View source for Expressive aphasia

{{ClinPsy}}
{{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
Name    = Expressive aphasia |
Image   = surfacegyri.jpg |
Caption = Figure one illustrates significant language areas of the [[brain]]. In Broca's aphasia, the area typically lost is highlighted in blue. In [[Wernicke's aphasia]], the area lost is highlighted in green. |
  Width          = 300 |
  ICD10          = {{ICD10|F|80|1|f|80}} |
  ICD9           = {{ICD9|315.31}} |
  ICDO           = |
  OMIM           = |
  DiseasesDB     = |
  MedlinePlus    = |
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}}

See: [[Anarthria]]

'''Expressive aphasia''' or '''nonfluent aphasia''', also known as '''Broca's aphasia''' in [[clinical neuropsychology]] and '''agrammatic aphasia''' in [[cognitive neuropsychology]], is an [[aphasia]] caused by damage to anterior regions of the [[brain]], including (but not limited to) the left inferior frontal region known as [[Broca's area]] ([[Brodmann area 44]] and [[Brodmann area 45]]).

Sufferers of this form of aphasia exhibit the common problem of '''[[agrammatism]]'''. For them, [[speech]] is difficult to initiate, [[fluency|non-fluent]], labored, and halting. [[Intonation]] and stress patterns are deficient. [[Language]] is reduced to disjointed words and sentence construction is poor, omitting [[function word]]s and [[inflections]] ([[bound morpheme]]s). A person with expressive aphasia might say ''"Son ... University ... Smart ... Boy ... Good ... Good ... "''

For example, in the following passage, a Broca's aphasic patient is trying to explain how he came to the hospital for dental surgery:
:Yes... ah... Monday... er... Dad and Peter H... (his own name), and Dad.... er... hospital... and ah... Wednesday... Wednesday, nine o'clock... and oh... Thursday... ten o'clock, ah doctors... two... an' doctors... and er... teeth... yah.<ref>{{cite book | first=H. | last=Goodglass | coauthors=N. Geschwind | chapter=Language disorders | editor=E. Carterette and M.P. Friedman | title=Handbook of Perception: Language and Speech. Vol VII | publisher=Academic Press | location=New York | year=1976}}</ref>

In extreme cases, patients may be only able to produce a single word. The most famous case of this was [[Paul Broca]]'s patient Leborgne, nicknamed "Tan", after the only syllable he could say. Even in such cases, over-learned and rote-learned speech patterns may be retained<ref>{{cite web | title= Specific Syndromes: The Nonfluent Aphasias | work=Neuropathologies of Language and Cognition | url=http://www.csuchico.edu/~pmccaff/syllabi/SPPA336/336unit7.html | accessdate=2006-05-10}}</ref>&mdash;for instance, some patients can count from one to ten, but cannot produce the same numbers in ordinary conversation.

[[Comprehension]] is usually preserved and patients who recover go on to say that they knew what they wanted to say but could not express themselves. Residual deficits will often be seen.

Expressive aphasia is also a classification of non-fluent aphasia, as opposed to fluent aphasia. Diagnosis is done on a case by case basis, as [[lesions]] often affect surrounding [[Cerebral cortex|cortex]] and deficits are not well conserved between patients.

== See also ==
* [[Broca's area]]
* [[Aphasia]]
* Compare with [[receptive aphasia|receptive aphasia (Wernicke's aphasia)]].

==References==
*[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?sourceid=mozclient&num=50&scoring=d&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&q=Expressive+aphasia Google Scholar]
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[[Category:Aphasia]]

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