Psychology Wiki

Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |

Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)


This article needs rewriting to enhance its relevance to psychologists..
Please help to improve this page yourself if you can..


An electrode is a conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e.g. a skin, an electrolyte or a vacuum). The word was coined by the scientist Michael Faraday from the Greek words elektron (meaning amber, whence the word electricity is derived) and hodos, a way.[1]

They are used in electrophysiology studies.


See also[]

Stimulators (apparatus)

References[]

  1. Michael Faraday, "On Electrical Decomposition", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1834 (in which Faraday coins the words electrode, anode, cathode, anion, cation, electrolyte, electrolyze).

Aarons, L., & Goldenberg, L. (1964). Galvanic stimulation of the vestibular system and perception of the vertical: Perceptual and Motor Skills 19(1) 1964, 59-66.

  • Abakarov, A. T., & Sinkov, E. N. (1984). A method of chronic implanting of electrodes into the vestibular nerve of cats: Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti Vol 34(3) 1984, 586-589.
  • Abbott, A. (2005). Deep in thought: Nature Vol 436(7047) Jul 2005, 18-19.
  • Abel, S. M., Tse, S.-m., Kunov, H., Nedzelski, J., & et al. (1986). The use of a temporary extracochlear electode in preoperative testing of permanent implant candidates: Scandinavian Audiology Vol 15(4) 1986, 197-205.
  • Abramov, I. (1967). A Model of the Response Patterns of Single Cells in the Macaque Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Adamec, R., Blundell, J., & Burton, P. (2004). Anxiolytic effects of kindling role of anatomical location of the kindling electrode in response to kindling of the right basolateral amygdala: Brain Research Vol 1024(1-2) Oct 2004, 44-58.
  • Agalides, E. (1967). The Electrical Activity of the Forebrain of Sharks Recorded with Deep Chronic Implanted Electrodes: Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 29(4) 1967, 378-389.
  • Al'bertin, S. V., Mulder, A. B., & Wiener, S. I. (2003). The Advantages of Electrophysiological Control for the Localization and Selective Lesioning of the Nucleus Accumbens in Rats: Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology Vol 33(8) Oct 2003, 805-809.
  • Albino, R. C., & Lucas, J. W. (1962). Mutual facilitation of self-rewarding regions within the limbic system: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 55(2) Apr 1962, 182-185.
  • Alpern, M. (1976). A Tough Nut: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 21 (1), Jan, 1976.
  • Amit, D. J. (1993). In defense of measurements with a single electrode: Sistemi Intelligenti Vol 5(3) Dec 1993, 361-369.
  • Andrade, C., Thirthalli, J., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2007). Unilateral nondominant electrode placement as a risk factor for recall of awareness under anesthesia during electroconvulsive therapy: Journal of ECT Vol 23(3) Sep 2007, 201-203.
  • Anschel, S. (1967). A Micro-Miniature Connector for Intracranial Electrodes: Psychological Reports 20(3, PT 2) 1967, 1321-1322.
  • Austin, F. E. (1917). A new method for measuring reaction-time: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 2(1) Feb 1917, 34-40.
  • Avelev, V. D., & Evdokimov, S. A. (1967). Apparatus for Automatic Drawing of Capillaries for Microelectrodes: Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR 53(5) 1967, 600-602.
  • Axelrod, S., & Kankolenski, P. F. (1967). Somesthetic Spatial Generalization in Individual Rats: Psychonomic Science Vol 7(3) 1967, 101-102.
  • Azrin, N. H., Hopwood, J., & Powell, J. (1967). A Rat Chamber and Electrode Procedure for Avoidance Conditioning: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 10(3) 1967, 291-298.
  • Bachman, C. H., Becker, R. O., & Freidman, H. (1964). The graded boundary carbon-saline electrode: Perceptual and Motor Skills 19(1) 1964, 67-73.
  • Badr, G. G., & Lindholm, L. E. (1972). A simple method for connecting chronically implanted electrodes: Physiology & Behavior Vol 9(3) Sep 1972, 487-488.
  • Bak, A. F. (1967). Testing Metal Micro-Electrodes: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology 22(2) 1967, 186-187.
  • Bakewell, C. J., Russo, J., Tanner, C., Avery, D. H., & Neumaier, J. F. (2004). Comparison of clinical efficacy and side effects for bitemporal and bifrontal electrode placement in electroconvulsive therapy: Journal of ECT Vol 20(3) Sep 2004, 145-153.
  • Ball, F. M., & Desiderato, O. (1972). An inexpensive dual lead slip-ring for use with tail-shock electrodes: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior Vol 18(1) Jul 1972, 179-180.
  • Barry, R. J., Clarke, A. R., McCarthy, R., & Selikowitz, M. (2005). Adjusting EEG coherence for inter-electrode distance effects: An exploration in normal children: International Journal of Psychophysiology Vol 55(3) Mar 2005, 313-321.
  • Barry, R. J., Clarke, A. R., McCarthy, R., Selikowitz, M., & Johnstone, S. J. (2005). EEG coherence adjusted for inter-electrode distance in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: International Journal of Psychophysiology Vol 58(1) Oct 2005, 12-20.
  • Baskakova, L. G. (1967). A Device for Attaching Pickup Electrodes in Electrooculography: Voprosy Psychologii 13(1) 1967, 166-167.
  • Baskent, D., & Shannon, R. V. (2003). Speech recognition under conditions of frequency-place compression and expansion: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 113(4,Pt 1) Apr 2003, 2064-2076.
  • Beattie, R. C., Beguwala, F. E., Mills, D. M., & Boyd, R. L. (1986). Latency and amplitude effects of electrode placement on the early auditory evoked response: Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders Vol 51(1) Feb 1986, 63-70.
  • Bechtereva, N. P., Kropotov, J. D., Ponomarev, V. A., & Etlinger, S. C. (1990). In search of cerebral error detectors: International Journal of Psychophysiology Vol 8(3) Apr 1990, 261-273.
  • Beninger, R. J., Bellisle, F., & Milner, P. M. (1979). Brain stimulation reinforcement: Implications of an electrode artifact: Technical comments: Science Vol 204(4398) Jun 1979, 1236-1237.
  • Berk, A. M., Marlin, N. A., & Miller, R. R. (1977). System for delivering tailshock to freely ambulatory rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 19(6) Dec 1977, 815-818.
  • Binnie, C. D., Dekker, E., Smit, A., & Van der Linden, G. (1982). Practical considerations in the positioning of EEG electrodes: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 53(4) Apr 1982, 453-458.
  • Birch, N. J., Freeman, M. S., Phillips, J. D., & Davie, R. J. (1992). The lithium ion-selective electrode and its use in the lithium clinic: Real-time monitoring of plasma lithium: Lithium Vol 3(2) May 1992, 133-137.
  • Blaivas, A. S., Bomshtein, O. Z., & Voronin, L. L. (1967). Oily Micromanipulators for Leading Off Bioelectrical Activity of the Brain Neurons: Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR 53(10) 1967, 1240-1242.
  • Blakely, R. D., & Duvarney, R. C. (1983). A microcomputer controlled system for monitoring multiple voltammetric electrodes in vivo: Brain Research Bulletin Vol 10(3) Mar 1983, 315-320.
  • Bland, B. H., Bird, J., Jackson, J., & Natsume, K. (2006). Medial Septal Modulation of the Ascending Brainstem Hippocampal Synchronizing Pathways in the Freely Moving Rat: Hippocampus Vol 16(1) 2006, 11-19.
  • Bland, B. H., Sinclair, B. R., Jorgenson, R. G., & Keen, R. (1980). A direct-drive, non-rotating version of Ranck's microdrive: Physiology & Behavior Vol 24(2) Feb 1980, 395-397.
  • Blume, W. T., Buza, R. C., & Okazaki, H. (1974). Anatomic correlates of the ten-twenty electrode placement system in infants: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 36(3) Mar 1974, 303-307.
  • Boast, C. A., Reid, S. A., Johnson, P., & Zornetzer, S. F. (1976). A caution to brain scientists: Unsuspected hemorrhagic vascular damage resulting from mere electrode implantation: Brain Research Vol 103(3) 1976, 527-534.
  • Bodnar, R. J., & et al. (1978). Hypothalamic self-stimulation differs as a function of anodal locus: Physiological Psychology Vol 6(1) Mar 1978, 48-52.
  • Boex, C., de Balthasar, C., Kos, M.-I., & Pelizzone, M. (2003). Electrical field interactions in different cochlear implant systems: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 114(4,Pt1) Oct 2003, 2049-2057.
  • Boex, C., Kos, M.-I., & Pelizzone, M. (2003). Forward masking in different cochlear implant systems: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 114(4,Pt1) Oct 2003, 2058-2065.
  • Bradley, D. C., Troyk, P. R., Berg, J. A., Bak, M., Cogan, S., Erickson, R., et al. (2005). Visuotopic Mapping Through a Multichannel Stimulating Implant in Primate V1: Journal of Neurophysiology Vol 93(3) Mar 2005, 1659-1670.
  • Brady, J. V., Boren, J. J., Conrad, D., & Sidman, M. (1957). The effect of food and water deprivation upon intracranial self-stimulation: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 50(2) Apr 1957, 134-137.
  • Brebbia, D. R., Morrison, J. O., & Altshuler, K. Z. (1967). A Modified Method for Construction of an Inexpensive Electrode for Use in Recording Surface Biopotentials: American Journal of EEG Technology 7(3) 1967, 72-76.
  • Brown, C. W., & Henry, F. M. (1935). The central nervous mechanism for emotional responses. III. A combination head-holder and goniometer-manipulator for controlling movements of a point electrode within the brain: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 20(1) Aug 1935, 53-58.
  • Brown, L., Tabasam, G., Bjordal, J. M., & Johnson, M. I. (2007). An investigation into the effect of electrode placement of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on experimentally induced ischemic pain in healthy human participants: Clinical Journal of Pain Vol 23(9) Nov-Dec 2007, 735-743.
  • Brown, R. L., Nibarger, D., & Ollie, G. (1967). A Differential Comparison of Two Types of Electropulse Alphabets Based on Locus of Stimulation: Perceptual and Motor Skills 24(3, PT 2) 1967, 1039-1044.
  • Broxon, J. W., & Muenzinger, K. F. (1933). Isolating the factor of skin potentials: Psychological Bulletin Vol 30(3) Mar 1933, 256-257.
  • Burgdorf, J., Wood, P. L., Kroes, R. A., Moskal, J. R., & Panksepp, J. (2007). Neurobiology of 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in rats: Electrode mapping, lesion and pharmacology studies: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 182(2) Sep 2007, 274-283.
  • Burneo, J. G., Steven, D. A., McLachlan, R. S., & Parrent, A. G. (2006). Morbidity Associated With the Use of Intracranial Electrodes for Epilepsy Surgery: Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences Vol 33(2) May 2006, 223-227.
  • Burns, N. M. (1957). Apparent sleep produced by cortical stimulation: Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Vol 11(3) Sep 1957, 171-181.
  • Busby, P. A., & Clark, G. M. (1996). Electrode discrimination by early-deafened cochlear implant patients: Audiology Vol 35(1) Jan-Feb 1996, 8-22.
  • Busby, P. A., Tong, Y. C., & Clark, G. M. (1993). Electrode position, repetition rate, and speech perception by early- and late-deafened cochlear implant patients: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 93(2) Feb 1993, 1058-1067.
  • Busby, P. A., Whitford, L. A., Blamey, P. J., Richardson, L. M., & et al. (1994). Pitch perception for different modes of stimulation using the cochlear multiple-electrode prosthesis: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 95(5, Pt 1) May 1994, 2670-2680.
  • Butov, V. I., & Chartorizhskii, D. N. (1964). Electronic tachistoscope for the presentation of numbers: Voprosy Psychologii No 3 1964, 155-157.
  • Butson, C. R., Maks, C. B., & McIntyre, C. C. (2006). Sources and effects of electrode impedance during deep brain stimulation: Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 117(2) Feb 2006, 447-454.
  • Calvet, J., Calvet, M. C., & Langlois, J. M. (1965). Diffuse cortical activation waves during so-called desynchronized EEG patterns: Journal of Neurophysiology 28(5) 1965, 893-907.
  • Cantor, M. B. (1979). Brain stimulation reinforcement: Implications of an electrode artifact: Science Vol 204(4398) Jun 1979, 1235-1236.
  • Cernacek, J., & Jagr, J. (1972). Motor dominance, master eye and changes of posture during galvanic mastoid-hand stimulation: Agressologie Vol 13(B) 1972, 69-74.
  • Cherry, C., & Eleftheriou, B. E. (1974). An ejectable electrode in a syringe holder for lesioning mice: Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation Vol 6(6) Nov 1974, 543-544.
  • Chiappalone, M., Bove, M., Vato, A., Tedesco, M., & Martinoia, S. (2006). Dissociated cortical networks show spontaneously correlated activity patterns during in vitro development: Brain Research Vol 1093(1) Jun 2006, 41-53.
  • Chichery, R., & Chanelet, J. (1976). Motor and behavioural responses obtained by stimulation with chronic electrodes of the optic lobe of Sepia officinalis: Brain Research Vol 105(3) 1976, 525-532.
  • Chiles, W. D. (1954). Performance during stimulation of the diencephalic activating system: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 47(5) Oct 1954, 412-415.
  • Chorover, S. L., & Deluca, A. M. (1972). A sweet new multiple electrode for chronic single unit recording in moving animals: Physiology & Behavior Vol 9(4) Oct 1972, 671-674.
  • Clark, L. C. (1973). Future horizons of analytical electrochemistry in the neurophysiology of mental retardation: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 77(5) Mar 1973, 633-644.
  • Collins, L. M., Zwolan, T. A., & Wakefield, G. H. (1997). Comparison of electrode discrimination, pitch ranking, and pitch scaling data in postlingually deafened adult cochlear implant subjects: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 101(1) Jan 1997, 440-455.
  • Congedo, M. F. (2004). Tomographic neurofeedback: A new technique for the self-regulation of brain electrical activity. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Cooley, R. K., & Vanderwolf, C. H. (1978). Construction of wire leads and electrodes for use in slow wave recording in small animals: Brain Research Bulletin Vol 3(2) Mar-Apr 1978, 175-179.
  • Cooper, R. M., & Taylor, L. H. (1967). Thalamic Reticular System and Central Grey: Self-Stimulation: Science 156(3771) 1967, 102-103.
  • Costa, J. C., & Delacour, J. (1976). Recordings of single and multiunit activities in the chronic rat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 16(4) Apr 1976, 497-499.
  • Cowan, R. S., Blamey, P. J., Sarant, J. Z., Galvin, K. L., & et al. (1991). Perception of multiple electrode stimulus patterns: Implications for design of an electrotactile speech processor: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 89(1) Jan 1991, 360-368.
  • Cox, V. C., & Smith, R. G. (1967). A Concentric Bi-Polar Electrode for Use in Small Animals: Perceptual and Motor Skills 24(1) 1967, 205-206.
  • Crowell, C. R., & Frei, L. (1972). A circuit to permit an electronic drinkometer to operate during footshock: Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation Vol 4(4) Jul 1972, 193-194.
  • Cukiert, A., Buratini, J. A., Machado, E., Sousa, A., Vieira, J. O., Argentoni, M., et al. (2001). Results of surgery in patients with refractory extratemporal epilepsy with normal or nonlocalizing magnetic resonance findings investigated with subdural grids: Epilepsia Vol 42(7) Jul 2001, 889-894.
  • Damborska, A., Brazdil, M., Rektor, I., & Kukleta, M. (2003). Temporal characteristics of U-shaped P-3 waves registered with intracerebral electrodes in humans: Homeostasis in Health and Disease Vol 42(5) 2003, 213-215.
  • Daniel, W. F., & Crovitz, H. F. (1983). Acute memory impairment following electroconvulsive therapy: II. Effects of electrode placement: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 67(2) Feb 1983, 57-68.
  • Davis, C. M., Brickett, P., Stern, R. M., & Kimball, W. H. (1978). Tension in the two frontales: Electrode placement and artifact in the recording of forehead EMG: Psychophysiology Vol 15(6) Nov 1978, 591-593.
  • Davis, R. C., Garafolo, L., & Kveim, K. (1959). Conditions associated with gastrointestinal activity: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 52(4) Aug 1959, 466-475.
  • Delgado, J. M. (1967). Soicial Rank and Radio-Stimulated Aggressiveness in Monkeys: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 144(5) 1967, 383-390.
  • Deman, P. R., van Dijk, B., Offeciers, F. E., & Govaerts, P. J. (2004). Pitch estimation of a deeply inserted cochlear implant electrode: International Journal of Audiology Vol 43(6) Jun 2004, 363-368.
  • DeSimone, J. A., Heck, G. L., & DeSimone, S. K. (1981). Active ion transport in dog tongue: A possible role in taste: Science Vol 214(4524) Nov 1981, 1039-1041.
  • Devanand, D. P., Fitzsimons, L., Prudic, J., & Sackeim, H. A. (1995). Subjective side effects during electroconvulsive therapy: Convulsive Therapy Vol 11(4) Dec 1995, 232-240.
  • DeVietti, T. L., Wittman, T. K., & Comfort, M. K. (1980). Rapid development of latent inhibition: No effect of implanted site: Psychological Reports Vol 47(2) Oct 1980, 473-474.
  • Deville, J. (1976). High performance device for intracellular recording: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 40(5) May 1976, 521-528.
  • Dillier, N., & Spillmann, T. (1984). Results and perspectives with extracochlear round window electrodes: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Suppl 411 1984, 221-229.
  • Dimant, I. N., Israilyan, A. A., Loktionov, G. M., & Sataev, M. M. (1968). Induction of cerebral tumors by methylnitrosourea: Byulleten' Eksperimental'Noi Biologii i Meditsiny 65(3) 1968, 98-100.
  • Doerr, H. O. (1967). A Method to Establish Electrically Good Contacts with Unrestrained Rats: Psychophysiology 3(3) 1967, 316-317.
  • Dorman, M. F., Loizou, P. C., & Rainey, D. (1997). Simulating the effect of cochlear-implant electrode insertion depth on speech understanding: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 102(5, Pt 1) Nov 1997, 2993-2996.
  • Dorman, M. F., Smith, L., Smith, M., & Parkin, J. (1992). The coding of vowel identity by patients who use the Ineraid cochlear implant: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 92(6) Dec 1992, 3428-3431.
  • Dorman, M. F., Smith, L. M., Dankowski, K., McCandless, G., & et al. (1992). Long-term measures of electrode impedance and auditory thresholds for the Ineraid cochlear implant: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research Vol 35(5) Oct 1992, 1126-1130.
  • Draper, D. O., & Venator, E. R. (1972). Chronic attachment of a connector to a rat's skull without screws: Physiology & Behavior Vol 9(l) Jul 1972, 113.
  • Dunlap, K. (1910). Galvanometric deflections with electrodes applied to the animal body: Psychological Bulletin Vol 7(5) May 1910, 174-177.
  • Dunlap, K. (1913). Psychogalvanic, circulatory and respiratory phenomena: Psychological Bulletin Vol 10(4) Apr 1913, 142-146.
  • Dunseath, W. R. (1982). A low-cost precision electrode impedance meter: Psychophysiology Vol 19(1) Jan 1982, 117-119.
  • Dunstone, J. J., Dzendolet, E., & Heuckeroth, O. (1964). Effect of some personality variables on electrical vestibular stimulation: Perceptual and Motor Skills 18(3) 1964, 689-695.
  • Egidi, M., Rampini, P., Locatelli, M., Farabola, M., Priori, A., Pesenti, A., et al. (2002). Visualisation of the subthalamic nucleus: A multiple sequential image fusion (MuSIF) technique for direct stereotaxic localisation and postoperative control: Neurological Sciences Vol 23(Suppl2) Sep 2002, S71-S72.
  • Eichenbaum, H., Pettijohn, D., Deluca, A. M., & Chorover, S. L. (1977). Compact miniature microelectrode-telemetry system: Physiology & Behavior Vol 18(6) Jun 1977, 1175-1178.
  • Erman, M. K., Welch, C. A., & Mandel, M. R. (1979). A comparison of two unilateral ECT electrode placements: Efficacy and electrical energy considerations: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 136(10) Oct 1979, 1317-1319.
  • Evdokimov, S. A., & Nikitin, O. A. (1967). Continuous Stretching of Glass Capillary Tubes Which Are to Be Used for the Preparation of Microelectrodes: Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR 53(2) 1967, 216-218.
  • Fanielle, J., & Waltregny, A. (1974). Implanted electrodes in neuropsychiatric research: Feuillets Psychiatriques de Liege Vol 7(2) 1974, 179-188.
  • Faulkner, A. (2006). Adaptation to Distorted Frequency-to-Place Maps: Implications of Simulations in Normal Listeners for Cochlear Implants and Electroacoustic Stimulation: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 11(Suppl1) Oct 2006, 21-26.
  • Fecteau, S., Carmant, L., Tremblay, C., Robert, M., Bouthillier, A., & Theoret, H. (2004). A motor resonance mechanism in children? Evidence from subdural electrodes in a 36-month-old child: Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research Vol 15(17) Dec 2004, 2625-2627.
  • Fehmi, L. G., & Collura, T. (2007). Effects of electrode placement upon EEG biofeedback training: The monopolar-bipolar controversy: Journal of Neurotherapy Vol 11(2) 2007, 45-63.
  • Fein, G., Frosch, A., & Borroni, A. (1975). The "double-collar" technique for EEG electrode preparation and placement: Psychophysiology Vol 12(4) Jul 1975, 480-481.
  • Feng, P., & Vogel, G. W. (2000). A new method for continuous, long-term polysomnographic recording of neonatal rats: Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 23(1) Feb 2000, 9-14.
  • Fenwick, P. B. C. (1988). Seizures, EEG discharges and behaviour. Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Fernandez, H., Robinson, R., & Taylor, R. R. (1967). A Visual Indicator of Eeg Electrode Derivations: American Journal of EEG Technology 7(3) 1967, 79-81.
  • Ferraro, D. P., Silver, M. P., & Snapper, A. G. (1964). Impedance: Time functions in the white rat with chronic body electrode implants: Psychonomic Science Vol 1(12) 1964, 393-394.
  • Ferrer, A. Z., Fernandez-Guardiola, A., & Solis, H. (1978). Electronic circuit breaker for recording and stimulation from same electrode: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 45(2) Aug 1978, 299-301.
  • Finkenzeller, P. (1980). Auditory prostheses: A challenge for neurophysiology: Audiology Vol 19(2) 1980, 176-187.
  • Flanigan, W. F., Bowman, R. R., & Lowell, W. R. (1977). Nonmetallic electrode system for recording EEG and ECG in electromagnetic fields: Physiology & Behavior Vol 18(3) Mar 1977, 531-533.
  • Forgie, M. L., & Shizgal, P. (1993). Mapping the substrate for brain stimulation reward by means of current-number trade-off functions: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 107(3) Jun 1993, 506-524.
  • Forgie, M. L., & Shizgal, P. (1993). Mapping the substrate for brain stimulation reward by means of currentumber trade-off functions: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 107(3) Jun 1993, 506-524.
  • French, J., & Bennett, T. L. (1978). An intracranial electrode delivery system for the chronic mouse and bat preparation: Physiology & Behavior Vol 21(3) Sep 1978, 465-468.
  • Frijns, J. H. M., Klop, W. M. C., Bonnet, R. M., & Briaire, J. J. (2003). Optimizing the Number of Electrodes with High-rate Stimulation of the Clarion CII Cochlear Implant: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 123(2) 2003, 138-142.
  • Fu, Q.-J., & Shannon, R. V. (1999). Recognition of spectrally degraded and frequency-shifted vowels in acoustic and electric hearing: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 105(3) Mar 1999, 1889-1900.
  • Furedy, J. J., Shulhan, D. L., & Scher, H. (1986). Effects of electrode placement on direction of T-wave amplitude changes in psychophysiological studies: Physiology & Behavior Vol 36(5) 1986, 983-986.
  • Galosy, R. A., & Howard, J. L. (1974). Acute and chronic peripheral nerve stimulation: Surgical preparation and electrode design: Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation Vol 6(3) May 1974, 332-334.
  • Gans, C., & Gorniak, G. C. (1980). Electromyograms are repeatable: Precautions and limitations: Science Vol 210(4471) Nov 1980, 795-797.
  • Geddes, L. A., Bourland, J. D., Smalling, R. W., & Steinberg, R. B. (1974). Recording skin resistance and beat-by-beat heart rate from the same pair of dry electrodes: Psychophysiology Vol 11(3) May 1974, 394-397.
  • Gencer, N. G., Williamson, S. J., Gueziec, A., & Hummel, R. (1996). Optimal reference electrode selection for electric source imaging: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 99(2) Aug 1996, 163-173.
  • Gengerelli, J. A., & Cullen, J. W. (1955). Studies in the neurophysiology of learning: II. Effect of brain stimulation during black-white discrimination on learning behavior in the white rat: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 48(4) Aug 1955, 311-319.
  • Gengerelli, J. A., & Nadler, R. D. (1965). Electromyographic potentials of masticatory movements as indicators of AGR: Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied 59(1) 1965, 45-53.
  • Genin, J., & Charachon, R. (1984). Electrical characteristics of a set of electrodes: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Suppl 411 1984, 124-130.
  • Gerken, G. M., & Judy, M. M. (1977). Electrode polarization and the detection of electrical stimulation of the brain: Physiology & Behavior Vol 18(5) May 1977, 825-832.
  • Gerken, G. M., & Scott, L. R. (1972). Stereotaxic instrument for aseptic placement of electrodes in small animals: Physiology & Behavior Vol 9(5) Nov 1972, 877-879.
  • German, D. C., & Miller, J. D. (1982). A system for chronic single-unit recording in the behaving rat: Brain Research Bulletin Vol 8(5) May 1982, 539-542.
  • Gfeller, K. E., Olszewski, C., Turner, C., Gantz, B., & Oleson, J. (2006). Music Perception with Cochlear Implants and Residual Hearing: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 11(Suppl1) Oct 2006, 12-15.
  • Gilbert, M. E., & Cain, D. P. (1980). Electrode implantation in infant rats for kindling and chronic brain recording: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 1(6) Dec 1980, 553-555.
  • Girton, D. G., & Kamiya, J. (1974). A very stable electrode system for recording human scalp potentials with direct-coupled amplifiers: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 37(1) Jul 1974, 85-88.
  • Gohd, R., Hubbard, J. E., & Pendleton, F. M. (1974). A simple prefabricated electrode connector unit for chronic rat EEG studies: Physiology & Behavior Vol 12(6) Jun 1974, 1097-1099.
  • Gold, R. M. (1975). Anodal electrolytic brain lesions: How current and electrode metal influence lesion size and hyperphagiosity: Physiology & Behavior Vol 14(5) May 1975, 625-632.
  • Goldstein, M. L. (1973). Simple electrode for making subcortical electrolytic lesions with the Baltimore Rat Stereotaxic Instrument: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 36(2) Apr 1973, 486.
  • Goldstein, R. (1967). A Method to Reduce Dislodgment of Implanted Cranial Electrodes in Rats: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 10(3) 1967, 290.
  • Gray, C. L., Lyle, R. C., McGuire, R. J., & Peck, D. F. (1980). Electrode placement, EMG feedback, and relaxation for tension headaches: Behaviour Research and Therapy Vol 18(1) 1980, 19-23.
  • Greil, W., & Steller, B. (1992). Lithium determination in outpatient clinics by an ion-selective electrode in venous and capillary whole blood: Psychiatry Research Vol 44(1) Oct 1992, 71-77.
  • Grosser, G. S., & Harrison, J. M. (1960). Behavioral interaction between stimulated cortical points: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 53(3) Jun 1960, 229-233.
  • Guenot, M., Isnard, J., Ryvlin, P., Fischer, C., Mauguiere, F., & Sindou, M. (2004). SEEG-guided RF Thermocoagulation of Epileptic Foci: Feasibility, Safety, and Preliminary Results: Epilepsia Vol 45(11) Nov 2004, 1368-1374.
  • Hallin, R. G., & Wu, G. (2002). Novel information on peripheral tactile mechanisms in man acquired with concentric needle electrode microneurography: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 135(1-2) Sep 2002, 11-18.
  • Hammond, D. C. (2005). Clinical Corner: Journal of Neurotherapy Vol 9(2) 2005, 85-86.
  • Harada, T., & Tokuriki, M. (1997). Brain-stem auditory evoked potentials in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus): Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology: Evoked Potentials Vol 104(1) Jan 1997, 43-50.
  • Harmon, R. J., & Emde, R. N. (1972). Neonatal muscle tone recorded from eye movement leads: Psychophysiology Vol 9(4) Jul 1972, 458-460.
  • He, J., Barolat, G., Holsheimer, J., & Struijk, J. J. (1994). Perception threshold and electrode position for spinal cord stimulation: Pain Vol 59(1) Oct 1994, 55-63.
  • Henry, B. A., McKay, C. M., McDermott, H. J., & Clark, G. M. (2000). The relationship between speech perception and electrode discrimination in cochlear implantees: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 108(3,Pt1)) Sep 2000, 1269-1280.
  • Henshall, K. R., & McKay, C. M. (2001). Optimizing electrode and filter selection in cochlear implant speech processor maps: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology Vol 12(9) Oct 2001, 478-489.
  • Henson, O. W., & Pollak, G. D. (1972). A technique for chronic implantation of electrodes in the cochleae of bats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 8(6) Jun 1972, 1185-1187.
  • Herwig, U., Satrapi, P., & Schonfeldt-Lecuona, C. (2003). Using the International 10-20 EEG System for Positioning of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Brain Topography Vol 16(2) Win 2003, 95-99.
  • Herz, M. J., Marshall, K. E., & Peeke, H. V. (1974). Brain stimulation and behavior: Controls and consequences: Physiological Psychology Vol 2(2) Jun 1974, 184-186.
  • Higashiyama, A., & Hayashi, M. (1993). Localization of electrocutaneous stimuli on the fingers and forearm: Effects of electrode configuration and body axis: Perception & Psychophysics Vol 54(1) Jul 1993, 108-120.
  • Higashiyama, A., & Tashiro, T. (1990). Electrocutaneous spatial integration at threshold: The effects of electrode size: Perception & Psychophysics Vol 48(4) Oct 1990, 389-397.
  • Hinrichsen, C. F., & Ryan, A. T. (1989). An appraisal of some lesioning methods applied to the posterior hypothalamus in rats: Brain, Behavior and Evolution Vol 34(3) Sep 1989, 151-163.
  • Ho, E. C., Proops, D., Andrews, P., & Graham, J. (2007). Unexpected exit of a cochlear implant electrode through the wall of the basal turn of the cochlea: A report on two patients: Cochlear Implants International Vol 8(3) Sep 2007, 162-171.
  • Hobson, J. A. (1964). The effect of LSD on the sleep cycle of the cat: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology 17(1) 1964, 52-56.
  • Hodos, W. (1965). Motivational properties of long durations of rewarding brain stimulation: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 59(2) Apr 1965, 219-224.
  • Hoebel, B. G. (1964). Electrode-cannulas for electrical or chemical treatment of multiple brain sites: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology 16(4) 1964, 399-402.
  • Hollard, V., & Davison, M. C. (1978). Histological data: Holland and Davison (1971): Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior Vol 29(1) Jan 1978, 149.
  • Holley, J. R., & Powell, D. A. (1976). The effects of prior subcutaneous shock on agonistic behavior elicited by foot shock and subcutaneous shock: Psychological Record Vol 26(2) Spr 1976, 247-253.
  • Hosko, M. J. (1975). Technique for rapid, permanent documentation of intracerebral electrode sites: Physiology & Behavior Vol 14(3) Mar 1975, 367-368.
  • Houtveen, J. H., Groot, P. F. C., & de Geus, E. J. C. (2006). Validation of the thoracic impedance derived respiratory signal using multilevel analysis: International Journal of Psychophysiology Vol 59(2) Feb 2006, 97-106.
  • Humayun, M. S., Weiland, J. D., Fujii, G. Y., Greenberg, R., Williamson, R., Little, J., et al. (2003). Visual perception in a blind subject with a chronic microelectronic retinal prosthesis: Vision Research Vol 43(24) Nov 2003, 2573-2581.
  • Hutchinson, R. R., & Renfrew, J. W. (1967). A Simple Histological Technique for Localizing Electrode Tracks and Lesions within the Brain: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 10(3) 1967, 277-280.
  • Hyde, J. E. (1965). Effects of simultaneous application of opposing stimuli for head turning in cats: Experimental Neurology 11(2) 1965, 230-244.
  • Inouye, T., Toi, S., Matsumoto, Y., & Shinosaki, K. (1996). The 3-dimensional representation of EEG distance by use of Shannon-Gelfand-Yaglom information measure during mental arithmetic: Brain Topography Vol 8(4) Sum 1996, 379-384.
  • Irwin, D. A., & Criswell, H. E. (1974). A system for accurate on-line calibration of multiple unit potential recording: Physiology & Behavior Vol 12(4) Apr 1974, 703-705.
  • Ishihara, K., & Miyata, Y. (1980). Skin potential activity under two electrode electrolytes: Japanese Journal of Psychology Vol 51(5) Dec 1980, 291-294.
  • Ishimaru, K., Kawakita, K., & Sakita, M. (1995). Analgesic effects induced by TENS and electroacupuncture with different types of stimulating electrodes on deep tissues in human subjects: Pain Vol 63(2) Nov 1995, 181-187.
  • Josset, P., Meyer, B., Gegu, D., & Chouard, C. H. (1984). Implant material tolerance: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Suppl 411 1984, 45-52.
  • Kado, R. T., & Adey, W. R. (1968). Electrode Problems in Central Nervous Monitoring in Performing Subjects: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 148(1) 1968, 263-278.
  • Kadobayashi, I., Kira, Y., Toyoshima, A., & Nishijima, H. (1984). A study of auditory middle latency responses in relation to electrode combinations and stimulus conditions: Audiology Vol 23(5) Sep-Oct 1984, 509-519.
  • Kane, G., Borrmann, R. J., & Finn, J. (1982). Instrumentation for an electrocutaneous communication device: Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation Vol 14(4) Aug 1982, 400-404.
  • Karmos, G., Molnar, M., & Csepe, V. (1982). A new multielectrode for chronic recording of intracortical field potentials in cats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 29(3) Sep 1982, 567-571.
  • Karwoski, C. J., & Proenza, L. M. (1977). Hyperpolarizing on/off-responses in mudpuppy retina: Vision Research Vol 17(1) 1977, 152-153.
  • Katsarava, Z., Ayzenberg, I., Sack, F., Limmroth, V., Diener, H.-C., & Kaube, H. (2006). A Novel Method of Eliciting Pain-Related Potentials by Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation: Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain Vol 46(10) Nov-Dec 2006, 1511-1517.
  • Kececi, H., Degirmenci, Y., & Atakay, S. (2006). Habituation and Dishabituation of P300: Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Vol 19(3) Sep 2006, 130-134.
  • Kellner, C. H., Burns, C. M., Bernstein, H. J., & Monroe, R. R. (1991). Electrode placement in maintenance electroconvulsive therapy: Convulsive Therapy Vol 7(1) Mar 1991, 61-62.
  • Kelly, R. C., Smith, M. A., Samonds, J. M., Kohn, A., Bonds, A. B., Movshon, J. A., et al. (2007). Comparison of recordings from microelectrode arrays and single electrodes in the visual cortex: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 27(2) Jan 2007, 261-2164.
  • Kinkaide, P. S. (1973). A drainage technique for insulating depth electrodes: Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation Vol 5(1) Jan 1973, 54.
  • Kinnard, M. A., & Maclean, P. D. (1967). A Platinum Micro-Electrode for Intracerebral Exploration with a Chronically Fixed Stereotaxic Device: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology 22(2) 1967, 183-186.
  • Kiss, I., Watter, S., Heisz, J. J., & Shedden, J. M. (2007). Control processes in verbal working memory: An event-related potential study: Brain Research Vol 1172 Oct 2007, 67-81.
  • Kital, S. T., Cohen, B., & Morin, F. (1965). Changes in the amplitude of photically evoked potentials by a conditioned stimulus: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology 19(4) 1965, 344-349.
  • Koch, G., Brusa, L., Caltagirone, C., Oliveri, M., Peppe, A., Tiraboschi, P., et al. (2004). Subthalamic deep brain stimulation improves time perception in Parkinson's disease: Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research Vol 15(6) Apr 2004, 1071-1073.
  • Korhonen, T. (1991). A method for rapid implantation of multielectrode systems: Physiology & Behavior Vol 49(2) Feb 1991, 401-403.
  • Krystal, A. D., Weiner, R. C., Gassert, D., McCall, W. V., & et al. (1996). The relative ability of three ictal EEG frequency bands to differentiate ECT seizures on the basis of electrode placement, stimulus intensity, and therapeutic response: Convulsive Therapy Vol 12(1) Mar 1996, 13-24.
  • Krystal, A. D., Weiner, R. D., McCall, W. V., Shelp, F. E., & et al. (1993). The effects of ECT stimulus dose and electrode placement on the ictal electroencephalogram: An intraindividual crossover study: Biological Psychiatry Vol 34(11) Dec 1993, 759-767.
  • Kubie, J. L. (1984). A driveable bundle of microwires for collecting single-unit data from freely-moving rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 32(1) Jan 1984, 115-118.
  • Kuchinomachi, Y., & Hieda, I. (1988). The effects of electrode arrangements on the rheoencephalogram (REG) amplitude changes to visual activation: Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology Vol 6(1) Jun 1988, 41-47.
  • Kulics, A. T., & Cauller, L. J. (1989). Multielectrode exploration of somatosensory cortex function in the awake monkey. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Kulishov, M., Daxhelet, X., Gaidi, M., & Chaker, M. (2002). Electronically reconfigurable superimposed waveguide long-period gratings: Journal of the Optical Society of America, A, Optics, Image Science & Vision Vol 19(8) Aug 2002, 1632-1648.
  • Kwan, H. C., MacKay, W. A., Murphy, J. T., & Wong, Y. C. (1980). Recording of simultaneous spike trains by two independent electrodes in awake primates: Physiology & Behavior Vol 25(2) Aug 1980, 321-322.
  • Lane, R. F., Hubbard, A. T., Fukunaga, K., & Blanchard, R. J. (1976). Brain catecholamines: Detection in vivo by means of differential pulse voltammetry at surface-modified platinum electrodes: Brain Research Vol 114(2) 1976, 346-352.
  • Lanteaume, L., Khalfa, S., Regis, J., Marquis, P., Chauvel, P., & Bartolomei, F. (2007). Emotion induction after direct intracerebral stimulations of human amygdala: Cerebral Cortex Vol 17(6) Jun 2007, 1307-1313.
  • Lauer, A. R. (1928). A new type of electrode for the galvanic skin reflex: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 11(3) Jun 1928, 248-251.
  • Law, T., & Adams, J. (1963). A versatile solderless electrode carrier: Psychological Reports 13(2) 1963, 539-541.
  • Lawson, J. S., Inglis, J., Delva, N. J., Rodenburg, M., & et al. (1990). Electrode placement in ECT: Cognitive effects: Psychological Medicine Vol 20(2) May 1990, 335-344.
  • Lazzaro, V. D., Oliviero, A., Pilato, F., Saturno, E., Leone, M. D., & Tonali, P. A. (2003). Direct demonstration of central fatigue in humans: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study: Functional Neurology Vol 18(2) Apr-Jun 2003, 105.
  • Legendy, C. R., Salcman, M., & Brennan, N. (1984). A multiple floating microelectrode for chronic implantation and long-term single unit recording in the cat: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 58(3) Sep 1984, 285-288.
  • Lentz, J. M., & Halloway, F. A. (1972). Electrode-cannulas for simultaneous electrical and chemical stimulation of brain: Biological Psychology Bulletin Vol 1(3) Jan 1972, 38-39.
  • Lerma, J., Ibarz, J. M., & Handler, P. (1980). Wire-wrapped, dual-in-line chronic electrode connector system: Brain Research Bulletin Vol 5(1) Jan-Feb 1980, 95-96.
  • Leshan, L., & Farber, A. (1946). The bentonite electrode: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 36(4) Aug 1946, 371-372.
  • Lesser, R. P., Arroyo, S., Hart, J., & Gordon, B. (1994). Use of subdural electrodes for the study of language functions. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Levin, R. J., & Wagner, G. (1985). Ionised calcium concentrations in human cervical fluid in situ before and after sexual arousal: IRCS Medical Science: Psychology & Psychiatry Vol 13(5-6) May-Jun 1985, 406-407.
  • Levonian, E. (1963). Skin resistance electrode for classroom use: Psychological Reports 13(2) 1963, 451-460.
  • Lindley, S. B. (1928). An electro-kymograph used in recording vaso-motor changes: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 11(4) Aug 1928, 325-328.
  • Linseman, M. A., & Corrigall, W. A. (1981). Neurophysiological evidence of movement of chronically-implanted fine wire electrodes in recordings of field potentials in hippocampus: Physiology & Behavior Vol 26(4) Apr 1981, 729-733.
  • Little, J. D., Munday, J., Atkins, M. R., & Khalid, A. (2004). Does Electrode Placement Predict Time to Rehospitalization? : Journal of ECT Vol 20(4) Dec 2004, 213-218.
  • Liu, X., Seldon, H. L., & Clark, G. M. (1998). Chronic study on the neuronal excitability of the cochlear nuclei of the cat following electrical stimulation: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 118(4) 1998, 524-529.
  • Livesay, J. R., & Chevalier, G. (1999). Pilot study on the relationship between personality traits and skin conductivity of specific surface points as measured by Motoyama's apparatus: Psychological Reports Vol 84(3, Pt 1) Jun 1999, 739-746.
  • Lockwood, P. M. (1967). Recording with Sphenoidal Electrodes: American Journal of EEG Technology 7(4) 1967, 91-97.
  • Loucks, R. B. (1934). A technique for faradic stimulation of tissues beneath the integument in the absence of conductors penetrating the skin: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 18(3) Dec 1934, 305-313.
  • Louilot, A., Serrano, A., & D'Angio, M. (1987). A novel carbon fiber implantation assembly for cerebral voltammetric measurements in freely moving rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 41(3) 1987, 227-231.
  • Lusted, H. S., & Meikle, M. B. (1976). Rapid method for introducing fiberglass filaments into microelectrode capillary tubes: Physiology & Behavior Vol 17(6) Dec 1976, 1025-1026.
  • Lydic, R., & Anson, J. (1974). A modified shock-delivery system for quail: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior Vol 22(2) Sep 1974, 441-443.
  • Lykken, D. T. (1959). Properties of electrode used in electrodermal measurement: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 52(5) Oct 1959, 629-634.
  • Lykken, D. T., Miller, R. D., & Strahan, R. F. (1966). GSR and polarization capacity of skin: Psychonomic Science Vol 4(10) 1966, 355-356.
  • Maclean, P. D. (1967). A Chronically Fixed Stereotaxic Device for Intracerebral Exploration with Macro- and Micro-Electrodes: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology 22(2) 1967, 180-182.
  • Magnin, M., Bastuji, H., Garcia-Larrea, L., & Mauguiere, F. (2004). Human Thalamic Medial Pulvinar Nucleus is not Activated during Paradoxical Sleep: Cerebral Cortex Vol 14(8) Aug 2004, 858-862.
  • Mannard, A., Stein, R. B., & Charles, D. (1974). Regeneration electrode units: Implants for recording from single peripheral nerve fibers in freely moving animals: Science Vol 183(4124) Feb 1974, 547-549.
  • Markou, A., & Frank, R. A. (1987). The effect of operant and electrode placement on self-stimulation train duration response functions: Physiology & Behavior Vol 41(4) 1987, 303-308.
  • Martin, E. G., Porter, E. L., & Nice, L. B. (1913). The sensory threshold for faradic stimulation in man: Psychological Review Vol 20(3) May 1913, 194-205.
  • Mathis, G., & Schmitt, P. (1974). Device for progressive lowering of an electrode in the brain of the freely moving rat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 12(2) Feb 1974, 281-283.
  • Matsuda, M. (1970). Method to make electrodes covered with glass capillary for brain stimulation, EEG recordings or subcortical lesions: Annual of Animal Psychology Vol 20(1) Oct 1970, 41-45.
  • Mayur, P. M., Gangadhar, B. N., Girish, K., Kiran Prasad, K. M., Subbakrishna, D. K., & Janakiramiah, N. (1998). Acute post-ECT cardiovascular response: A comparison of threshold right unilateral and bilateral ECT: Journal of ECT Vol 14(2) Jun 1998, 94-98.
  • McCall, W. V., Shelp, F. E., Weiner, R. D., Austin, S., & et al. (1993). Convulsive threshold differences in right unilateral and bilateral ECT: Biological Psychiatry Vol 34(9) Nov 1993, 606-611.
  • McCandless, G. A., & Best, L. (1964). Evoked responses to auditory stimuli in man using a summing computer: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research 7(2) 1964, 193-202.
  • McCollough, A. W., Machizawa, M. G., & Vogel, E. K. (2007). Electrophysiological measures of maintaining representations in visual working memory: Cortex Vol 43(1) Jan 2007, 77-94.
  • McElligott, J. G., & Waterhouse, B. D. (1977). Microelectrode implantation technique for use in the awake and unrestrained cat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 18(1) Jan 1977, 163-167.
  • McGrath, J. J., O'Brien, W. H., Hassinger, H. J., & Shah, P. (2005). Comparability of Spot Versus Band Electrodes for Impedance Cardiography: Journal of Psychophysiology Vol 19(3) 2005, 195-203.
  • McKay, C. M., McDermott, H. J., & Clark, G. M. (1996). The perceptual dimensions of single-electrode and nonsimultaneous dual-electrode stimuli in cochlear implantees: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 99(2) Feb 1996, 1079-1090.
  • McKintire, R. W., & Wright, J. E. (1965). Parameters related to response rate for septal and medial forebrain bundle stimulation: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 59(1) Feb 1965, 131-134.
  • Mens, L. H. M., Boyle, P. J., & Mulder, J. J. S. (2003). The Clarion Electrode Positioner: Approximation to the medial wall and current focussing? : Audiology & Neurotology Vol 8(3) May-Jun 2003, 166-175.
  • Meshcherskii, R. M., & Sychev, S. I. (1967). Semiautomatic Device for Stereotaxic Implantation of Electrodes: Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti 17(6) 1967, 1133-1136.
  • Meyers, W. J., & Valenstein, E. S. (1964). Animal preference for method of obtaining reinforcing brain stimulation: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 57(1) Feb 1964, 47-51.
  • Mikhailov, A. V., Dekhanbayev, S. M., & Fesik, G. A. (1982). Improved tungsten microelectrodes for recording activity of cells of subcortical structures in chronic experiment: Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti Vol 32(4) Jul-Aug 1982, 776-779.
  • Miliaressis, E. (1981). A miniature, moveable electrode for brain stimulation in small animals: Brain Research Bulletin Vol 7(6) Dec 1981, 715-718.
  • Miller, G. A., Lutzenberger, W., & Elbert, T. (1991). The linked-reference issue in EEG and ERP recording: Journal of Psychophysiology Vol 5(3) 1991, 273-276.
  • Miller, K. J., Leuthardt, E. C., Schalk, G., Rao, R. P. N., Anderson, N. R., Moran, D. W., et al. (2007). Spectral changes in cortical surface potentials during motor movement: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 27(9) Feb 2007, 2424-2432.
  • Miller, R. D. (1968). Silver-Silver Chloride Electrodermal Electrodes: Psychophysiology 5(1) 1968, 92-96.
  • Mitchell, D. A., & Venables, P. H. (1980). The relationship of EDA to electrode size: Psychophysiology Vol 17(4) Jul 1980, 408-412.
  • Moffitt, M. A., & McLntyre, C. C. (2005). Model-based analysis of cortical recording with silicon microelectrodes: Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 116(9) Sep 2005, 2240-2250.
  • Mogilevskii, A. Y., & Leonova, N. N. (1967). Roentgeno-Stereotaxic Apparatus for Visual Search and Location of the Coordinates of the Diencephalic Formations of the Brain in Dogs: Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR 53(7) 1967, 844-847.
  • Mohit, A. A., Samii, A., Slimp, J. C., Grady, M. S., & Goodkin, R. (2004). Mechanical failure of the electrode wire in deep brain stimulation: Parkinsonism & Related Disorders Vol 10(3) Mar 2004, 153-156.
  • Morel, D., Charachon, R., & Genin, J. (1984). Cochlear prosthesis: Clinical results: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Suppl 411 1984, 254-256.
  • Morosko, T. E., & Bloom, J. M. (1967). Effects of Ecs on Relearning: Psychological Reports 21(1) 1967, 185-188.
  • Morrow, T. J. (1980). Improved technique for recording single unit activity in awake animals: Brain Research Bulletin Vol 5(1) Jan-Feb 1980, 91-93.
  • Moscarillo, F. M., & Annunziata, C. M. (2000). ECT in a patient with a deep brain-stimulating electrode in place: Journal of ECT Vol 16(3) Sep 2000, 287-290.
  • Moss, J., Ryder, T., Aziz, T. Z., Graeber, M. B., & Bain, P. G. (2004). Electron microscopy of tissue adherent to explanted electrodes in dystonia and Parkinson's disease: Brain: A Journal of Neurology Vol 127(12) Dec 2004, 2755-2763.
  • Murugesan, G. (1994). Electrode placement, stimulus dosing and seizure monitoring during ECT: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 28(4) Dec 1994, 675-683.
  • Nikolaev, A. R., Gong, P., & van Leeuwen, C. (2005). Evoked phase synchronization between adjacent high-density electrodes in human scalp EEG: Duration and time course related to behavior: Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 116(10) Oct 2005, 2403-2419.
  • Nishida, M., Hirai, N., Miwakeichi, F., Maehara, T., Kawai, K., Shimizu, H., et al. (2004). Theta oscillation in the human anterior cingulate cortex during all-night sleep: An electrocorticographic study: Neuroscience Research Vol 50(3) Nov 2004, 331-341.
  • Nishida, M., Hirai, N., Miwakeichi, F., Maehara, T., Kawai, K., Shimizu, H., et al. (2007). Corrigendum to "Theta oscillation in the human anterior cingulate cortex during all-night sleep: An electrocorticographic study." Neuroscience Research Vol 58(2) Jun 2007, 215-217.
  • Nobler, M. S., Sackeim, H. A., Solomou, M., Luber, B., & et al. (1993). EEG manifestations during ECT: Effects of electrode placement and stimulus intensity: Biological Psychiatry Vol 34(5) Sep 1993, 321-330.
  • Nunez, P. L. (1991). "The linked-reference issue in EEG and ERP recording": Comments on the paper by Miller, Lutzenberger and Elbert: Journal of Psychophysiology Vol 5(3) 1991, 279-280.
  • Oganisyan, A. A., & Mamedova, A. M. (1967). A New Method of Implantation of Electrodes into the Shank Muscles for Registration of the Electromyogram of Voluntary Movements in Rats: Byulleten' Eksperimental'Noi Biologii i Meditsiny 32(3) 1967, 122-123.
  • Oglesby, D. M., Dykman, R. A., Moody, T. C., & Murphree, O. D. (1976). Aseptic implantable EEG electrodes for low impedance recordings: Psychophysiology Vol 13(3) May 1976, 274-276.
  • Olds, J. (1956). A preliminary mapping of electrical reinforcing effects in the rat brain: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 49(3) Jun 1956, 281-285.
  • Olds, J., & Milner, P. (1954). Positive Reinforcement Produced by Electrical Stimulation of Septal Area and Other Regions of Rat Brain: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 47(6) Dec 1954, 419-427.
  • Olton, D. S. (1975). Technique for producing directionally specific brain lesions with radio frequency current: Physiology & Behavior Vol 14(3) Mar 1975, 369-372.
  • O'Neill, R. D., & Lowry, J. P. (1995). On the significance of brain extracellular uric acid detected with in-vivo monitoring techniques: A review: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 71(1-2) Nov 1995, 33-49.
  • Oomura, Y., Ooyama, H., & Naka, F. (1967). Microelectrode Positioners for Chronic Animals: Physiology & Behavior 2(1) 1967, 89-91.
  • Osborne, B., Roach, T., Gendreau, L., & Gendreau, P. (1974). An electrode hookup for eyelid conditioning: Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation Vol 6(4) Jul 1974, 416-418.
  • Pager, J. (1984). A removable head-mounted microdrive for unit recording in the free-behaving rat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 33(5) Nov 1984, 843-848.
  • Peissig, J. J., Singer, J., Kawasaki, K., & Sheinberg, D. L. (2007). Effects of long-term object familiarity on event-related potentials in the monkey: Cerebral Cortex Vol 17(6) Jun 2007, 1323-1334.
  • Peltzman, P., Goldstein, P. J., Battagin, R., & Markevitch, B. (1973). A simple electrode to record fetal EEG for optimal signal analysis: Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation Vol 5(5) Sep 1973, 395-399.
  • Plotkin, W. B. (1978). Long-term eyes-closed alpha-enhancement training: Effects on alpha amplitudes and on experiential state: Psychophysiology Vol 15(1) Jan 1978, 40-52.
  • Polasek, K. H. (2007). Clinical implementation of nerve cuff electrodes for an upper extremity neuroprosthesis. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Potegal, M., Blau, A. D., & Miller, S. (1980). Preliminary observations with a technique for measuring current spread in the rat brain: Physiology & Behavior Vol 25(5) Nov 1980, 769-773.
  • Proenza, L. M., & Morton, R. E. (1974). Overlapping advance control systems for microelectrode positioning: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 37(6) Dec 1974, 659-662.
  • Quintana, J., & Fuster, J. M. (1986). A microelectrode for depth recording in awake animals: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 63(1) Jan 1986, 83-85.
  • Ramos, A., Schwartz, E., & John, E. R. (1976). Long term recording from cortical and subcortical neurons in unrestrained cats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 16(6) Jun 1976, 803-806.
  • Rasmussen, K. G., Varghese, R., Stevens, S. R., & Ryan, D. A. (2007). Electrode placement and ictal EEG indices in electroconvulsive therapy: Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences Vol 19(4) Fal 2007, 453-457.
  • Rehnig, H.-P., Brankack, J., & Klingberg, F. (1984). Cortical tooth pulp evoked potentials in freely moving rat: Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis Vol 44(5) 1984, 205-216.
  • Reite, M., Swett, J. E., & Jackson, D. (1972). Electrode localization in large brains: A rapid and inexpensive technique: Physiology & Behavior Vol 9(5) Nov 1972, 859-861.
  • Retzlaff, E., & Fontaine, J. (1964). Chronic cortical electrodes for small animal studies: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology 17(6) 1964, 700-701.
  • Rice, A. S. C., Andreev, N. Y., & McMahon, S. B. (1994). The consequences of microneurography electrode-induced injury of peripheral nerves observed in the rat and man: Pain Vol 59(3) Dec 1994, 385-393.
  • Richardson, L. M., Busby, P. A., & Clark, G. M. (1998). Modulation detection interference in cochlear implant subjects: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 104(1) Jul 1998, 442-452.
  • Rickles, W. H., Jr., & Seal, H. R. (1968). Evaluation of Four Long Term Transducer Adhesive Techniques: Psychophysiology 4(3) 1968, 354-368.
  • Roberts, W. W. (1958). Both rewarding and punishing effects from stimulation of posterior hypothalamus of cat with same electrode at same intensity: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 51(4) Aug 1958, 400-407.
  • Rodin, E., Funke, M., Berg, P., & Matsuo, F. (2004). Magnetoencephalographic spikes not detected by conventional electroencephalography: Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 115(9) Sep 2004, 2041-2047.
  • Rosenfeld, J. P. (2000). Theoretical implications of EEg reference choice and related methodology issues: Journal of Neurotherapy Vol 4(2) 2000, 77-87.
  • Rubin, H. B., & Brown, H. J. (1972). A harness and electrode connector for rats: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior Vol 18(3) Nov 1972, 385-387.
  • Rugg, M. D., Roberts, R. C., Potter, D. D., Nagy, M. E., & et al. (1990). Endogenous event-related potentials from sphenoidal electrodes: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 76(4) Oct 1990, 331-338.
  • Rumsey, D. L. (1980). Electrocutaneous communication of language at rapid rates: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Saito, K., & Watanabe, S. (2003). A procedure for making precision stereotaxic surgery in the goldfish: Japanese Journal of Animal Psychology Vol 53(1) Jun 2003, 23-26.
  • Santhanam, G., Ryu, S. I., Yu, B., Afshar, A., & Shenoy, K. V. (2006). A high-performance brain-computer interface: Nature Vol 442(7099) Jul 2006, 195-198.
  • Schack, B., Vath, N., Petsche, H., Geissler, H. G., & Moller, E. (2002). Phase-coupling of theta--Gamma EEG rhythms during short-term memory processing: International Journal of Psychophysiology Vol 44(2) May 2002, 143-163.
  • Schad, H., & Seller, H. (1975). A method for recording autonomic nerve activity in unanesthetized, freely moving cats: Brain Research Vol 100(2) 1975, 425-430.
  • Schevon, C. A., Thompson, T., Hirsch, L. J., & Emerson, R. G. (2004). Inadequacy of Standard Screen Resolution for Localization of Seizures Recorded from Intracranial Electrodes: Epilepsia Vol 45(11) Nov 2004, 1453-1458.
  • Schiff, A. J. (1974). An improved electrode system for recording EEG from the skull: Physiology & Behavior Vol 13(4) Oct 1974, 595-597.
  • Schlag, J., & Villablanca, J. (1967). Thalamic Inhibition by Thalamic Stimulation: Psychonomic Science Vol 8(9) 1967, 373-374.
  • Schomer, D. L. (2003). The sphenoidal electrode: Myth and reality: Epilepsy & Behavior Vol 4(2) Apr 2003, 192-197.
  • Schulze, H. G., & Gorzalka, B. B. (1994). An easily constructed, reusable, bipolar, concentric stimulation electrode for use with intracranial guide cannula assemblies: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 47(4) Apr 1994, 993-995.
  • Schwitzgebel, R. K., & Traugott, M. (1968). Initial Note on the Placebo Effect of Machines: Behavioral Science 13(4) 1968, 267-272.
  • Scott, J. C. (2004). Is There an Immortal Memory? : Science Vol 304(5667) Apr 2004, 62-63.
  • Seaba, P., Reilly, E. L., & Peters, J. F. (1973). Patient discomfort related to measurement of electrode resistance: American Journal of EEG Technology Vol 13(1) Mar 1973, 7-12.
  • Shafer, J. N., & Corman, C. D. (1963). Response of planaria to shock: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 56(3) Jun 1963, 601-603.
  • Shallop, J. K., Carter, P., Feinman, G., & Tabor, B. (2003). Averaged electrode voltage measurements in patients with cochlear implants. Philadelphia, PA: Whurr Publishers.
  • Shearer, D. E., Snyder, E. W., Beck, E. C., & Dustman, R. E. (1979). Basic techniques for electrode implantation: American Journal of EEG Technology Vol 19(4) Dec 1979, 205-210.
  • Sherwood, A. (1981). A simple preparation for obtaining a reliable heart rate record in freely moving rats: Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation Vol 13(6) Dec 1981, 763-765.
  • Sherwood, A., Royal, S. A., Hutcheson, J. S., & Turner, J. R. (1992). Comparison of impedance cardiographic measurements using band and spot electrodes: Psychophysiology Vol 29(6) Nov 1992, 734-741.
  • Shibata, M., Siegfried, B., & Huston, J. P. (1977). Miniature calomel electrode for recording DC potential changes accompanying spreading depression in the freely moving rat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 18(6) Jun 1977, 1171-1174.
  • Shimatani, Y., Grabauskiene, S., & Bradley, R. M. (2002). Long-term recording from the chorda tympani nerve in rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 76(1) May 2002, 143-149.
  • Shimizu, H., Suzuki, I., & Ishizima, B. (1990). Determination of precise focus distribution and tailored lobectomy in temporal lobe epilepsy: Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery Vol 54-55 1990, 46-50.
  • Shlyafer, T. P. (1967). Preamplifier in Semiconductors for Work with Microelectrodes: Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR 53(5) 1967, 596-597.
  • Sholokhov, S. V., & Yakovlev, A. A. (1967). The Operation for Implantation of Electrodes in the Anterior Eye Chamber for Experimental Polarographic Investigations: Byulleten' Eksperimental'Noi Biologii i Meditsiny 64(10) 1967, 103-105.
  • Sidis, B. (1910). Discussion: The galvanic phenomenon: Psychological Bulletin Vol 7(9) Sep 1910, 321-322.
  • Sidorov, V. N. (1965). Simplified method of multiple implantation of electrodes in the subcortical structures of the brain: Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti 15(5) 1965, 942-946.
  • Siegel, J. (1968). A Rapid Procedure for Locating Deep Electrode Placements: Physiology & Behavior 3(1) 1968, 203-204.
  • Silver, M. P., Schoenfeld, W. N., Snapper, A. G., & Locke, B. (1964). Impedance-voltage functions in the white rat with chronic body electrode implants: Psychonomic Science Vol 1(3) 1964, 61-62.
  • Silverstein, L. D., & Graham, F. K. (1978). Eyeblink EMG: A miniature eyelid electrode for recording from orbicularis oculi: Psychophysiology Vol 15(4) Jul 1978, 377-379.
  • Sininger, Y. S., & Don, M. (1989). Effects of click rate and electrode orientation on threshold of the auditory brainstem response: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research Vol 32(4) Dec 1989, 880-886.
  • Smeding, H. M. M., van den Munckhof, P., Esselink, R. A. J., Schmand, B., Schuurman, P. R., & Speelman, J. D. (2007). Reversible cognitive decline after DBS STN in PD and displacement of electrodes: Neurology Vol 68(15) Apr 2007, 1235-1236.
  • Smirnov, V. M. (1966). Emotional manifestations in patients treated by means of chronically implanted intracerebral electrodes: Voprosy Psychologii No 3 1966, 85-95.
  • Smith, S. L., Gerhardt, K. J., Griffiths, S. K., Huang, X., & Abrams, R. M. (2003). Intelligibility of Sentences Recorded from the Uterus of a Pregnant Ewe and from the Fetal Inner Ear: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 8(6) Nov-Dec 2003, 347-353.
  • Song, J. K., Abou-Khalil, B., & Konrad, P. E. (2003). Intraventricular monitoring for temporal lobe epilepsy: Report on technique and initial results in eight patients: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry Vol 74(5) May 2003, 561-565.
  • Stecker, M. M., & Patterson, T. (1999). Electrode impedance in neurophysiologic recordings: 3.Effects on recorded signals: American Journal of Electroneurodiagnostic Technology Vol 39(3) Sep 1999, 148-164.
  • Stephan, C. L., Kepes, J. J., SantaCruz, K., Wilkinson, S. B., Fegley, B., & Osorio, I. (2001). Spectrum of clinical and histopathologic responses to intracranial electrodes: From multifocal aseptic meningitis to multifocal hypersensitivity-type meningovasculitis: Epilepsia Vol 42(7) Jul 2001, 895-901.
  • Sterman, M. B. (1976). Effects of brain surgery and EEG operant conditioning on seizure latency following monomethylhydrazine intoxication in the cat: Experimental Neurology Vol 50(3) Mar 1976, 757-765.
  • Sun, J.-J., & Luhmann, H. J. (2007). Spatio-temporal dynamics of oscillatory network activity in the neonatal mouse cerebral cortex: European Journal of Neuroscience Vol 26(7) Oct 2007, 1995-2004.
  • Svirsky, M. A., Silveira, A., Suarez, H., Neuburger, H., Lai, T. T., & Simmons, P. M. (2001). Auditory learning and adaptation after cochlear implantation: A preliminary study of discrimination and labeling of vowel sounds by cochlear implant users: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 121(2) Jan 2001, 262-265.
  • Swadlow, H. A., Bereshpolova, Y., Bezdudnaya, T., Cano, M., & Stoelzel, C. R. (2005). A Multi-Channel, Implantable Microdrive System for Use With Sharp, Ultra-Fine "Reitboeck" Microelectrodes: Journal of Neurophysiology Vol 93(5) May 2005, 2959-2965.
  • Swartz, C. M., & Evans, C. M. (1996). Beyond bitemporal and right unilateral electrode placements: Psychiatric Annals Vol 26(11) Nov 1996, 705-708.
  • Szabo, I., & Milner, P. M. (1972). Self-stimulation in rats: Tip alignment influences the effectiveness of bipolar electrodes: Brain Research Vol 48 1972, 243-250.
  • Szabo, I., & Milner, P. M. (1973). Electrode tip alignment and self-stimulation: Influence of anodal hyperpolarization: Physiology & Behavior Vol 11(4) Oct 1973, 581-583.
  • Szelenyi, A., Kothbauer, K. F., & Deletis, V. (2007). Transcranial electric stimulation for intraoperative motor evoked potential monitoring: Stimulation parameters and electrode montages: Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 118(7) Jul 2007, 1586-1595.
  • Tajimi, T., Yamazaki, K., & Niimi, Y. (1973). Electrodes for recording the skin potential response in the free moving rat: Japanese Psychological Research Vol 15(2) Jul 1973, 99-100.
  • Tarnecki, R., Sobieszek, A., Kartasinski, Z., & Rajkowski, J. (1977). A simple system for the recording of single unit activity in unrestrained cats: Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis Vol 37(5) 1977, 339-343.
  • Tasker, R. R. (1995). The use of microelectrodes in the human brain. New York, NY: Raven Press.
  • Tassinary, L. G., Geen, T. R., Cacioppo, J. T., & Edelberg, R. (1990). Issues in biometrics: Offset potentials and the electrical stability of Ag/AgCl electrodes: Psychophysiology Vol 27(2) Mar 1990, 236-242.
  • Tchebkassov, S. A. (1995). Metal microelectrodes and their sets for investigation of the spatial organisation of activity of the brain screen structures: Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR im I M Sechenova Vol 81(10) Oct 1995, 120-124.
  • Tejral, J., Vodnansky, J., Peregrin, J., & Voplatek, V. (1973). The use of floating electrodes in electroencephalography: Activitas Nervosa Superior Vol 15(4) 1973, 263-265.
  • Teman, P. T., Perry, C. L., Ryan, D. A., & Rasmussen, K. G. (2006). Nonconvulsive Seizures in Electroconvulsive Therapy: Further Evidence of Differential Neurophysiological Aspects of Bitemporal Versus Bifrontal Electrode Placement: Journal of ECT Vol 22(1) 2006, 46-48.
  • Thompson, J. M., Madson, T. J., & Erickson, R. P. (1991). EMG muscle scanning: Comparison to attached surface electrodes: Biofeedback & Self Regulation Vol 16(2) Jun 1991, 167-179.
  • Thomson, J. H., & et al. (1978). Videotape technology in the identification and storage of intracerebral electrode locations: Physiology & Behavior Vol 20(4) Apr 1978, 487-489.
  • Toda, K., Iriki, A., & Ichioka, M. (1981). Selective stimulation of intrapulpal nerve of rat lower incisor using a bipolar electrode method: Physiology & Behavior Vol 26(2) Feb 1981, 307-311.
  • Tomasino, B., Budai, R., Mondani, M., Skrap, M., & Rumiati, R. I. (2005). Mental rotation in a patient with an implanted electrode grid in the motor cortex: Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research Vol 16(16) Nov 2005, 1795-1800.
  • Trelease, R. B., Sieck, G. C., & Harper, R. M. (1982). A new technique for acute and chronic recording of crural diaphragm EMG in cats: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 53(4) Apr 1982, 459-462.
  • Trouche, E., & Massion, J. (1964). A study of the parameters of somatic stimulation capable of inducing a stable defensive reaction: Journal de Physiologie 56(3) 1964, 453-454.
  • Tsypin, A. B., Plyushchev, A. K., & Makarov, V. P. (1967). Method for Preparing Insertive Glass-Covered Metallic Electrodes for Eeg Investigations: Byulleten' Eksperimental'Noi Biologii i Meditsiny 64(9) 1967, 121-122.
  • Tursky, B., & Greenblatt, D. J. (1967). Local Vascular and Thermal Changes That Accompany Electric Shock: Psychophysiology 3(4) 1967, 371-380.
  • Uematsu, S., Lesser, R. P., Fisher, R. S., Krauss, G., & et al. (1990). Resection of the epileptogenic area in critical cortex with the aid of a subdural electrode grid: Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery Vol 54-55 1990, 34-45.
  • Van Boxtel, A., Goudswaard, P., & Schomaker, L. R. (1984). Amplitude and bandwidth of the frontalis surface EMG: Effects of electrode parameters: Psychophysiology Vol 21(6) Nov 1984, 699-707.
  • Van der Poel, A. M., & et al. (1983). A locked, non-rotating, completely embedded, moveable electrode for chronic brain stimulation studies freely moving, fighting rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 31(2) Aug 1983, 259-263.
  • van der Togt, C., Spekreijse, H., & Super, H. (2005). Neural responses in cat visual cortex reflect state changes in correlated activity: European Journal of Neuroscience Vol 22(2) Jul 2005, 465-475.
  • van Wermeskerken, G. K. A., van Olphen, A. F., & Smoorenburg, G. F. (2006). Intra- and postoperative electrode impedance of the straight and Contour arrays of the Nucleus 24 cochlear implant: Relation to T and C levels: International Journal of Audiology Vol 45(9) Sep 2006, 537-544.
  • Vertes, R. P. (1975). A device for recording single unit activity in freely-moving rats by a movable fine-wire microelectrode: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 38(1) Jan 1975, 90-92.
  • Voges, J., Waerzeggers, Y., Maarouf, M., Lehrke, R., Koulousakis, A., Lenartz, D., et al. (2006). Deep-brain stimulation: Long-term analysis of complications caused by hardware and surgery--experiences from a single centre: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry Vol 77(7) Jul 2006, 868-872.
  • Wallenstein, M. C. (1976). Anatomical and behavioral mapping of rhythmic slow wave activity in rat hippocampus: Physiology & Behavior Vol 17(3) Sep 1976, 515-522.
  • Wang, K., Li, X.-X., Jiang, Y.-R., & Dong, J.-Q. (2007). Influential factors of thresholds for electrically evoked potentials elicited by intraorbital electrical stimulation of the optic nerve in rabbit eyes: Vision Research Vol 47(23) Oct 2007, 3012-3024.
  • Watanabe, K., & Law, T. (1964). Techniques for chonic electrode implantation and brain potential recordings: Psychological Reports 15(3) 1964, 691-694.
  • Watanabe, S., Kunitake, T., Kato, K., Chu, C.-P., Nakao, H., Qiu, D.-L., et al. (2004). Single-unit activity of paraventricular nucleus neurons in response to intero- and exteroceptive stressors in conscious, freely moving rats: Brain Research Vol 995(1) Jan 2004, 97-108.
  • Weiner, R. D., Hammersley, D., Moench, L., Sackeim, H. A., & et al. (1990). Choice of stimulus electrode placement: Clarification of the APA Task Force on ECT: Convulsive Therapy Vol 6(4) Dec 1990, 319-322.
  • Weiss, J. A. Y. (1967). A Tail Electrode for Unrestrained Rats: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 10(1) 1967, 85-86.
  • Welker, W. I., Hind, J. E., Campos, G. B., & Gilmore, M. A. (1965). Chronic implantation of multiple macro-electrodes. A technique for mapping auditory neocortex in unanesthetized cats: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology 19(3) 1965, 309-312.
  • Whishaw, I. Q., & Robinson, T. E. (1974). Comparison of anodal and cathodal lesions and metal deposition in eliciting postoperative locomotion in the rat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 13(4) Oct 1974, 539-551.
  • White, M. M. (1930). Relation of bodily tension to electrical resistance: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 13(3) Jun 1930, 267-277.
  • Whitehouse, J. M. (1965). A simple cortical electrode system for unanesthetized small animals: Psychological Reports 16(2) 1965, 457-458.
  • Wilcott, R. C. (1959). On the role of the epidermis in the production of skin resistance and potential: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 52(6) Dec 1959, 642-649.
  • Wilcott, R. C. (1960). A comparison of palmar and nonpalmar skin conductance: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 53(1) Feb 1960, 38-41.
  • Williamson, D. A., Epstein, L. H., & Lombardo, T. W. (1980). EMG measurement as a function of electrode placement and level of EMG: Psychophysiology Vol 17(3) May 1980, 279-282.
  • Wilson, J. R., Vardaris, R. M., & Schweikert, G. E. (1975). Technique for chronic electrode or cannula implantation in decorticate animals: Physiology & Behavior Vol 14(6) Jun 1975, 875-877.
  • Wilsoncroft, W. E., & Law, O. T. (1967). Laboratory Manual for Physiological Psychology. Oxford, England: Psychonomic Press.
  • Winson, J. (1973). A compact micro-electrode assembly for recording from the freely-moving rat: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 35(2) Aug 1973, 215-217.
  • Wise, R. A. (1976). Moveable electrode for chronic brain stimulation in the rat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 16(1) Jan 1976, 105-106.
  • Yamada, F., Yamasaki, K., Nakayama, M., & Miyata, Y. (1980). Distribution of eyeblink amplitude recorded by an electrode hookup: Re-examination: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 51(3, Pt 2) Dec 1980, 1283-1287.
  • Yamamoto, T. (1987). Easy construction of an improved fine wire electrode for chronic single neuron recording in freely moving animals: Physiology & Behavior Vol 39(5) 1987, 649-652.
  • Yeomans, J. S., Mercouris, N., & Ellard, C. (1985). Behaviorally measured refractory periods are lengthened by reducing electrode tip exposure or raising current: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 99(5) Oct 1985, 913-928.
  • Yiannikas, C., & Walsh, J. C. (1983). The effects of some recording variables on the visual evoked response: A. A comparison of surface and needle electrode recording of the visual evoked response: American Journal of EEG Technology Vol 23(1) Mar 1983, 3-7.
  • Yoshimoto, K., Kato, B., Sakai, K., Shibata, M., Yano, T., & Yasuhara, M. (2001). Electroacupuncture stimulation suppresses the increase in alcohol-drinking behavior in restricted rats: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research Vol 25(Suppl6) Jun 2001, 63S-68S.
  • Yukawa, K., Cohen, L., Blamey, P., Pyman, B., Tungvachirakul, V., & O'Leary, S. (2004). Effects of Insertion Depth of Cochlear Implant Electrodes upon Speech Perception: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 9(3) May-Jun 2004, 163-172.
  • Yukawa, K., Cohen, L., Blarney, P., Pyman, B., Tungvachirakul, V., & O'Leary, S. (2004). Effects of Insertion Depth of Cochlear Implant Electrodes upon Speech Perception: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 9(2) Mar-Apr 2004, 163-172.
  • Zalud, V., Barcal, J., Cendelin, J., & Vozeh, F. (2001). EEG recording in mice during exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic field: Homeostasis in Health and Disease Vol 41(5) 2001, 203-206.
  • Zornetzer, S. F., Boast, C., & Hamrick, M. (1974). Neuroanatomic localization and memory processing in mice: The role of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus: Physiology & Behavior Vol 13(4) Oct 1974, 569-575.
  • Zwolan, T. A., Collins, L. M., & Wakefield, G. H. (1997). Electrode discrimination and speech recognition in postlingually deafened adult cochlear implant subjects: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol 102(6) Dec 1997, 3673-3685.


External links[]


This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).