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Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
Exhalation (or expiration) is the movement of air out of the bronchial tubes, through the airways, to the external environment during breathing.
Exhaled air is rich in carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration during the production of energy, which is stored in ATP.
Exhalation has a complementary relationship to inhalation; the cycling between these two efforts define respiration.
During forced exhalation, as when blowing out a candle, expiratory muscles including the abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles, generate abdominal and thoracic pressure, which forces air out of the lungs.
It is during exhalation that the olfaction contribution to flavor occurs in contrast to that of ordinary smell which occurs during the inhalation phase[1]
See also[]
References[]
- ↑ Masaoka Y, Satoh H, Akai L, Homma I. (2010). Expiration: The moment we experience retronasal olfaction in flavor. Neurosci Lett. 473:92–96. DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.02.024 PMID 20171264
External links[]
- MeSH Exhalation
- Dictionary at eMedicine Exhalation
- Physiology at MCG 4/4ch2/s4ch2_14
Respiratory system, physiology: respiratory physiology | |
|---|---|
| Volumes |
lung volumes - vital capacity - functional residual capacity - respiratory minute volume - closing capacity - dead space - spirometry - body plethysmography - peak flow meter - thoracic independent volume - bronchial challenge test |
| Airways |
ventilation (V) (positive pressure) - breath (inhalation, exhalation) -respiratory rate - respirometer - pulmonary surfactant - compliance - hysteresivity - airway resistance |
| Blood |
pulmonary circulation - perfusion (Q) - hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction - pulmonary shunt |
| Interactions |
ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q) and scan - zones of the lung - gas exchange - pulmonary gas pressures - alveolar gas equation - hemoglobin - oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve (2,3-DPG, Bohr effect, Haldane effect) - carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift) - oxyhemoglobin - respiratory quotient - arterial blood gas - diffusion capacity - Dlco |
| Control of respiration |
pons (pneumotaxic center, apneustic center) - medulla (dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group) - chemoreceptors (central, peripheral) - pulmonary stretch receptors - Hering-Breuer reflex |
| Insufficiency |
high altitude - oxygen toxicity - hypoxia |
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