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Cognitive Psychology: Attention · Decision making · Learning · Judgement · Memory · Motivation · Perception · Reasoning · Thinking - Cognitive processes Cognition - Outline Index
Cognitive impairment is an inclusive term to describe any characteristic that acts as a barrier to the cognition process or different areas of cognition.[1] Cognition, also known as cognitive function, refers to the mental processes of how a person gains knowledge, uses existing knowledge, and understands things that are happening around them using their thoughts and senses.[2] A cognitive impairment can be in different domains or aspects of a person's cognitive function including memory, attention span, planning, reasoning, decision-making, language (comprehension, writing, speech), executive functioning, and visuospatial functioning. The term cognitive impairment covers many different diseases and conditions and may also be symptom or manifestation of a different underlying condition. Examples include impairments in overall intelligence (as with intellectual disability), specific and restricted impairments in cognitive abilities (such as in learning disorders like dyslexia), neuropsychological impairments (such as in attention, working memory or executive function), or it may describe drug-induced impairment in cognition and memory (such as that seen with alcohol, glucocorticoids,[3] and the benzodiazepines.[4]). Cognitive impairments may be short-term, progressive (gets worse over time) or permanent.[2]
There are different approaches to assessing or diagnosing a cognitive impairment including neuropsychological testing using various different tests that consider the different domains of cognition. Examples of shorter assessment clinical tools include the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).[5] There are many different syndromes and pathologies that cause cognitive impairments including dementia or major neurocognitive disorder and Alzheimer's disease.[5]
Cause[]
Cognitive impairments may be caused by many different factors including environmental factors or injuries to the brain (e.g. traumatic brain injury), neurological illnesses, or mental disorders.[2] While more common in elderly people, not all people who are elderly have cognitive impairments.[2]
Some known causes of cognitive impairments that are more common in younger people are: chromosomal abnormalities or genetic syndromes, exposure to teratogens or birth-defect causing agents while in utero (e.g. prenatal exposure to drugs), undernourishment, poisonings, autism, and child abuse.[2]
Stroke, dementia, mental health disorders such as depression or schizophrenia, drug, substance, or alcohol abuse, brain tumours, nutritional deficiencies or malnutrition, brain injuries, hormonal disorders, and other chronic disorders may result in cognitive impairment with aging.
Cognitive impairment may also be caused by a pathology in the brain. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, dementia caused by HIV, Lewy Body dementia, and Huntington disease.[2]
Short term cognitive impairments can be caused by pharmaceutical agents or drugs such as tranquilizers or sedatives.[2]
Screening[]
Screening for cognitive impairment in those over the age of 65 without symptoms is of unclear benefit versus harm as of 2020.[6] In a large population-based cohort study included 579,710 66-year-old adults who were followed for a total of 3,870,293 person-years (average 6.68 ± 1.33 years per person), subjective cognitive decline was significantly associated with an increased risk of subsequent dementia.[7]
In addition to a series of cognitive tests, general practitioner physicians often also rely on clinical judgement for diagnosing cognitive impairments.[8] Clinical judgement is ideal when paired with additional tests to that permit the medical professional to confirm the diagnosis or confirm the absence of a diagnosis.[8] Clinical judgement in these cases may also help inform the choice in additional tests.[8]
Treatment[]
Deciding on an appropriate treatment for people with cognitive decline takes clinical judgement based on the diagnosis (the specific cognitive problem), the person's symptoms, other patient factors included expectations and the person's own ideas, and previous approaches to helping the person.[8]
Other findings[]
Although one would expect cognitive decline to have major effects on job performance, it seems that there is little to no correlation of health with job performance. With the exception of cognitive-dependent jobs such as air-traffic controller, professional athlete, or other elite jobs, age does not seem to impact one's job performance. This obviously conflicts with cognitive tests given, so the matter has been researched further.
One possible reason for this conclusion is the rare need for a person to perform at their maximum. There is a difference between typical functioning, that is – the normal level of functioning for daily life, and maximal functioning, that is – what cognitive tests observe as our maximum level of functioning. As the maximum cognitive ability that we are able to achieve decreases, it may not actually affect our daily lives, which only require the normal level.[9]
Some studies have indicated that childhood hunger might have a protective effect on cognitive decline. One possible explanation is that the onset of age-related changes in the body can be delayed by calorie restriction. Another possible explanation is the selective survival effect, as the study participants who had a childhood with hunger tend to be the healthiest of their era.[10]
Prognosis[]
When a person's level of cognition declines, it is often harder to live in an independent setting and some people have trouble taking care of themselves and the burden on the people caring for them can increase. Some people require supportive healthcare and in some cases institutionalization.[5]
Research[]
The role of light therapy for treating people with cognitive impairment or dementia is not fully understood.[11][12][13][14]
See also[]
- Cognition
- Cognitive ability
- Cognitive orthotics
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Mild cognitive impairment
- Sluggish cognitive tempo
- Thought disturbances
References[]
- ↑ Coren, Stanley (1999). Sensation and Perception, Harcourt Brace.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Dhakal, Aayush; Bobrin, Bradford D. (2023), Cognitive Deficits, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32644478, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559052/, retrieved on 2023-04-12
- ↑ (2001). Corticosteroids and cognition.. J Psychiatr Res 35 (3): 127–45.
- ↑ (Sep 2002) Benzodiazepine behavioral side effects: review and implications for individuals with mental retardation. Am J Ment Retard 107 (5): 376–410.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 (2022-08-22) Anticholinergic burden for prediction of cognitive decline or neuropsychiatric symptoms in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022 (8): CD015196.
- ↑ (25 February 2020) Screening for Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.. JAMA 323 (8): 757–763.
- ↑ (6 May 2020) Subjective cognitive decline and subsequent dementia: a nationwide cohort study of 579,710 people aged 66 years in South Korea.. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy 12 (1): 52.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 (2022-06-16) Clinical judgement by primary care physicians for the diagnosis of all-cause dementia or cognitive impairment in symptomatic people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022 (6): CD012558.
- ↑ Salthouse, Timothy (10 January 2012). Consequences of Age-Related Cognitive Declines. Annual Review of Psychology 63 (1): 201–226.
- ↑ (26 October 2015) Effects of early-life adversity on cognitive decline in older African Americans and whites. Neurology 79 (24): 2321–7.
- ↑ (October 2017) Effectiveness of Light Therapy in Cognitively Impaired Persons: A Metaanalysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 65 (10): 2227–2234.
- ↑ (2014-02-26) Light therapy for improving cognition, activities of daily living, sleep, challenging behaviour, and psychiatric disturbances in dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014 (2): CD003946.
- ↑ (2023-04-05) Phototherapy improves cognitive function in dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain and Behavior 13 (5): e2952.
- ↑ (2023) The Effects of Light Therapy on Sleep, Agitation and Depression in People With Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias 38: 15333175231160682.
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