebral Cortex Vol 12(8) Aug 2002, 797-807.
- Kushalnagar, P., Krull, K., Hannay, J., Mehta, P., Caudle, S., & Oghalai, J. (2007). Intelligence, parental depression, and behavior adaptability in deaf children being considered for cochlear implantation: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 12(3) Sum 2007, 335-349.
- Kushnir, T., Avin, L., Neck, A., Sviatochevski, A., Polak, S., & Peretz, C. (2006). Dysfunctional thinking patterns and immigration status as predictors of hearing protection device usage: Annals of Behavioral Medicine Vol 32(2) Oct 2006, 162-167.
- Lachs, L., Weiss, J. W., & Pisoni, D. B. (2000). Use of partial stimulus information by cochlear implant users and listeners with normal hearing in identifying spoken words: Some preliminary analyses: Volta Review Vol 102(4) 2000, 303-320.
- Lai, W. K., Aksit, M., Akdas, F., & Dillier, N. (2004). Longitudinal behaviour of neural response telemetry (NRT) data and clinical implications: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(5) May 2004, 252-263.
- Lane, H., Denny, M., Guenther, F. H., Hanson, H. M., Marrone, N., Matthies, M. L., et al. (2007). On the structure of phoneme categories in listeners with Cochlear Implants: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 50(1) Feb 2007, 2-14.
- Lane, H., Matthies, M., Perkell, J., Vick, J., & Zandipour, M. (2001). The effects of changes in hearing status in cochlear implant users on the acoustic vowel space and CV coarticulation: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 44(3) Jun 2001, 552-563.
- Lane, H., Perkell, J., Wozniak, J., Manzella, J., Guiod, P., Matthies, M., et al. (1998). The effect of changes in hearing status on speech sound level and speech breathing: A study conducted with cochlear implant users and NF-2 patients: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 104(5) Nov 1998, 3059-3069.
- Lane, H., Wozniak, J., Matthies, M., Svirsky, M., & et al. (1997). Changes in sound pressure and fundamental frequency contours following changes in hearing status: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 101(4, Pt 1) Apr 1997, 2244-2252.
- Laneau, J., Wouters, J., & Moonen, M. (2006). Improved Music Perception with Explicit Pitch Coding in Cochlear Implants: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 11(1) Jan 2006, 38-52.
- Langereis, M. C., Bosman, A. J., van Olphen, A. F., & Smoorenburg, G. F. (1997). Changes in vowel quality in post-lingually deafened cochlear implant users: Audiology Vol 36(5) Sep-Oct 1997, 279-297.
- Law, Z. W. Y., & So, L. K. H. (2006). Phonological abilities of hearing-impaired Cantonese-speaking children with cochlear implants or hearing aids: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 49(6) Dec 2006, 1342-1353.
- Le Normand, M. T., Ouellet, C., & Cohen, H. (2003). Productivity of lexical categories in French-speaking children with cochlear implants: Brain and Cognition Vol 53(2) Nov 2003, 257-262.
- Leal, M. C., Shin, Y. J., Laborde, M.-L., Calmels, M.-N., Verges, S., Lugardon, S., et al. (2003). Music Perception in Adult Cochlear Implant Recipients: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 123(7) Oct 2003, 826-835.
- Lee, H.-J., Giraud, A.-L., Kang, E., Oh, S.-H., Kang, H., Kim, C.-S., et al. (2007). Cortical activity at rest predicts cochlear implantation outcome: Cerebral Cortex Vol 17(4) Apr 2007, 909-917.
- Lenden, J. M., & Flipsen, P., Jr. (2007). Prosody and voice characteristics of children with cochlear implants: Journal of Communication Disorders Vol 40(1) Jan-Feb 2007, 66-81.
- Levy, N. (2002). Reconsidering cochlear implants: The lessons of Martha's Vineyard: Bioethics Vol 16(2) Apr 2002, 134-153.
- Liker, M., Mildner, V., & Sindija, B. (2007). Acoustic analysis of the speech of children with cochlear implants: A longitudinal study: Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics Vol 21(1) Jan 2007, 1-11.
- Lim, H. H., & Anderson, D. J. (2006). Auditory Cortical Responses to Electrical Stimulation of the Inferior Colliculus: Implications for an Auditory Midbrain Implant: Journal of Neurophysiology Vol 96(3) Sep 2006, 975-988.
- Lin, Y.-S., & Peng, S.-C. (2003). Acquisition Profiles of Syllable-initial Consonants in Mandarin-speaking Children with Cochlear Implants: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 123(9) Dec 2003, 1046-1053.
- Lind, C., Hickson, L., & Erber, N. P. (2006). Conversation repair and adult cochlear implantation: A qualitative case study: Cochlear Implants International Vol 7(1) Mar 2006, 33-48.
- Litovsky, R. Y., Johnstone, P. M., & Godar, S. P. (2006). Benefits of bilateral cochlear implants and/or hearing aids in children: International Journal of Audiology Vol 45(Suppl1) 2006, S78-S91.
- Litvak, L. M., Delgutte, B., & Eddington, D. K. (2003). Improved temporal coding of sinusoids in electric stimulation of the auditory nerve using desynchronizing pulse trains: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 114(4,Pt1) Oct 2003, 2079-2098.
- Liu, X., Seldon, H. L., & Clark, G. M. (1998). Chronic study on the neuronal excitability of the cochlear nuclei of the cat following electrical stimulation: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 118(4) 1998, 524-529.
- Loizou, P. C., Dorman, M., Poroy, O., & Spahr, T. (2000). Speech recognition by normal-hearing and cochlear implant listeners as a function of intensity resolution: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 108(5,Pt1) Nov 2000, 2377-2387.
- Loizou, P. C., Dorman, M. F., & Powell, V. (1998). The recognition of vowels produced by men, women, boys, and girls by cochlear implant patients using a six-channel CIS processor: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 103(2) Feb 1998, 1141-1149.
- Loizou, P. C., & Poroy, O. (2001). Minimum spectral contrast needed for vowel identification by normal hearing and cochlear implant listeners: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 110(3,Pt1) Sep 2001, 1619-1627.
- Lonka, E., Kujala, T., Lehtokoski, A., Johansson, R., Rimmanen, S., Alho, K., et al. (2004). Mismatch Negativity Brain Response as an Index of Speech Perception Recovery in Cochlear-Implant Recipients: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 9(3) May-Jun 2004, 160-162.
- Lonka, E., Kujala, T., Lehtokoski, A., Johansson, R., Rimmanen, S., Kimmo, A., et al. (2004). Mismatch Negativity Brain Response as an Index of Speech Perception Recovery in Cochlear-Implant Recipients: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 9(2) Mar-Apr 2004, 160-162.
- Lorenzi, C., Gallego, S., & Patterson, R. D. (1997). Discrimination of temporal asymmetry in cochlear implantees: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 102(1) Jul 1997, 482-485.
- Lorenzi, C., Sibellas, J., Fullgrabe, C., Gallego, S., Fugain, C., & Meyer, B. (2004). Effects of amplitude compression on first- and second-order modulation detection thresholds in cochlear implant listeners: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(5) May 2004, 264-270.
- Lyublinskaya, V. V., Koroleva, I. V., & Stolyarova, E. I. (2002). Auditory Perception of Voice Signals with Abnormal Sounding in Children: Human Physiology Vol 28(3) Jun 2002, 43-53.
- Lyxell, B., Andersson, J., Andersson, U., Arlinger, S., Bredberg, G., & Harder, H. (1998). Phonological representation and speech understanding with cochlear implants in deafened adults: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology Vol 39(3) Sep 1998, 175-179.
- Lyxell, B., Andersson, J., Arlinger, S., Bredberg, G., Harder, H., & Ronnberg, J. (1996). Verbal information-processing capabilities and cochlear implants: Implications for preoperative predictors of speech understanding: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 1(3) Sum 1996, 190-201.
- MacArdle, B. M., Bailey, C. M., Phelps, P. D., Bradley, J., Brown, T., & Wheeler, A. (2002). Cochlear implants in children with craniofacial syndromes: Assessment and outcomes: International Journal of Audiology Vol 41(6) Sep 2002, 347-356.
- Macaulay, C. E., & Ford, R. M. (2006). Language and theory-of-mind development in prelingually deafened children with cochlear implants: A preliminary investigation: Cochlear Implants International Vol 7(1) Mar 2006, 1-14.
- Makhdoum, M. J., Groenen, P. A. P., Snik, A. F. M., & van den Broek, P. (1998). Intra- and interindividual correlations between auditory evoked potentials and speech perception in cochlear implant users: Scandinavian Audiology Vol 27(1) 1998, 13-20.
- Malek-Ahmadi, P., & Hanretta, A. T. (2003). Cochlear implant and ECT: Journal of ECT Vol 19(1) 2003, 51.
- Mancuso, M., Filosto, M., Forli, F., Rocchi, A., Berrettini, S., Siciliano, G., et al. (2004). A non-syndromic hearing loss caused by very low levels of the mtDNA A3243G mutation: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Vol 110(1) Jul 2004, 72-74.
- Manrique, M., Cervera-Paz, F. J., Huarte, A., & Molina, M. (2004). Prospective Long-term Auditory Results of Cochlear Implantation in Prelinguistically Deafened Children: The Importance of Early Implantation: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 124(Suppl552) May 2004, 55-63.
- Manrique, M., Ramos, A., Morera, C., Sainz, M., Algaba, J., & Cervera-Paz, F. J. (1998). Spanish study group on cochlear implants for persons with marginal benefit from acoustic amplification: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 118(5) 1998, 635-639.
- Marschark, M. (2005). A Decade of Perspective: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 10(1) Win 2005, 1-2.
- Marschark, M., Archbold, S., Grimes, M., & O'Donoghue, G. (2007). On language, education, and cochlear implants: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 12(3) Sum 2007,
- Marschark, M., Rhoten, C., & Fabich, M. (2007). Effects of cochlear implants on children's reading and academic achievement: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 12(3) Sum 2007, 269-282.
- Mason, S. (2004). Electrophysiologic and objective monitoring of the cochlear implant during surgery: Implementation, audit and outcomes: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(Suppl1) Dec 2004, S33-S38.
- Matthies, M. L., Svirsky, M., Perkell, J., & Lane, H. (1996). Acoustic and articulatory measures of sibilant production with and without auditory feedback from a cochlear implant: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research Vol 39(5) Oct 1996, 936-946.
- McCleary, E. A., Ide-Helvie, D. L., Lotto, A. J., Carney, A. E., & Higgins, M. B. (2007). Effects of elicitation task variables on speech production by children with cochlear implants: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 50(1) Feb 2007, 83-96.
- McCracken, W. (2005). Conference report: Deafness & Education International Vol 7(3) 2005, 171-172.
- McDermott, H. J., Henshall, K. R., & McKay, C. M. (2002). Benefits of syllabic input compression for users of cochlear implants: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology Vol 13(1) Jan 2002, 14-24.
- McDermott, H. J., McKay, C. M., Richardson, L. M., & Henshall, K. R. (2003). Application of loudness models to sound processing for cochlear implants: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 114(4,Pt1) Oct 2003, 2190-2197.
- McDonald, P. (2005). Review of Deafness in mind: Working psychologically with deaf people across the lifespan: Deafness & Education International Vol 7(3) 2005, 174-175.
- McKay, C. M., & Carlyon, R. P. (1999). Dual temporal pitch percepts from acoustic and electric amplitude-modulated pulse trains: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 105(1) Jan 1999, 347-357.
- McKay, C. M., & Henshall, K. R. (2002). Frequency-to-electrode allocation and speech perception with cochlear implants: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 111(2) Feb 2002, 1036-1044.
- McKay, C. M., Henshall, K. R., Farrell, R. J., & McDermott, H. J. (2003). A practical method of predicting the loudness of complex electrical stimuli: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 113(4,Pt 1) Apr 2003, 2054-2063.
- McKay, C. M., & McDermott, H. J. (1996). The perception of temporal patterns for electrical stimulation presented at one or two intracochlear sites: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 100(2, Pt 1) Aug 1996, 1081-1092.
- McKay, C. M., & McDermott, H. J. (1998). Loudness perception with pulsatile electrical stimulation: The effect of interpulse intervals: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 104(2, Pt 1) Aug 1998, 1061-1074.
- McKay, C. M., McDermott, H. J., & Clark, G. M. (1996). The perceptual dimensions of single-electrode and nonsimultaneous dual-electrode stimuli in cochlear implantees: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 99(2) Feb 1996, 1079-1090.
- McKay, C. M., Remine, M. D., & McDermott, H. J. (2001). Loudness summation for pulsatile electrical stimulation of the cochlea: Effects of rate, electrode separation, level, and mode of stimulation: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 110(3,Pt1) Sep 2001, 1514-1524.
- McKinley, A. M., & Warren, S. F. (2000). The effectiveness of cochlear implants for children with prelingual deafness: Journal of Early Intervention Vol 23(4) Fal 2000, 252-263.
- Mehr, M. A., Turner, C. W., & Parkinson, A. (2001). Channel weights for speech recognition in cochlear implant users: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 109(1) Jan 2001, 359-366.
- Menard, M., Gallego, S., Truy, E., Berger- Vachon, C., Durrant, J. D., & Collet, L. (2004). Auditory steady-state response evaluation of auditory thresholds in cochlear implant patients: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(Suppl1) Dec 2004, S39-S43.
- Mens, L. H. M. (2003). Telemetry: Features and applications. Philadelphia, PA: Whurr Publishers.
- Mens, L. H. M., Boyle, P. J., & Mulder, J. J. S. (2003). The Clarion Electrode Positioner: Approximation to the medial wall and current focussing? : Audiology & Neurotology Vol 8(3) May-Jun 2003, 166-175.
- Mens, L. H. M., Huiskamp, G., Oostendorp, T., & van den Broek, P. (1999). Modelling surface potentials from intracochlear electrical stimulation: Scandinavian Audiology Vol 28(4) 1999, 249-255.
- Meyer, T. A., Svirsky, M. A., Kirk, K. I., & Miyamoto, R. T. (1998). Improvements in speech perception by children with profound prelingual hearing loss: Effects of device, communication mode, and chronological age: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 41(4) Aug 1998, 846-858.
- Milchard, A. J., & Cullington, H. E. (2004). An investigation into the effect of limiting the frequency bandwidth of speech on speech recognition in adult cochlear implant users: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(6) Jun 2004, 356-362.
- Mildner, V., Sindija, B., & Zrinski, K. V. (2006). Speech perception of children with cochlear implants and children with traditional hearing aids: Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics Vol 20(2-3) Apr-May 2006, 219-229.
- Miller, K. R., & Wheeler-Scruggs, K. (2002). Entertainment television and hearing students' attitudes regarding the pediatric cochlear implant: American Annals of the Deaf Vol 147(3) Jul 2002, 20-24.
- Miyamoto, R. T., Kirk, K. I., Svirsky, M. A., & Sehgal, S. T. (1999). Communication skills in pediatric cochlear implant recipients: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vo1 119(2) Mar 1999, 219-224.
- Miyamoto, R. T., & Wong, D. (2001). Positron emission tomography in cochlear implant and auditory brainstem implant recipients: Journal of Communication Disorders Vol 34(6) Nov-Dec 2001, 473-478.
- Mo, B., Harris, S., & Lindbaek, M. (2002). Tinnitus in cochlear implant patients--A comparison with other hearing-impaired patients: International Journal of Audiology Vol 41(8) Dec 2002, 527-534.
- Mo, B., Lindbaek, M., Harris, S., & Rasmussen, K. (2004). Social hearing measured with the Performance Inventory for Profound and Severe Loss: A comparison between adult multichannel cochlear implant patients and users of acoustical hearing aids: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(10) Nov-Dec 2004, 572-578.
- Mobes, J., Lambrecht, J., Nager, W., Buchner, A., Lesinski-Schiedat, A., Lenarz, T., et al. (2006). Audiovisual Speech Perception in Patients with Cochlea Implantation: Zeitschrift fur Neuropsychologie Vol 17(1) Mar 2006, 25-34.
- Mok, M., Grayden, D., Dowell, R. C., & Lawrence, D. (2006). Speech perception for adults who use hearing aids in conjunction with cochlear implants in opposite ears: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 49(2) Apr 2006, 338-351.
- Moore, J. A. (1998). Speech outcomes of children using cochlear implants: Preliminary results: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology Vol 31 1998, 111-121.
- Moore, J. A., Prath, S., & Arrieta, A. (2006). Early Spanish speech acquisition following cochlear implantation: Volta Review Vol 106(3) Win 2006, 321-341.
- Most, T., & Peled, M. (2007). Perception of suprasegmental features of speech by children with cochlear implants and children with hearing aids: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 12(3) Sum 2007, 350-361.
- Most, T., Wiesel, A., & Blitzer, T. (2007). Identity and attitudes towards cochlear implant among deaf and hard of hearing adolescents: Deafness & Education International Vol 9(2) 2007, 68-82.
- Most, T., & Zaidman-Zait, A. (2001). The needs of parents of children with cochlear implants: Volta Review Vol 103(2) 2001, 99-113.
- Muchnik, C., Taitelbaum, R., Tene, S., & Hildesheimer, M. (1994). Auditory temporal resolution and open speech recognition in cochlear implant recipients: Scandinavian Audiology Vol 23(2) 1994, 105-109.
- Murakami, G. A. d. O., Neme, C. M. B., Yamada, M. O., & Bevilacqua, M. C. (2001). Previous expectations concerning cochlear implant and post implant evaluation in adolescents: Estudos de Psicologia Vol 18(2) May-Aug 2001, 5-16.
- Nakata, T., Trehub, S. E., Mitani, C., & Kanda, Y. (2006). Pitch and Timing in the Songs of Deaf Children With Cochlear Implants: Music Perception Vol 24(2) Dec 2006, 147-154.
- Nelson, D. A., & Donaldson, G. S. (2001). Psychophysical recovery from single-pulse forward masking in electric hearing: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 109(6) Jun 2001, 2921-2933.
- Nelson, D. A., & Donaldston, G. S. (2002). Psychophysical recovery from pulse-train forward masking in electric hearing: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 112(6) Dec 2002, 2932-2947.
- Nelson, D. A., Schmitz, J. L., Donaldson, G. S., Viemeister, N. F., & Javel, E. (1996). Intensity discrimination as a function of stimulus level with electric stimulation: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 100(4, Pt 1) Oct 1996, 2393-2414.
- Nelson, D. A., Van Tasell, D. J., Schroder, A. C., Soli, S., & et al. (1995). Electrode ranging of "place pitch" and speech recognition in electrical hearing: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 98(4) Oct 1995, 1987-1999.
- Nicholas, J. G. (1994). Sensory aid use and the development of communicative function: Volta Review Vol 96(5) Nov 1994, 181-198.
- Nicholas, J. G., & Geers, A. E. (2006). The Process and Early Outcomes of Cochlear Implantation by Three Years of Age. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Nicholas, J. G., & Geers, A. E. (2007). Will they catch up? The role of age at cochler implantation in the spoken language development of children with severe to profound hearing loss: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 50(4) Aug 2007, 1048-1062.
- Niparko, J. K. (2004). Speech, Language, and Reading Skills After Early Cochlear Implantation: JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association Vol 291(19) May 2004, 2378-2380.
- Niparko, J. K., & Blankenhorn, R. (2003). Cochlear Implants in Young Children: Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews Vol 9(4) 2003, 267-275.
- Nishimura, H., Doi, K., Iwaki, T., Hashikawa, K., Oku, N., Teratani, T., et al. (2000). Neural plasticity detected in short- and long-term cochlear implant users using PET: Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research Vol 11(4) Mar 2000, 811-815.
- No authorship, i. (2004). Abstracts of the XVI National Conference of The Audiological Society of Australia: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Audiology Vol 26(Suppl) 2004, 2-52.
- Nunes, T., Pretzlik, U., & Ilicak, S. (2005). Validation of a Parent Outcome Questionnaire From Pediatric Cochlear Implantation: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 10(4) Fal 2005, 330-356.
- Oh, S.-H., Kim, C.-S., Kang, E. J., Lee, D. S., Lee, H. J., Chang, S. O., et al. (2003). Speech Perception after Cochlear Implantation over a 4-Year Time Period: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 123(2) 2003, 148-153.
- Okazawa, H., Naito, Y., Yonekura, Y., Sadato, N., Hirano, S., Nishizawa, S., et al. (1996). Cochlear implant efficiency in pre- and postlingually deaf subjects: A study with H-sub-2superscript 1-sup-5O and PET: Brain: A Journal of Neurology Vol 119(4) Aug 1996, 1297-1306.
- Osaki, Y., Takasawa, M., Doi, K., Nishimura, H., Iwaki, T., Imaizumi, M., et al. (2006). Auditory and tactile processing in a postmeningitic deaf-blind patient with a cochlear implant: Neurology Vol 67(5) Sep 2006, 887-890.
- Osberger, M. J., Robbins, A. M., Todd, S. L., & Riley, A. I. (1994). Speech intelligibility of children with cochlear implants: Volta Review Vol 96(5) Nov 1994, 169-180.
- Ouellet, C., & Cohen, H. (1999). Speech and language development following cochlear implantation: Journal of Neurolinguistics Vol 12(3-4) Jul-Oct 1999, 271-288.
- Ouellet, C., Le Normand, M.-T., & Cohen, H. (2001). Language evolution in children with cochlear implants: Brain and Cognition Vol 46(1-2) Jun-Jul 2001, 231-235.
- Paatsch, L. E., Blamey, P. J., Sarant, J. Z., Martin, L. F. A., & Bow, C. P. (2004). Separating contributions of hearing, lexical knowledge, and speech production to speech-perception scores in children with hearing impairments: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 47(4) Aug 2004, 738-750.
- Paganga, S., Tucker, E., Harrigan, S., & Lutman, M. (2001). Evaluating training courses for parents of children with cochlear implants: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders Vol 36(Suppl) 2001, 517-522.
- Pantelemidou, V., Herman, R., & Thomas, J. (2003). Efficacy of speech intervention using electropalatography with a cochlear implant user: Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics Vol 17(4-5) Jun-Aug 2003, 383-392.
- Pantev, C., Dinnesen, A., Ross, B., Wollbrink, A., & Knief, A. (2006). Dynamics of Auditory Plasticity after Cochlear Implantation: A Longitudinal Study: Cerebral Cortex Vol 16(1) Jan 2006, 31-36.
- Paradise, J. L., Feldman, H. M., Campbell, T. F., Dollaghan, C. A., Rockette, H. E., Pitcairn, D. L., et al. (2007). Tympanostomy tubes and developmental outcomes at 9 to 11 years of age: New England Journal of Medicine Vol 356(3) Jan 2007, 248-261.
- Parker, D. (2004). Review of Cochlear implants: Objective measures: Deafness & Education International Vol 6(2) 2004, 124-125.
- Parkinson, A. J., Parkinson, W. S., Tyler, R. S., Lowder, M. W., & Gantz, B. J. (1998). Speech perception performance in experienced cochlear-implant patients receiving the SPEAK processing strategy in the Nucleus Spectra-22 cochlear implant: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 41(5) Oct 1998, 1073-1087.
- Parkinson, A. J., Tyler, R. S., Woodworth, G. G., Lowder, M. W., & et al. (1996). A within-subject comparison of adult patients using the Nucleus F0F1F2 and F0F1F2B3B4B5 speech processing strategies: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research Vol 39(2) Apr 1996, 261-277.
- Pedley, K., Psarros, C., Gardner-Berry, K., Parker, A., Purdy, S. C., Dawson, P., et al. (2007). Evaluation of NRT and behavioral measures for MAPping elderly cochlear implant users: International Journal of Audiology Vol 46(5) May 2007, 252-262.
- Peng, S.-C. (2006). Perception and production of speech intonation in pediatric cochlear implant recipients and children with normal hearing. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Peng, S.-C., Spencer, L. J., & Tomblin, J. B. (2004). Speech Intelligibility of Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients With 7 Years of Device Experience: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 47(6) Dec 2004, 1227-1236.
- Peng, S.-C., Tomblin, J. B., Spencer, L. J., & Hurtig, R. R. (2007). Imitative production of rising speech intonation in pediatric cochlear implant recipients: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 50(5) Oct 2007, 1210-1227.
- Pereon, Y., Laplaud, D., Tich, S. N. T., & Radafy, E. (2001). A new application for the sympathetic skin response: The evaluation of auditory thresholds in cochlear implant patients: Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 112(2) Feb 2001, 314-318.
- Peterson, A., Shallop, J., Driscoll, C., Breneman, A., Babb, J., Stoeckel, R., et al. (2003). Outcomes of Cochlear Implantation in Children with Auditory Neuropathy: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology Vol 14(4) May 2003, 188-201.
- Peterson, C. C. (2004). Theory-of-mind development in oral deaf children with cochlear implants or conventional hearing aids: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry Vol 45(6) Sep 2004, 1096-1106.
- Pfingst, B. E., & Xu, L. (2005). Psychophysical Metrics and Speech Recognition in Cochlear Implant Users: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 10(6) Nov-Dec 2005, 331-341.
- Pfingst, B. E., Xu, L., & Thompson, C. S. (2004). Across-Site Threshold Variation in Cochlear Implants: Relation to Speech Recognition: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 9(6) Nov-Dec 2004, 341-352.
- Phillips, A. L., & Cole, E. B. (1993). Beginning with babies: A sharing of professional experience: Volta Review Vol 95(5) Nov 1993, 160.
- Plant, K., Whiteford, L., Seligman, P., Hill, K., Winton, L., Decker, J., et al. (2002). Conversion from the Body-worn Spectra to the Ear-level ESPrit22 in Children: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Audiology Vol 24(1) May 2002, 1-15.
- Pollard, R. Q., Jr. (1996). Conceptualizing and conducting preoperative psychological assessments of cochlear implant candidates: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 1(1) Win 1996, 16-28.
- Ponton, C. W., & Don, M. (2003). Cortical auditory evoked potentials recorded from cochlear implant users: Methods and applications. Philadelphia, PA: Whurr Publishers.
- Ponton, C. W., Don, M., Eggermont, J. J., & Kwong, B. (1997). Integrated mismatch negativity (MMN-sub(i)): A noise-free representation of evoked responses allowing single-point distribution-free statistical tests: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology: Evoked Potentials Vol 104(2) Mar 1997, 143-150.
- Ponton, C. W., Don, M., Eggermont, J. J., Waring, M. D., Kwong, B., & Masuda, A. (1996). Auditory system plasticity in children after long periods of complete deafness: Neuroreport: An International Journal for the Rapid Communication of Research in Neuroscience Vol 8(1) Dec 1996, 61-65.
- Ponton, C. W., Don, M., Waring, M. D., Eggermont, J. J., & et al. (1993). Spatio-temporal source modeling of evoked potentials to acoustic and cochlear implant stimulation: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology: Evoked Potentials Vol 88(6) Nov-Dec 1993, 478-493.
- Ponton, C. W., Eggermont, J. J., Don, M., Waring, M. D., Kwong, B., Cunningham, J., et al. (2000). Maturation of the mismatch negativity: Effects of profound deafness and cochlear implant use: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 5(3-4) May-Aug 2000, 167-185.
- Ponton, C. W., Moore, J. K., & Eggermont, J. J. (1999). Prolonged deafness limits auditory system developmental plasticity: Evidence from an evoked potentials study in children with cochlear implants: Scandinavian Audiology Vol 28(Suppl 51) 1999, 13-22.
- Power, D. (2005). Models of Deafness: Cochlear Implants in the Australian Daily Press: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 10(4) Fal 2005, 451-459.
- Preisler, G., Tvingstedt, A. L., & Ahlstrom, M. (2002). A psychosocial follow-up study of deaf preschool children using cochlear implants: Child: Care, Health and Development Vol 28(5) Sep 2002, 403-418.
- Preisler, G., Tvingstedt, A.-L., & Ahlstrom, M. (2005). Interviews With Deaf Children About Their Experiences Using Cochlear Implants: American Annals of the Deaf Vol 150(3) Sum 2005, 260-267.
- Preminger, J. E., Carpenter, R., & Ziegler, C. H. (2005). A clinical perspective on cochlear dead regions: intelligibility of speech and subjective hearing aid benefit: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology Vol 16(8) Sep 2005, 600-613.
- Qin, M. K. (2005). Role of F0 in speech reception in the presence of interference: Simulating aspects of cochlear-implant processing. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Qin, M. K., & Oxenham, A. J. (2003). Effects of simulated cochlear-implant processing on speech reception in fluctuating maskers: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 114(1) Jul 2003, 446-454.
- Quaranta, N., Bartoli, R., Giagnotti, F., Di Cuonzo, F., & Quaranta, A. (2002). Cochlear implants in systemic autoimmune vasculitis syndromes: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 122(5,Suppl548) 2002, 44-48.
- Quaranta, N., Wagstaff, S., & Baguley, D. M. (2004). Tinnitus and cochlear implantation: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(5) May 2004, 245-251.
- Raine, C. H., Lee, C. A., Strachan, D. R., Totten, C. T., & Khan, S. (2007). Skin flap thickness in cochlear implant patients: A prospective study: Cochlear Implants International Vol 8(3) Sep 2007, 148-157.
- Ray, J., Gibson, W. P. R., & Sanli, H. (2004). Role of Auditory Stimulation in Maturation of the Auditory Pathway: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 124(6) Aug 2004, 695-699.
- Ray, J., Wright, T., Fielden, C., Cooper, H., Donaldson, I., & Proops, D. W. (2006). Non-users and limited users of cochlear implants: Cochlear Implants International Vol 7(1) Mar 2006, 49-58.
- Remus, J. J. (2007). Improving speech perception in cochlear implant patients: Techniques to expedite the identification of psychophysics-based performance limitations. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Remus, J. J., & Collins, L. M. (2007). A comparison of adaptive psychometric procedure based on the theory of optimal experiments and Bayesian techniques: Implications for cochlear implant testing: Perception & Psychophysics Vol 69(3) Apr 2007, 311-323.
- Richardson, J. T. E. (2004). The Brits are coming! : Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 9(4) Fal 2004, 465-465.
- Robbins, A. M. (1994). Guidelines for developing oral communication skills in children with cochlear implants: Volta Review Vol 96(5) Nov 1994, 75-82.
- Robbins, A. M. (2003). Communication intervention for infants and toddlers with cochlear implants: Topics in Language Disorders Vol 23(1) Jan-Mar 2003, 16-28.
- Robillos, A. (2006). Enduring metaphors and the persistence of stigma: The case of prelingual deaf children with cochlear implants. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
- Robinshaw, H. M. (1996). Acquisition of speech, pre- and post-cochlear implantation: Longitudinal studies of a congenitally deaf infant: Early Child Development and Care Vol 126 Dec 1996, 121-140.
- Robinshaw, H. M., & Evans, R. (1996). Assessing the acquisition of the auditory, communicative and liniguistic skills of a congenitally deaf infant pre- and post-cochlear implantation: Early Child Development and Care Vol 117 Feb 1996, 77-98.
- Roman, S., Canevet, G., Lorenzi, C., Triglia, J.-M., & Liegeois-Chauvel, C. (2004). Voice onset time encoding in patients with left and right cochlear implants: Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research Vol 15(4) Mar 2004, 601-605.
- Roman, S., Debailleux, S., Canevet, G., Triglia, J.-M., & Liegeois-Chauvel, C. (2004). Mismatch negativity and auditory abilities in cochlear implanted users: Revue de Neuropsychologie Vol 14(1-2) Mar-Jun 2004, 41-61.
- Ross, L., & Lyon, P. (2007). Escaping a silent world: Profound hearing loss, cochlear implants and household interaction: International Journal of Consumer Studies Vol 31(4) Jul 2007, 357-362.
- Rouger, J., Lagleyre, S., Fraysse, B., Deneve, S., Deguine, O., & Barone, P. (2007). Evidence that cochlear-implanted deaf patients are better multisensory integrators: PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol 104(17) Apr 2007, 7295-7300.
- Rubinstein, J. T. (2002). Paediatric cochlear implantation: Prosthetic hearing and language development: Lancet Vol 360(9331) Aug 2002, 483-485.
- Rubinstein, J. T., & Miller, C. A. (1999). How do cochlear prostheses work? : Current Opinion in Neurobiology Vol 9(4) Aug 1999, 399-404.
- Sach, T. H., & Whynes, D. K. (2005). Pediatric cochlear implantation: The views of parents: International Journal of Audiology Vol 44(7) Jul 2005, 400-407.
- Sainz, M., de la Torre, A., Roldan, C., Ruiz, J. M., & Vargas, J. L. (2003). Analysis of programming maps and its application for balancing multichannel cochlear implants: International Journal of Audiology Vol 42(1) Jan 2003, 43-51.
- Schacht, J., & Hawkins, J. E. (2005). Sketches of Otohistory: Part 9: Presby[a]cusis: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 10(5) Sep-Oct 2005, 243-247.
- Schafer, E. C., & Thibodeau, L. M. (2004). Speech Recognition Abilities of Adults Using Cochlear Implants with FM Systems: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology Vol 15(10) Nov-Dec 2004, 678-691.
- Schafer, E. C., & Thibodeau, L. M. (2006). Speech recognition in noise in children with cochlear implants while listening in bilateral, bimodal, and FM-system arrangements: American Journal of Audiology Vol 15(2) Dec 2006, 114-126.
- Schauwers, K. (2007). Early speech and language development in deaf children with a cochlear implant: A longitudinal investigation. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
- Schery, T. K., & Peters, M. L. (2003). Developing auditory learning in children with cochlear implants: Topics in Language Disorders Vol 23(1) Jan-Mar 2003, 4-15.
- Schlumberger, E., Narbona, J., & Manrique, M. (2004). Non-verbal development of children with deafness with and without cochlear implants: Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology Vol 46(9) Sep 2004, 599-606.
- Schoeman, E. M. (2007). The development of a complementary psychological treatment programme for cochlear implant teams. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Schorr, E. A. (2005). Social and emotional functioning of children with cochlear implants. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Schorr, E. A. (2006). Early cochlear implant experience and emotional functioning during childhood: Loneliness in middle and late childhood: Volta Review Vol 106(3) Win 2006, 365-379.
- Seghier, M. L., Boex, C., Lazeyras, F., Sigrist, A., & Pelizzone, M. (2005). fMRI Evidence for Activation of Multiple Cortical Regions in the Primary Auditory Cortex of Deaf Subjects Users of Multichannel Cochlear Implants: Cerebral Cortex Vol 15(1) Jan 2005, 40-48.
- Senn, P., Kompis, M., Vischer, M., & Haeusler, R. (2005). Minimum Audible Angle, Just Noticeable Interaural Differences and Speech Intelligibility with Bilateral Cochlear Implants Using Clinical Speech Processors: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 10(6) Nov-Dec 2005, 342-352.
- Serniclaes, W., De Guchteneere, R., Secqueville, T., Bachelot, G., Genin, J., Meyer, B., et al. (1996). Objective evaluation of vowel identification with the Digisonic cochlear implant: Audiology Vol 35(1) Jan-Feb 1996, 23-36.
- Seung, H., Holmes, A., & Colburn, M. (2005). Twin Language Development: A Case Study of a Twin with a Cochlear Implant and a Twin with Typical Hearing: Volta Review Vol 105(2) Fal 2005, 175-188.
- Shallop, J. K., Carter, P., Feinman, G., & Tabor, B. (2003). Averaged electrode voltage measurements in patients with cochlear implants. Philadelphia, PA: Whurr Publishers.
- Shallop, J. K., Jin, S. H., Driscoll, C. L. W., & Tibesar, R. J. (2004). Characteristics of electrically evoked potentials in patients with auditory neuropathy/auditory dys-synchrony: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(Suppl1) Dec 2004, S22-S27.
- Shannon, R. V., Fu, Q.-J., & Galvin, J., III. (2004). The Number of Spectral Channels Required for Speech Recognition Depends on the Difficulty of the Listening Situation: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 124(Suppl552) May 2004, 50-54.
- Shannon, R. V., Fu, Q.-J., Zeng, F.-G., & Wygonski, J. (2006). Prosthetic Hearing: Implications for Pattern Recognition in Speech. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
- Shpak, T., Berlin, M., & Luntz, M. (2004). Objective Measurements of Auditory Nerve Recovery Function in Nucleus CI 24 Implantees in Relation to Subjective Preference of Stimulation Rate: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 124(5) Jun 2004, 582-586.
- Sierra, C., Rubio, G., Kassem, S., Marin, J., & et al. (1996). Evaluation of psychosocial adjustment following cochlear implant in adults: European Journal of Psychiatry Vol 10(2) Apr-Jun 1996, 76-82.
- Simmons, F. B. (1964). Middle ear muscle acoustic reflex as index of cochlear sensitivity in auditory experiments: Some technical notes: Journal of Auditory Research 4(4) 1964, 255-260.
- Skinner, M. W., Holden, L. K., Holden, T. A., & Demorest, M. E. (1995). Comparison of procedures for obtaining thresholds and maximum acceptance loudness levels with the nucleus cochlear implant system: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research Vol 38(3) Jun 1995, 677-689.
- Skinner, M. W., Holden, L. K., Holden, T. A., & Demorest, M. E. (1997). Speech recognition at simulated soft, conversational, and raised-to-loud vocal efforts by adults with cochlear implants: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 101(6) Jun 1997, 3766-3782.
- Skinner, M. W., Holden, L. K., Holden, T. A., & Demorest, M. E. (1999). Comparison of two methods for selecting minimum stimulation levels used in programming the nucleus 22 cochlear implant: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 42(4) Aug 1999, 814-828.
- Sly, D. J., Heffer, L. F., White, M. W., Shepherd, R. K., Birch, M. G. J., Minter, R. L., et al. (2007). Deafness alters auditory nerve fibre responses to cochlear implant stimulation: European Journal of Neuroscience Vol 26(2) Jul 2007, 510-522.
- Smith, L. B., Quittner, A. L., Osberger, M. J., & Miyamoto, R. (1998). Audition and visual attention: The developmental trajectory in deaf and hearing populations: Developmental Psychology Vol 34(5) Sep 1998, 840-850.
- Smoorenburg, G. F., Willeboer, C., & van Dijk, J. E. (2002). Speech Perception in Nucleus CI24M Cochlear Implant Users with Processor Settings Based on Electrically Evoked Compound Action Potential Thresholds: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 7(6) Nov-Dec 2002, 335-347.
- Snik, A. F. M., van Duijnhoven, N. T. L., Mulder, J. J. S., & Cremers, C. W. R. J. (2007). Evaluation of the subjective effect of middle ear implantation in hearing-impaired patients with severe external otitis: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology Vol 18(6) Jun 2007, 496-509.
- Soper, J. (2006). Deafblind people's experiences of cochlear implantation: British Journal of Visual Impairment Vol 24(1) Jan 2006, 19-29.
- Soriano, J., Perez, I., & Dominguez, A. B. (2006). Assessment of syntactic strategies used by deaf students, with and without cochlear implant, while reading: Revista de Logopedia, Foniatria y Audiologia Vol 26(2) Apr-Jun 2006, 72-83.
- Spencer, L., Tomblin, J. B., & Gantz, B. J. (1997). Reading skills in children with multichannel cochlear-implant experience: Volta Review Vol 99(4) Fal 1997, 193-202.
- Spencer, P. E. (2003). Straight Talk About Cochlear Implants for Children: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 8(4) Fal 2003, 498.
- Spencer, P. E. (2004). Individual differences in language performance after cochlear implantation at one to three years of age: Child, family, and linguistic factors: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 9(4) Fal 2004, 395-412.
- Spencer, P. E., & Marschark, M. (2003). Cochlear implants: Issues and implications. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Staller, S. J., Beiter, A. L., & Brimacombe, J. A. (1994). Use of the Nucleus 22 Channel Cochlear Implant System with children: Volta Review Vol 96(5) Nov 1994, 15-39.
- Stallings, L. M., Gao, S., & Svirsky, M. A. (2000). Assessing the language abilities of pediatric cochlear implant users across a broad range of ages and performance abilities: Volta Review Vol 102(4) 2000, 215-235.
- Stallings, L. M., Kirk, K. I., Chin, S. B., & Gao, S. (2000). Parent word familiarity and the language development of pediatric cochlear implant users: Volta Review Vol 102(4) 2000, 237-258.
- Stephan, K., & Welzl-Muller, K. (1994). Effect of stimulus duration on stapedius reflex threshold in electrical stimulation via cochlear implant: Audiology Vol 33(3) May-Jun 1994, 143-151.
- Stephens, J. (2006). Longer-term aspects of the language development of children with cochlear implants: Audiological Medicine Vol 4(3) 2006, 151-163.
- Stevens, L. C. (2003). An examination of the factors in the decision-making process leading to cochlear implants for children of hearing parents: A qualitative study. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Stone, M. A., & Moore, B. C. J. (2003). Effect of the speed of a single-channel dynamic range compressor on intelligibility in a competing speech task: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 114(2) Aug 2003, 1023-1034.
- Stordahl, J. (2002). Song recognition and appraisal: A comparison of children who use cochlear implants and normally hearing children: Journal of Music Therapy Vol 39(1) Spr 2002, 2-19.
- Strenge, H., & Muller-Deile, J. (2007). Auditory feedback does not influence random number generation: Evidence from profoundly deaf adults with cochlear implant: Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology Vol 29(6) Aug 2007, 642-647.
- Summerfield, A. Q., Barton, G. R., Toner, J., McAnallen, C., Proops, D., Harries, C., et al. (2006). Self-reported benefits from successive bilateral cochlear implantation in post-lingually deafened adults: randomised controlled trial: International Journal of Audiology Vol 45(Suppl1) 2006, S99-S107.
- Svirsky, M. A. (2000). Mathematical modeling of vowel perception by users of analog multichannel cochlear implants: Temporal and channel-amplitude cues: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 107(3) Mar 2000, 1521-1529.
- Svirsky, M. A., Chute, P. M., Green, J., Bollard, P., & Miyamoto, R. T. (2000). Language development in children who are prelingually deaf who have used the SPEAK or CIS stimulation strategies since initial stimulation: Volta Review Vol 102(4) 2000, 199-213.
- Svirsky, M. A., Robbins, A. M., Kirk, K. I., Pisoni, D. B., & Miyamoto, R. T. (2000). Language development in profoundly deaf children with cochlear implants: Psychological Science Vol 11(2) Mar 2000, 153-158.
- Svirsky, M. A., Silveira, A., Suarez, H., Neuburger, H., Lai, T. T., & Simmons, P. M. (2001). Auditory learning and adaptation after cochlear implantation: A preliminary study of discrimination and labeling of vowel sounds by cochlear implant users: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 121(2) Jan 2001, 262-265.
- Svirsky, M. A., Teoh, S.-W., & Neuburger, H. (2004). Development of Language and Speech Perception in Congenitally, Profoundly Deaf Children as a Function of Age at Cochlear Implantation: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 9(4) Jul-Aug 2004, 224-233.
- Swanepoel, D., & Hugo, R. (2004). Estimations of auditory sensitivity for young cochlear implant candidates using the ASSR: Preliminary results: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(7) Jul-Aug 2004, 377-382.
- Swanwick, R. (2006). Review of Paediatric Cochlear Implantation: Evaluating Outcomes: Deafness & Education International Vol 8(3) 2006, 169-170.
- Swanwick, R., & Tsverik, I. (2007). The role of sign language for deaf children with cochlear implants: Good practice in sign bilingual settings: Deafness & Education International Vol 9(4) Dec 2007, 214-231.
- Szagun, G. (2000). The aquisition of grammatical and lexical structures in children with cochlear implants: A developmental psycholinguistic approach: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 5(1) Jan-Feb 2000, 39-47.
- Szagun, G. (2001). Language acquisition in young German-speaking children with cochlear implants: Individual differences and implications for conceptions of a 'sensitive phase": Audiology & Neurotology Vol 6(5) Sep-Oct 2001, 288-297.
- Szagun, G. (2002). Learning the h(e)ard way: The acquisition of grammar in young German-speaking children with cochlear implants and with normal hearing. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
- Szagun, G. (2004). Learning by ear: On the acquisition of case and gender marking by German-speaking children with normal hearing and with cochlear implants: Journal of Child Language Vol 31(1) Feb 2004, 1-30.
- Teagle, H. F. B., & Moore, J. A. (2002). School-based services for children with cochlear implants: Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools Vol 33(3) Jul 2002, 162-171.
- Teoh, S. W., Neuburger, H. S., & Svirsky, M. A. (2003). Acoustic and Electrical Pattern Analysis of Consonant Perceptual Cues Used by Cochlear Implant Users: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 8(5) Sep-Oct 2003, 269-285.
- Thai-Van, H., Cozma, S., Boutitie, F., Disant, F., Truy, E., & Collet, L. (2007). The pattern of auditory brainstem response wave V maturation in cochlear-implanted children: Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 118(3) Mar 2007, 676-689.
- Thai-Van, H., Micheyl, C., Moore, B. C. J., & Collet, L. (2003). Enhanced frequency discrimination near the hearing loss cut-off: A consequence of central auditory plasticity induced by cochlear damage? : Brain: A Journal of Neurology Vol 126(10) Oct 2003, 2235-2245.
- Thai-Van, H., Truy, E., Charasse, B., Boutitie, F., Chanal, J.-M., Cochard, N., et al. (2004). Modeling the relationship between psychophysical perception and electrically evoked compound action potential threshold in young cochlear implant recipients: Clinical implications for implant fitting: Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 115(12) Dec 2004, 2811-2824.
- Thal, D., DesJardin, J. L., & Eisenberg, L. S. (2007). Validity of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories for measuring language abilities in children with cochlear implants: American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology Vol 16(1) Feb 2007, 54-64.
- Tharpe, A. M., Ashmead, D. H., & Rothpletz, A. M. (2002). Visual attention in children with normal hearing, children with hearing aids, and children with cochlear implants: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 45(2) Apr 2002, 403-413.
- Thoutenhoofd, E. (2006). Cochlear Implanted Pupils in Scottish Schools: 4-Year School Attainment Data (2000-2004): Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 11(2) Spr 2006, 171-188.
- Throckmorton, C. S., & Collins, L. M. (1999). Investigation of the effects of temporal and spatial interactions on speech-recognition skills in cochlear-implant subjects: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 105(2, Pt 1) Feb 1999, 861-873.
- Throckmorton, C. S., & Collins, L. M. (2002). The effect of channel interactions on speech recognition in cochlear implant subjects: Predictions from an acoustic model: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 112(1) Jul 2002, 285-296.
- Tobey, E. A., Devous, M. D., Sr., Buckley, K., Cooper, W. B., Harris, T. S., Ringe, W., et al. (2004). Functional brain imaging as an objective measure of speech perception performance in adult cochlear implant users: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(Suppl1) Dec 2004, S52-S56.
- Tomblin, J. B., Barker, B. A., Spencer, L. J., Zhang, X., & Gantz, B. J. (2005). The effect of age at cochlear implant initial stimulation on expressive language growth in infants and toddlers: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 48(4) Aug 2005, 853-867.
- Tomblin, J. B., Barker, B. A., Spencer, L. J., Zhang, X., & Gantz, B. J. (2005). "The effect of age at cochlear implant initial stimulation on expressive language growth in infants and toddlers": Erratum: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 48(5) Oct 2005, No Pagination Specified.
- Tomblin, J. B., Spencer, L., Flock, S., Tyler, R., & Gantz, B. (1999). A comparison of language achievement in children with cochlear implants and children using hearing aids: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 42(2) Apr 1999, 497-511.
- Townshend, B., Cotter, N., Van Compernolle, D., & White, R. L. (1987). Pitch perception by cochlear implants subjects: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 82(1) Jul 1987, 106-115.
- Tye-Murray, N., & Kirk, K. I. (1993). Vowel and diphthong production by young users of cochlear implants and the relationship between the phonetic level evaluation and spontaneous speech: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research Vol 36(3) Jun 1993, 488-502.
- Tye-Murray, N., Spencer, L., Bedia, E. G., & Woodworth, G. (1996). Differences in children's sound production when speaking with a cochlear implant turned on and turned off: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research Vol 39(3) Jun 1996, 604-610.
- Tye-Murray, N., Spencer, L., & Gilbert-Bedia, E. (1995). Relationships between speech production and speech perception skills in young cochlear-implant users: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 98(5, Pt 1) Nov 1995, 2454-2460.
- Tye-Murray, N., Spencer, L., & Woodworth, G. G. (1995). Acquisition of speech by children who have prolonged cochlear implant experience: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research Vol 38(2) Apr 1995, 327-337.
- Tye-Murray, N., Witt, S., Schum, L., & Sobaski, C. (1994). Communication breakdowns: Partner contingencies and partner reactions: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology Vol 27 1994, 107-133.
- Tye-Murray, N., & Witt, S. A. (1996). Conversational moves and conversational styles of adult cochlear-implant users: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology Vol 29 1996, 11-25.
- Tyler, R. S., Lowder, M. W., Parkinson, A. J., Woodworth, G. G., & et al. (1995). Performance of adult Ineraid and Nucleus cochlear implant patients after 3.5 years of use: Audiology Vol 34(3) May-Jun 1995, 135-144.
- Tyler, R. S., Noble, W., Dunn, C., & Witt, S. (2006). Some benefits and limitations of binaural cochlear implants and our ability to measure them: International Journal of Audiology Vol 45(Suppl1) 2006, S113-S119.
- Tyler, R. S., Parkinson, A. J., Woodworth, G. G., Lowder, M. W., & Gantz, B. J. (1997). Performance over time of adult patients using the Ineraid or Nucleus cochlear implant: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 102(1) Jul 1997, 508-522.
- Umat, C., McDermott, H. J., & McKay, C. M. (2006). The Effect of Intensity on Pitch in Electric Hearing and Its Relationship to the Speech Perception Performance of Cochlear Implantees: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology Vol 17(10) Nov-Dec 2006, 733-746.
- Untermyer, A. (1996). Constructing deaf behavior. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Valimaa, T. T., Maatta, T. K., Lopponen, H. J., & Sorri, M. J. (2002). Phoneme recognition and confusions with multichannel cochlear implants: Consonants: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 45(5) Oct 2002, 1055-1069.
- Valimaa, T. T., Maatta, T. K., Lopponen, H. J., & Sorri, M. J. (2002). Phoneme recognition and confusions with multichannel cochlear implants: Vowels: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 45(5) Oct 2002, 1039-1054.
- Valimaa, T. T., & Sorri, M. J. (2000). Speech perception after multichannel cochlear implantation in Finnish-speaking postlingually deafened adults: Scandinavian Audiology Vol 29(4) 2000, 276-283.
- Valimaa, T. T., & Sorri, M. J. (2001). Speech perception and functional benefit after cochlear implantation: A multicentre survey in Finland: Scandinavian Audiology Vol 30(2) 2001, 112-118.
- Valimaa, T. T., Sorri, M. J., & Lopponen, H. J. (2001). The effect of a multichannel cochlear implant on phoneme perception: Scandinavian Audiology Vol 30(Suppl52) 2001, 51-53.
- Valimaa, T. T., Sorri, M. J., & Lopponen, H. J. (2001). Speech perception and functional benefit after multichannel cochlear implantation: Scandinavian Audiology Vol 30(Suppl52) 2001, 45-47.
- van Dijk, J. E., van Olphen, A. F., Langereis, M. C., Mens, L. H. M., Brokx, J. P. L., & Smoorenburg, G. F. (1999). Predictors of cochlear implant performance: Audiology Vol 38(2) Mar-Apr 1999, 109-116.
- van Hoesel, R. J. M., & Clark, G. M. (1995). Evaluation of a portable two-microphone adaptive beamforming speech processor with cochlear implant patients: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 97(4) Apr 1995, 2498-2503.
- van Hoesel, R. J. M., Tong, Y. C., Hollow, R. D., & Clark, G. M. (1993). Psychophysical and speech perception studies: A case report on a binaural cochlear implant subject: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 94(6) Dec 1993, 3178-3189.
- van Hoesel, R. J. M., & Tyler, R. S. (2003). Speech perception, localization, and lateralization with bilateral cochlear implants: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 113(3) Mar 2003, 1617-1630.
- van Hoessel, R. J. M., & Clark, G. M. (1997). Psychophysical studies with two binaural cochlear implant subjects: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 102(1) Jul 1997, 495-507.
- Van Lierde, K. M., Vinck, B. M., Baudonck, N., De Vel, E., & Dhooge, I. (2005). Comparison of the overall intelligibility, articulation, resonance, and voice characteristics between children using cochlear implants and those using bilateral hearing aids: A pilot study: International Journal of Audiology Vol 44(8) Aug 2005, 452-465.
- van Wermeskerken, G. K. A., van Olphen, A. F., & Smoorenburg, G. F. (2006). Intra- and postoperative electrode impedance of the straight and Contour arrays of the Nucleus 24 cochlear implant: Relation to T and C levels: International Journal of Audiology Vol 45(9) Sep 2006, 537-544.
- van Wermeskerken, G. K. A., van Olphen, A. F., & van Zanten, G. A. (2006). A comparison of intra- versus post-operatively acquired electrically evoked compound action potentials: International Journal of Audiology Vol 45(10) Oct 2006, 589-594.
- van Wieringen, A., Carlyon, R. P., Long, C. J., & Wouters, J. (2003). Pitch of amplitude-modulated irregular-rate stimuli in acoustic and electric hearing: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 114(3) Sep 2003, 1516-1528.
- van Wieringen, A., & Wouters, J. (1999). Gap detection in single- and multiple-channel stimuli by LAURA cochlear implantees: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 106(4, Pt 1) Oct 1999, 1925-1939.
- Vandali, A. E. (2001). Emphasis of short-duration acoustic speech cues for cochlear implant users: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 109(5,Pt1) May 2001, 2049-2061.
- Vermeulen, A. M., Snik, A. F. M., Brokx, J. P. L., van den Broek, P., Geelen, C. P. L., & Beijk, C. M. (1997). Comparison of speech perception performance in children using a cochlear implant with children using conventional hearing aids, based on the concept of "equivalent hearing loss." Scandinavian Audiology Supplement Vol 26(Suppl 47) 1997, 55-57.
- Vermeulen, A. M., van Bon, W., Schreuder, R., Knoors, H., & Snik, A. (2007). Reading comprehension of deaf children with cochlear implants: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 12(3) Sum 2007, 283-302.
- Verschuur, C. A. (2005). Effect of stimulation rate on speech perception in adult users of the Med-El CIS speech processing strategy: International Journal of Audiology Vol 44(1) Jan 2005, 58-63.
- Vick, J. C., Lane, H., Perkell, J. S., Matthies, M. L., Gould, J., & Zandipour, M. (2001). Covariation of cochlear implant users' perception and production of vowel contrasts and their identification by listeners with normal hearing: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 44(6) Dec 2001, 1257-1267.
- Vitevitch, M. S., Pisoni, D. B., Kirk, K. I., Hay-McCutcheon, M., & Yount, S. L. (2000). Effects of phonotactic probabilities on the processing of spoken words and nonwords by adults with cochlear implants who were postlingually deafened: Volta Review Vol 102(4) 2000, 283-302.
- Vongpaisal, T., Trehub, S. E., & Schellenberg, E. G. (2006). Song recognition by children and adolescents with cochlear implants: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 49(5) Oct 2006, 1091-1103.
- Wable, J., van den Abbelle, T., Gallego, S., & Frachet, B. (2000). Mismatch negativity: A tool for the assessment of stimuli discrimination in cochlear implant subjects: Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 111(4) Apr 2000, 743-751.
- Waller, R. J., & Conley, M. (2005). Educational placement of children with cochlear implants: School Social Work Journal Vol 30(1) Fall 2005, 75-83.
- Walravens, E., Mawman, D., & O'Driscoll, M. (2006). Changes in psychophysical parameters during the first month of programming the Nucleus Contour and Contour Advance cochlear implants: Cochlear Implants International Vol 7(1) Mar 2006, 15-32.
- Watson, C. S. (1982). Auditory Functioning: A Hard-Science Branch of Psychology: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 27 (1), Jan, 1982.
- Watson, D. R., Titterington, J., Henry, A., & Toner, J. G. (2007). Auditory Sensory Memory and Working Memory Processes in Children with Normal Hearing and Cochlear Implants: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 12(2) Jan 2007, 65-76.
- Watson, L. M., Archbold, S. M., & Nikolopoulos, T. P. (2006). Children's communication mode five years after cochlear implantation: Changes over time according to age at implant: Cochlear Implants International Vol 7(2) Jun 2006, 77-91.
- Watson, L. M., & Gregory, S. (2005). Non-use of cochlear implants in children: Child and parent perspectives: Deafness & Education International Vol 7(1) 2005, 43-58.
- Weatherby, A., Henshall, K. R., & McKay, C. M. (2003). The Effects of Frequency Response on Speech Perception for Cochlear Implant Users: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology Vol 14(10) Dec 2003, 582-591.
- Wei, W. I., Wong, R., Hui, Y., Au, D. K. K., Wong, B. Y. K., Ho, W. K., et al. (2000). Chinese tonal language rehabilitation following cochlear implantation in children: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 120(2) 2000, 218-221.
- Weisel, A. (2005). What's Going on in the Field of Deaf Education? : Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 10(4) Fal 2005, No Pagination Specified.
- Weisel, A., Most, T., & Michael, R. (2007). Mothers' stress and expectations as a function of time since child's cochlear implantation: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 12(1) Win 2007, 55-64.
- Wheeler, A., Archbold, S., Gregory, S., & Skipp, A. (2007). Cochlear implants: The young people's perspective: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 12(3) Sum 2007, 303-316.
- Whynes, D. K., & Sach, T. H. (2007). WTP and WTA: Do people think differently? : Social Science & Medicine Vol 65(5) Sep 2007, 946-957.
- Wie, O. B., Falkenberg, E.-S., Tvete, O., & Tomblin, B. (2007). Children with a cochlear implant: Characteristics and determinants of speech recognition, speech-recognition growth rate, and speech production: International Journal of Audiology Vol 46(5) May 2007, 232-243.
- Willis, S., & Edwards, J. (1996). A prelingually deaf child's acquisition of spoken vocabulary in the first year of multichannel cochlear implant use: Child Language Teaching & Therapy Vol 12(3) Oct 1996, 272-287.
- Willstedt-Svensson, U., Lofqvist, A., Almqvist, B., & Sahlen, B. (2004). Is age at implant the only factor that counts? The influence of working memory on lexical and grammatical development in children with cochlear implants: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(9) Oct 2004, 506-515.
- Wilson, B. S., Lawson, D. T., Finley, C. C., & Wolford, R. D. (1993). Importance of patient and processor variables in determining outcomes with cochlear implants: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research Vol 36(2) Apr 1993, 373-379.
- Wojtczak, M., Donaldson, G. S., & Viemeister, N. F. (2003). Intensity discrimination and increment detection in cochlear-implant users: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 114(1) Jul 2003, 396-407.
- Wong, P. C. M. (2007). Changes in speech production in an early deafened adult with a cochlear implant: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders Vol 42(4) Jul 2007, 387-405.
- Xu, L., Tsai, Y., & Pfingst, B. E. (2002). Features of stimulation affecting tonal-speech perception: Implications for cochlear prostheses: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 112(1) Jul 2002, 247-258.
- Xu, Y. (1999). A speech processing study using an acoustic model of a multiple-channel cochlear implant. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Xu, Y. (2005). Prediction of psychophysical measurements for electrical pulse-train stimuli using a stochastic auditory nerve model: Implications for cochlear implants. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Yamada, M. O., & Bevilacqua, M. C. (2005). The psychologist's role in the cochlear implant program from the Hospital de Reabilitacao de Anomalias Craniofaciais: Estudos de Psicologia Vol 22(3) Jul-Sep 2005, 255-262.
- Yao, W. N., Turner, C. W., & Gantz, B. J. (2006). Stability of low-frequency residual hearing in patients who are candidates for combined acoustic plus electric hearing: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol 49(5) Oct 2006, 1085-1090.
- Yasumura, S., Aso, S., Fujisaka, M., & Watanabe, Y. (2003). Cochlear Implantation in a Patient with Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-like Episodes Syndrome: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 123(1) 2003, 55-58.
- Yoshinaga-Itano, C. (2006). Early Identification, Communication Modality, and the Development of Speech and Spoken Language Skills: Patterns and Considerations. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Yukawa, K., Cohen, L., Blamey, P., Pyman, B., Tungvachirakul, V., & O'Leary, S. (2004). Effects of Insertion Depth of Cochlear Implant Electrodes upon Speech Perception: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 9(3) May-Jun 2004, 163-172.
- Yukawa, K., Cohen, L., Blarney, P., Pyman, B., Tungvachirakul, V., & O'Leary, S. (2004). Effects of Insertion Depth of Cochlear Implant Electrodes upon Speech Perception: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 9(2) Mar-Apr 2004, 163-172.
- Zaidman-Zait, A. (2007). Parenting a child with a cochlear implant: A critical incident study: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 12(2) Spr 2007, 221-241.
- Zaidman-Zait, A., & Jamieson, J. R. (2004). Searching for cochlear implant information on the Internet maze: Implications for parents and professionals: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 9(4) Fal 2004, 413-426.
- Zaidman-Zait, A., & Most, T. (2005). Cochlear Implants in Children with Hearing Loss: Maternal Expectations and Impact on the Family: Volta Review Vol 105(2) Fal 2005, 129-150.
- Zaidman-Zait, A., & Young, R. A. (2008). Parental involvement in the habilitation process following children's cochlear implantation: An action theory perspective: Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Vol 13(1) Win 2008, 39-60.
- Zakis, J. A., McDermott, H. J., & Vandali, A. E. (2007). A fundamental frequency estimator for the real-time processing of musical sounds for cochlear implants: Speech Communication Vol 49(2) Feb 2007, 113-122.
- Zeng, F.-G., Fu, Q.-J., & Morse, R. (2000). Human hearing enhanced by noise: Brain Research Vol 869(1-2) Jun 2000, 251-255.
- Zeng, F.-G., Galvin, J. J., III, & Zhang, C. (1998). Encoding loudness by electric stimulation of the auditory nerve: Neuroreport: An International Journal for the Rapid Communication of Research in Neuroscience Vol 9(8) Jun 1998, 1845-1848.
- Zeng, F.-G., & Shannon, R. V. (1999). Psychophysical laws revealed by electric hearing: Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research Vol 10(9) Jun 1999, 1931-1935.
- Zhang, C., & Zeng, F.-G. (1997). Loudness of dynamic stimuli in acoustic and electric hearing: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 102(5, Pt 1) Nov 1997, 2925-2934.
- Zwolan, T. A., Collins, L. M., & Wakefield, G. H. (1997). Electrode discrimination and speech recognition in postlingually deafened adult cochlear implant subjects: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 102(6) Dec 1997, 3673-3685.
- Zwolan, T. A., McDonald Connor, C., & Kileny, P. R. (2000). Evaluation of the Foundations in Speech Perception software as a hearing rehabilitation tool for use at home: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology Vol 33 2000, 39-51.
Dissertations[]
- Barker, B. A. (2006). An examination of the effect of talker familiarity on the sentence recognition skills of cochlear implant users. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Boyd, R. C. (1999). Peer group entry behavior of hearing-impaired and hearing children. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Burkholder, R. A. (2006). Perceptual learning of speech processed through an acoustic simulation of a cochlear implant. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Chute, P. M. (1994). The effects of visual distortion on the speechreading ability in adult users of multichannel cochlear implants. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Cleary, M. (2003). Perception of talker differences in normal-hearing children and hearing-impaired children with cochlear implants. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Collins, L. M. (1996). Modeling and analysis of the relationship between signal discrimination and speech recognition under electrical stimulation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Desjardin, J. L. (2005). Maternal self-efficacy and involvement: Supporting language development in young deaf children with cochlear implants. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
- Goldsworthy, R. L. (2005). Noise reduction algorithms and performance metrics for improving speech reception in noise by cochlear-implant users. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Grey, P. S. (1993). The effect of DAF on speech production of post-lingual cochlear implant users: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Hallman, J. L. (2003). The development of a scoring system for the cochlear implant questionnaire for parents for assessing the quality of life of pediatric cochlear implant recipients. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Kops, K. E. (2003). The experience of adolescents with cochlear implants: A psychosocial and family perspective. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Long, C. J. (2002). Bilateral cochlear implants: Basic psychophysics. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
External links[]
- Cochlear Implants Information from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
- Brightsurf Science News - Cochlear Implant Restores Hearing To Patient With Rare Genetic Disorder
- Increased use in the elderly.
- NPR Story about improvements to improve the processing of music. Includes simulations of what someone with implants might hear.
- Tuning In PBS article about advances in cochlear implant technology with simulations of what someone with each type of implant would hear.
- My Bionic Quest for Boléro (Wired, November 2005): Author Michael Chorost writes about his own implant and trying the latest software from researchers in a quest to hear music better.
- Rebuilt: How Becoming Part Computer Made Me More Human A memoir of getting a cochlear implant, writen by Michael Chorost and published in 2005.
- Rationale for bilateral cochlear implantation (PDF)
- The Let Them Hear Foundation assists individuals with appealing health insurer denials for cochlear implants
- Cochlear implant case study
- Cochlear Implant Info
- "For Some Who Lost Their Hearing, Implants Help", Jane E. Brody, New York Times, October 3, 2006.
- Hear Again, by Arlene Romoff The compelling, true story of how a late deafened adult regained communication with the "hearing" world
- [13]Cochlear Implants, Cochlear Implant Surgery, Benefits of Cochlear Implants, Information for Patients
- "What Does Health Insurance Pay for Cochlear Implants?" A non-commercial information resource presented by Otologic Reimbursement Management
- Hear Again - an Implantees BlogA blog by an implantee, that gives a vivid, descriptive picture of what it is like to have a Cochlear Implant
- Cochlear Implants and Their Effects on the Deaf Community
- Cochlear in Poland
This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors). |