Dichromacy | |
---|---|
Classification and external resources | |
ICD-10 | H535 |
ICD-9 | 368.5 |
OMIM | 303900 303800 190900 |
DiseasesDB | 30021 30023 30022 |
MeSH | D003117 |
Dichromacy in humans is a fairly severe color vision defect in which one of the three basic color mechanisms is absent or not functioning. It is hereditary and sex-linked, predominantly affecting males.[1] Dichromacy occurs when one of the cone pigments is missing and colour is reduced to two dimensions.[2]
Organisms with dichromacy are called dichromats. Dichromats can match any color they see with a mixture of no more than two pure spectral lights. By comparison, a trichromat requires three pure spectral lights to match all colors in their visual spectrum.
Classification[]
There are various kinds of color blindness:
- Protanopia is a severe form of red-green color-blindness, where there is impairment in perception of very long wavelengths, such as reds. To these sufferers, reds are "perceived" * as beige and greens tend to "look" * beige like reds. Protanomaly is a less severe version.
- Deuteranopia consists of an impairment in perceiving medium wavelengths, such as greens. Deuteranomaly is a less severe form of deuteranopia. Those living with deuteranomaly cannot see reds and greens like those without this condition; however, they can still distinguish them in most cases.
- A more rare form of color blindness is tritanopia, where there exists an inability to perceive short wavelengths, such as blues. Sufferers have trouble distinguishing between yellow and blue. They tend to confuse greens and blues and yellow can "appear" pink.
Animals that are dichromats[]
It is currently believed that most mammals are dichromats. The straightforward exceptions are primates closely related to humans, which are usually trichromats, and sea mammals (both pinnipeds and cetaceans) which are cone monochromats. New World Monkeys are a partial exception: in most species, males are dichromats, and about 60% of females are trichromats, but the owl monkeys are cone monochromats, and both sexes of howler monkeys are trichromats.[3][4][5][6]
Recent research suggests that trichromacy may be widespread among marsupials.[7]
Dichromats are capable of seeing 10,000 different colors[]
According to color vision researchers at the Medical College of Wisconsin (including Jay Neitz), each of the three standard color-detecting cones in the retina of trichromats – blue, green and red – can pick up about 100 different gradations of color. Since each detector is independent of the others, the total number of colors discernible by an average human is their product, or about 1 million.[8] Similarly, a dichromat (such as a human with red-green color blindness) would be able to distinguish about 10,000 different colors.[9]
See also[]
References[]
- ↑ Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. Dictionary of Eye Terminology. Gainsville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company, 1990.
- ↑ "Guidelines: Colour Blindness." Tiresias.org. Accessed September 29, 2006.
- ↑ Jacobs, G. H., & Deegan, J. F. (2001). Photopigments and colour vision in New World monkeys from the family Atelidae. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 268, 695-702.
- ↑ Jacobs, G. H., Deegan, J. F., Neitz, J., Crognale, M. A., & Neitz, (1993). Photopigments and colour vision in the nocturnal monkey, Aotus. Vision Research, 33, 1773-1783
- ↑ Mollon, J. D., Bowmaker, J. K., & Jacobs, G. H. (1984). Variations of colour vision in a New World primate can be explained by polymorphism of retinal photopigments. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 222, 373-399.
- ↑ Sternberg, Robert J. (2006): Cognitive Psychology. 4th Ed. Thomson Wadsworth.
- ↑ Arrese, C. A., Oddy, A. Y., Runham, P. B., Hart, N. S., Shand, J., Hunt, D. M., * Beazley, L. D. (2005). Cone topography and spectral sensitivity in two potentially trichromatic marsupials, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) and quenda (Isoodon obesulus). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, 272, 791-796.
- ↑ Mark Roth. Some women who are tetrachromats may see 100,000,000 colors, thanks to their genes. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
- ↑ "Color Vision:Almost Reason for Having Eyes" by Jay Neitz, Joseph Carroll, and Maureen Neitz Optics & Photonics News January 2001 1047-6938/01/01/0026/8- Optical Society of America
External links[]
- Visual comparisons of various types of color vision impairments by Cal Henderson
- Color Vision, Color Deficiency at Firelily Designs
- Colorblindness at handprint.com
- Colblindor -- Color Blindness Viewed Through Colorblind Eyes by Daniel Flück
Color vision [Edit] |
---|
Color vision | Color blindness |
Monochromat | Dichromat | Trichromat | Tetrachromat | Pentachromat |
Eye disease - pathology of the eye (H00-H59, 360-379) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adnexa |
eyelid: inflammation (Stye, Chalazion, Blepharitis) - Entropion - Ectropion - Lagophthalmos - Blepharochalasis - Ptosis - Blepharophimosis - Xanthelasma - Trichiasis - Madarosis lacrimal system: Dacryoadenitis - Epiphora - Dacryocystitis orbit: Exophthalmos - Enophthalmos | ||||||||||||||
Eyeball |
| ||||||||||||||
Optic nerve and visual pathways |
Optic neuritis - Papilledema - Optic atrophy - Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy - Dominant optic atrophy - Optic disc drusen - Glaucoma - Toxic and nutritional optic neuropathy - Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy | ||||||||||||||
Ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction |
Paralytic strabismus: Ophthalmoparesis - Progressive external ophthalmoplegia - Palsy (III, IV, VI) - Kearns-Sayre syndrome
Other strabismus: Esotropia/Exotropia - Hypertropia - Heterophoria (Esophoria, Exophoria) - Brown's syndrome - Duane syndrome | ||||||||||||||
Visual disturbances and blindness |
Amblyopia - Leber's congenital amaurosis - Subjective (Asthenopia, Hemeralopia, Photophobia, Scintillating scotoma) - Diplopia - Scotoma - Anopsia (Binasal hemianopsia, Bitemporal hemianopsia, Homonymous hemianopsia, Quadrantanopia) - Color blindness (Achromatopsia, Dichromacy, Monochromacy) - Nyctalopia (Oguchi disease) - Blindness/Low vision | ||||||||||||||
Pupil |
Anisocoria - Argyll Robertson pupil - Marcus Gunn pupil/Marcus Gunn phenomenon - Adie syndrome - Miosis - Mydriasis - Cycloplegia | ||||||||||||||
Infectious diseases |
Trachoma - Onchocerciasis | ||||||||||||||
Other |
Nystagmus - Glaucoma/Ocular hypertension - Floater - Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy - Red eye - Keratomycosis - Xerophthalmia - Phthisis bulbi | ||||||||||||||
See also congenital |
ca:Tritanòpsia de:Dichromat hu:Dikromatikus színlátás ru:Дихроматическое зрение