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Interleukins are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins/signaling molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes), The term interleukine, (inter-) as a means of communication, (-leukin) deriving from the fact that many of these proteins are produced by leukocytes and act on leukocytes. The name is something of a relic though (the term was coined by Dr. Paetkau, University of Victoria); it has since been found that interleukins are produced by a wide variety of body cells. The function of the immune system depends in a large part on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency. The majority of interleukins are synthesized by helper CD4+ T lymphocytes, as well as through monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. They promote the development and differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells.
List[]
A list of interleukins:
| Name | Source [1] | Target receptors[1][2] | Target cells[1] | Function[1] |
| IL-1 | macrophages, B cells, monocytes [3], dendritic cells [3] | CD121a/IL1R1, CD121b/IL1R2 | T helper cells | co-stimulation [3] |
| B cells | maturation & proliferation [3] | |||
| Nk cells | activation[3] | |||
| macrophages, endothelium, other | inflammation[3], small amounts induce acute phase reaction, large amounts induce fever | |||
| IL-2 | TH1-cells | CD25/IL2RA, CD122/IL2RB, CD132/IL2RG | activated[3] T cells and B cells, NK cells, macrophages, oligodendrocytes | stimulates growth and differentiation of T cell response. Can be used in immunotherapy to treat cancer or suppressed for transplant patients. |
| IL-3 | activated T helper cells[3], mast cells, NK cells, endothelium, eosinophils | CD123/IL3RA, CD131/IL3RB | hematopoietic stem cells | differentiation and proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells [3] to e.g. erythrocytes, granulocytes |
| mast cells | growth and histamine release[3] | |||
| IL-4 | TH2-cells, just activated naive CD4+ cell, memory CD4+ cells, mast cells, macrophages | CD124/IL4R, CD132/IL2RG | activated B cells | proliferation and differentiation, IgG1 and IgE synthesis[3]. Important role in allergic response (IgE) |
| T cells | proliferation[3] | |||
| endothelium | ||||
| IL-5 | TH2-cells, mast cells, eosinophils | CD125/IL5RA, CD131/IL3RB | eosinophils | production |
| B cells | differentiation, IgA production | |||
| IL-6 | macrophages, TH2-cells, B cells, astrocytes, endothelium | CD126/IL6RA, CD130/IR6RB | activated B cells | differentiation into plasma cells |
| plasma cells | antibody secretion | |||
| hematopoietic stem cells | differentiation | |||
| T cells, others | induces acute phase reaction, hematopoiesis, differentiation, inflammation | |||
| IL-7 | bone marrow stromal cells and thymus stromal cells | CD127/IL7RA, CD132/IL2RG | pre/pro-B cell, pre/pro-T cell, NK cells | differentiation and proliferation of lymphoid progenitor cells, involved in B, T, and NK cell survival, development, and homeostasis, ↑proinflammatory cytokines |
| IL-8 | macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelial cells, endothelial cells | CXCR1/IL8RA, CXCR2/IL8RB/CD128 | neutrophils, basophils, lymphocytes | Neutrophil chemotaxis |
| IL-9 | Th2-cells, specifically by CD4+ helper cells | CD129/IL9R | T cells, B cells | Potentiates IgM, IgG, IgE, stimulates mast cells |
| IL-10 | monocytes, TH2-cells, CD8+ T cells, mast cells, macrophages, B cell subset | CD210/IL10RA, CDW210B/IL10RB | macrophages | cytokine production[3] |
| B cells | activation [3] | |||
| mast cells | ||||
| Th1 cells | inhibits Th1 cytokine production (IFN-γ, TNF-β, IL-2) | |||
| Th2 cells | Stimulation | |||
| IL-11 | bone marrow stroma | IL11RA | bone marrow stroma | acute phase protein production, osteoclast formation |
| IL-12 | dendritic cells, B cells, T cells, macrophages | CD212/IL12RB1, IR12RB2 | activated [3] T cells, | differentiation into Cytotoxic T cells with IL-2[3], ↑ IFN-γ, TNF-α, ↓ IL-10 |
| NK cells | ↑ IFN-γ, TNF-α | |||
| IL-13 | activated TH2-cells, mast cells, NK cells | IL13R | TH2-cells, B cells, macrophages | Stimulates growth and differentiation of B-Cells (IgE), inhibits TH1-cells and the production of macrophage inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-1, IL-6), ↓ IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 |
| IL-14 | T cells and certain malignant B cells | activated B cells | controls the growth and proliferation of B cells, inhibits Ig secretion | |
| IL-15 | mononuclear phagocytes (and some other cells), especially macrophages following infection by virus(es) | IL15RA | T cells, activated B cells | Induces production of Natural Killer Cells |
| IL-16 | lymphocytes, epithelial cells, eosinophils, CD8+ T cells | CD4 | CD4+ T cells | CD4+ chemoattractant |
| IL-17 | subsets of T cells | CDw217/IL17RA, IL17RB | epithelium, endothelium, other | osteoclastogenesis, angiogenesis, ↑ inflammatory cytokines |
| IL-18 | macrophages | CDw218a/IL18R1 | Th1 cells, NK cells | Induces production of IFNγ, ↑ NK cell activity |
| IL-19 | - | IL20R | - | |
| IL-20 | - | IL20R | regulates proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes | |
| IL-21 | activated T helper cells, NKT cells | IL21R | All lymphocytes, dendritic cells | costimulates activation and proliferation of CD8+ T cells, augment NK cytotoxicity, augments CD40-driven B cell proliferation, differentiation and isotype switching, promotes differentiation of Th17 cells |
| IL-22 | - | IL22R | Activates STAT1 and STAT3 and increases production of acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid A, Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and haptoglobin in hepatoma cell lines | |
| IL-23 | - | IL23R | Increases angiogenesis but reduces CD8 T-cell infiltration | |
| IL-24 | - | IL20R | Plays important roles in tumor suppression, wound healing and psoriasis by influencing cell survival. | |
| IL-25 | - | LY6E | Induces the production IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, which stimulate eosinophil expansion | |
| IL-26 | - | IL20R1 | Enhances secretion of IL-10 and IL-8 and cell surface expression of CD54 on epithelial cells | |
| IL-27 | - | IL27RA | Regulates the activity of B lymphocyte and T lymphocytes | |
| IL-28 | - | IL28R | Plays a role in immune defense against viruses | |
| IL-29 | - | Plays a role in host defenses against microbes | ||
| IL-30 | - | Forms one chain of IL-27 | ||
| IL-31 | - | IL31RA | May play a role in inflammation of the skin | |
| IL-32 | - | Induces monocytes and macrophages to secrete TNF-α, IL-8 and CXCL2 | ||
| IL-33 | - | Induces helper T cells to produce type 2 cytokine | ||
| IL-35 | regulatory T cells | Suppression of T helper cell activation |
See also[]
References[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is: Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Immunology. Paperback: 384 pages. Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; (July 1, 2007). Language: English. ISBN 0781795435. ISBN 978-0781795432. Page 68
- ↑ Noosheen Alaverdi & David Sehy. Cytokines - Master Regulators of the Immune System. eBioscience. URL accessed on 2008-02-28.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 Cytokine tutorial, The University of Arizona
External links[]
- HGNC Gene Family Nomenclature: Interleukin and Interleukin Receptor Gene Symbols
- Interleukin Antibody Review
Cell signaling: cytokines |
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Autocrine motility factor - Chemokine - Hematopoietic (Stem cell factor, Colony-stimulating factor) - Hepatocyte growth factor - Interferon - Interleukin - Leukemia inhibitory factor - Lymphokine (Lymphotoxin, Transfer factor) - Monokine - Oncostatin M - Osteopontin - TGF beta - Tumor necrosis factor |
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