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Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
Cyclopentolate_1_percent_Pupils.jpg|
ICD-10 | H525 | |
---|---|---|
ICD-9 | 367.51 | |
OMIM | [1] | |
DiseasesDB | 17379 | |
MedlinePlus | [2] | |
eMedicine | / | |
MeSH | {{{MeshNumber}}} |
Cycloplegia is paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye, resulting in a loss of accommodation.[1]
Anatomy[]
The iris is the heavily pigmented colored part of the eye. It has a contractile diaphragm in front of the lens with a central opening called the pupil. It is located between the lens and the cornea, and is attached radially to the ciliary body and the cornea via ligaments called pectinate ligaments.
The iris contains two sets of muscles:
- a radial group for enlargement of the pupil (dilator pupillae)
- a circular group set to decrease pupil size on contraction (sphincter pupillae).
The muscles regulate the amount of light entering the eye. The sphincter pupillae is stimulated through muscarinic receptors by the parasympathetic nervous system. The dilator pupillae is stimulated through noradrenergic receptors by the sympathetic nervous system.
Photophobia[]
Destruction of the sphincter pupillae from any cause can result in permanent photophobia. Light entering an eye with a destroyed sphincter will result in pain, because the pupil can not constrict.
Cycloplegic drugs[]
Cycloplegic drugs are generally muscarinic receptor blockers. These include atropine, cyclopentolate, homatropine, scopolamine and tropicamide. They are indicated for use in cycloplegic refraction (to paralyze the ciliary muscle in order to determine the true refractive error of the lens) and the treatment of uveitis. Many cycloplegics are also mydriatic (pupil dilating) agents and are used as such during ophthalmoscopic examinations to better visualize the retina.
When cycloplegic drugs are used to dilate the pupil, the pupil in the normal eye regains its function when the drugs are metabolized or carried away. Some cycloplegic drugs can cause dilation of the pupil for several days. Usually the ones used by ophthalmologists or optometrists wear off in hours, but when the patient leaves the office strong sunglasses are provided for comfort.
See also[]
- Adie syndrome
- Anisocoria
- Marcus Gunn pupil
- Miosis
- Parinaud's syndrome
- Syphilis
References[]
- ↑ Template:DorlandsDict
Eye disease - pathology of the eye (H00-H59, 360-379) | |||||||||||||||
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Adnexa |
eyelid: inflammation (Stye, Chalazion, Blepharitis) - Entropion - Ectropion - Lagophthalmos - Blepharochalasis - Ptosis - Blepharophimosis - Xanthelasma - Trichiasis - Madarosis lacrimal system: Dacryoadenitis - Epiphora - Dacryocystitis orbit: Exophthalmos - Enophthalmos | ||||||||||||||
Eyeball |
| ||||||||||||||
Optic nerve and visual pathways |
Optic neuritis - Papilledema - Optic atrophy - Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy - Dominant optic atrophy - Optic disc drusen - Glaucoma - Toxic and nutritional optic neuropathy - Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy | ||||||||||||||
Ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction |
Paralytic strabismus: Ophthalmoparesis - Progressive external ophthalmoplegia - Palsy (III, IV, VI) - Kearns-Sayre syndrome
Other strabismus: Esotropia/Exotropia - Hypertropia - Heterophoria (Esophoria, Exophoria) - Brown's syndrome - Duane syndrome | ||||||||||||||
Visual disturbances and blindness |
Amblyopia - Leber's congenital amaurosis - Subjective (Asthenopia, Hemeralopia, Photophobia, Scintillating scotoma) - Diplopia - Scotoma - Anopsia (Binasal hemianopsia, Bitemporal hemianopsia, Homonymous hemianopsia, Quadrantanopia) - Color blindness (Achromatopsia, Dichromacy, Monochromacy) - Nyctalopia (Oguchi disease) - Blindness/Low vision | ||||||||||||||
Pupil |
Anisocoria - Argyll Robertson pupil - Marcus Gunn pupil/Marcus Gunn phenomenon - Adie syndrome - Miosis - Mydriasis - Cycloplegia | ||||||||||||||
Infectious diseases |
Trachoma - Onchocerciasis | ||||||||||||||
Other |
Nystagmus - Glaucoma/Ocular hypertension - Floater - Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy - Red eye - Keratomycosis - Xerophthalmia - Phthisis bulbi | ||||||||||||||
See also congenital |
Ophthalmologicals: mydriatics and cycloplegics (S01F) | |
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Anticholinergics/antimuscarinics |
Atropine - Scopolamine - Methylscopolamine - Cyclopentolate - Homatropine - Tropicamide |
Sympathomimetics |
Phenylephrine - Ephedrine - Ibopamine |
Template:Eye navs |
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