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Bilateral exophthalmos.jpg|
| ICD-10 | H052 | |
|---|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 376.2-376.3 | |
| OMIM | [1] | |
| DiseasesDB | 18612 | |
| MedlinePlus | 003033 | |
| eMedicine | oph/616 | |
| MeSH | {{{MeshNumber}}} | |
Exophthalmos (also called exophthalmia or proptosis) is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. Exophthalmos can be either bilateral (as is often seen in Graves' disease) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor). Measurement of the degree of exophthalmos is performed using an exophthalmometer. Complete or partial dislocation from the orbit is also possible from trauma or swelling of surrounding tissue resulting from trauma.
In the case of Graves' disease, the displacement of the eye is due to abnormal connective tissue deposition in the orbit and extraocular muscles which can be visualized by CT or MRI.[1]
If left untreated, exophthalmos can cause the eye lids to fail to close during sleep leading to corneal dryness and damage. Another possible complication would be a form of redness/irritation called "Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis," where the area above the cornea becomes inflammed as a result of increased friction when blinking. The process that is causing the displacement of the eye may also compress the optic nerve or ophthalmic artery leading to blindness.
Exophthalmos vs. proptosis[]
Some sources define exophthalmos as a protrusion of the globe greater than 18 mm and proptosis as a protusion equal to or less than 18 mm. (Epstein et al., 2003). Others define exophthalmos as protrusion secondary to endocrine dysfunction and proptosis as any non-endocrine-mediated protrusion [2].
Causes[]
- Leukemias
- Orbital cellulitis
- Meningioma, sphenoid wing
- Dacryoadenitis
- Mucormycosis
- Dermoid
- Orbital fracture: apex, floor, medial wall, zygomatic
- Duane syndrome
- Carotid cavernous fistula
- Congenital glaucoma
- Eyelid ptosis: adult, congenital
- Hand-Schuller-Christian disease,
- Hemangioma, cavernous
- Thyroid ophthalmopathy (Graves' disease)
- High altitude cerebral edema (proptosis)
Exophthalmos in dogs[]
Exophthalmos in a Pug
- Main article: Eye proptosis
Exophthalmos is commonly found in dogs. It is seen in brachycephalic (short nosed) dog breeds because of the shallow orbit. However, it can lead to keratitis secondary to exposure of the cornea. Exophthalmos is commonly seen in the Pug, Boston Terrier, Pekingese, and Shih Tzu.
See also[]
- Boston's sign
- Enophthalmos
- Von Graefe's sign
- Graves ophthalmopathy
- Heino
References[]
- ↑ Owen Epstein, David Perkin, John Cookson, David P de Bono (April 2003). Clinical examination, 3rd edition, St. Louis: Mosby.
External links[]
Eye disease - pathology of the eye (H00-H59, 360-379) | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adnexa |
eyelid: inflammation (Stye, Chalazion, Blepharitis) - Entropion - Ectropion - Lagophthalmos - Blepharochalasis - Ptosis - Blepharophimosis - Xanthelasma - Trichiasis - Madarosis lacrimal system: Dacryoadenitis - Epiphora - Dacryocystitis orbit: Exophthalmos - Enophthalmos | ||||||||||||||
| Eyeball |
| ||||||||||||||
| Optic nerve and visual pathways |
Optic neuritis - Papilledema - Optic atrophy - Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy - Dominant optic atrophy - Optic disc drusen - Glaucoma - Toxic and nutritional optic neuropathy - Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy | ||||||||||||||
| Ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction |
Paralytic strabismus: Ophthalmoparesis - Progressive external ophthalmoplegia - Palsy (III, IV, VI) - Kearns-Sayre syndrome
Other strabismus: Esotropia/Exotropia - Hypertropia - Heterophoria (Esophoria, Exophoria) - Brown's syndrome - Duane syndrome | ||||||||||||||
| Visual disturbances and blindness |
Amblyopia - Leber's congenital amaurosis - Subjective (Asthenopia, Hemeralopia, Photophobia, Scintillating scotoma) - Diplopia - Scotoma - Anopsia (Binasal hemianopsia, Bitemporal hemianopsia, Homonymous hemianopsia, Quadrantanopia) - Color blindness (Achromatopsia, Dichromacy, Monochromacy) - Nyctalopia (Oguchi disease) - Blindness/Low vision | ||||||||||||||
| Pupil |
Anisocoria - Argyll Robertson pupil - Marcus Gunn pupil/Marcus Gunn phenomenon - Adie syndrome - Miosis - Mydriasis - Cycloplegia | ||||||||||||||
| Infectious diseases |
Trachoma - Onchocerciasis | ||||||||||||||
| Other |
Nystagmus - Glaucoma/Ocular hypertension - Floater - Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy - Red eye - Keratomycosis - Xerophthalmia - Phthisis bulbi | ||||||||||||||
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See also congenital | |||||||||||||||