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Language: Linguistics · Semiotics · Speech
In phonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
Labiodental consonant in IPA[]
The labiodental consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:
IPA | Description | Example | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | ||
p̪ | voiceless labiodental plosive | ||||
b̪ | voiced labiodental plosive | ||||
p̪͡f | voiceless labiodental affricate | Tsonga | N/A | [tiɱp̪͡fuβu] | 'hippos' |
b̪͡v | voiced labiodental affricate | Tsonga | N/A | [ʃileb̪͡vu] | 'chin' |
ɱ | labiodental nasal | English | symphony | [ˈsɪɱfəni] | 'symphony' |
f | voiceless labiodental fricative | English | fan | [fæn] | 'fan' |
v | voiced labiodental fricative | English | van | [væn] | 'van' |
ʋ | labiodental approximant | Dutch | wang | [ʋɑŋ] | 'cheek' |
ⱱ | labiodental flap | Mono | vwa | [ⱱa] | 'send' |
The IPA symbol ɧ refers to a sound occurring in Swedish, officially described as similar to the velar fricative [x], but one dialectal variant is a rounded, velarized labiodental, less ambiguously rendered as [fˠʷ].
Occurrence[]
The only common labiodental sounds to occur phonemically are the fricatives and the approximant. The labiodental flap occurs phonemically in over a dozen languages, but it is restricted geographically to central and southeastern Africa (Olson & Hajek 2003). With most other manners of articulation, the norm are bilabial consonants (which together with labiodentals, form the class of labial consonants).
[ɱ] is quite common, but in all or nearly all languages in which it occurs, it occurs only as an allophone of /m/ before labiodental consonants such as /v/ and /f/. It has been reported to occur phonemically in a dialect of Teke, but similar claims in the past have proven spurious.
The XiNkuna dialect of Tsonga features a pair of affricates as phonemes. In some other languages, such as Xhosa, affricates may occur as allophones of the fricatives. These differ from the German bilabial-labiodental affricate <pf>, which commences with a bilabial p. All these affricates are rare sounds.
The plosives are not confirmed to exist as separate phonemes in any language. They are sometimes written as ȹ ȸ (qp and db ligatures). They may also be found in children's speech or as speech impediments[citation needed].
See also[]
- Place of articulation
- List of phonetics topics
- Dentolabial consonant
References[]
- Ladefoged, Peter (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
- Olson, Kenneth S. & John Hajek. 2003. Crosslinguistic insights on the labial flap. Linguistic Typology 7(2). 157–186
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