(New page: {{LangPsy}} '''Manually Coded Languages''' (MCLs) are representations of spoken languages in a gestural-visual form; that is, "sign language" versions of spoken languages. Unlike the [[sig...) |
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| − | '''Manually Coded Languages''' (MCLs) are representations of spoken languages in a gestural-visual form; that is, "sign language" versions of spoken languages. Unlike the [[sign language]]s that have evolved naturally in [[Deaf community|Deaf communities]], which have distinct spatial structures, Manually Coded Languages are the invention of [[Hearing (person)|hearing people]], and mostly follow the [[grammar]] of the spoken language — or, more precisely, of the written form of the spoken language. They have been mainly used in [[deaf education]] and by sign language [[Interpreting|interpreters]], although they have had some influence on Deaf sign languages where their implementation was widespread. |
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| − | ==History== |
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| − | It is unknown when the first attempts were made to represent a spoken language with gesture. Indeed, some have speculated that spoken languages may have evolved from sign languages, and there may be undocumented cases in history when spoken and signed modes of a language existed side by side. It is not uncommon for people to develop gestures to replace words or phrases in contexts where speech is not possible or not permitted, such as in a [[television studio]], but these are usually limited in scope and rarely develop into complete representations of a spoken language. One of the most elaborated examples of this kind of auxiliary manual system is [[Warlpiri Sign Language]], a complete signed mode of [[Warlpiri language|spoken Warlpiri]] which was developed by an [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] community in [[central Australia]] due to cultural proscriptions against speech. Sign language linguists usually make a distinction between these [[auxiliary sign language]]s and Manually Coded Languages; the latter are specifically designed for use in Deaf education, and usually represent the written form of the language. |
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| − | In [[seventh century]] England, [[Bede]], a [[Benedictine]] monk, proposed a system for representing the letters of the [[Latin alphabet]] on the fingers. [[Monastic Sign Language]]s used throughout [[medieval Europe]] used [[manual alphabet]]s as well as signs, and were capable of representing a written language, if one had enough patience. Aside from the commonly understood rationale of observing "[[Vow of silence|vows of silence]]", they also served as [[mnemonic]]s (memory aids) for preachers. These manual alphabets began to be used to teach the deaf children of royalty in [[17th century]] Spain, and can be seen as a kind of proto-Manually Coded Language. Such alphabets are in widespread use today by signing deaf communities for representing words or phrases of the spoken language used in their part of the world. |
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| − | The earliest known attempt to develop a complete signed mode of a language which could be used to teach deaf children was by the [[Abbé de l'Épée]], an educator from [[18th century]] France. While the Deaf community already used a sign language (now known as [[Old French Sign Language]]), Épée thought it must be primitive, and set about designing a complete visual-gestural system to represent the concepts of religion and law that he wanted to impart to his pupils. His system of ''signes méthodiques'' (usually known in English as "Methodical Signs") was quite idiosyncratic, and although it wasn't a strict representation of French, its success laid the groundwork for the "[[#Signed spoken languages|signed spoken languages]]" of today. The real proliferation of such systems occurred in the latter half of the [[20th century]], and by the [[1980s]], Manually Coded Languages were the dominant form of communication used by teachers and interpreters in classrooms with deaf students in many parts of the world. Most sign language "[[interpreting]]" seen on television in the 1970s and 1980s would have in fact been a [[transliteration]] of a spoken language into a Manually Coded Language. |
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| − | The emerging [[recognition of sign languages]] in recent times has curbed the growth of Manually Coded Languages, and in many places, interpreting and educational services now favor the use of the natural sign languages of the Deaf community. In some parts of the world, MCLs continue to be developed and supported by state institutions; a contemporary example is [[Arabic Sign Language]]. Some MCL systems (such as the [[Paget Gorman Sign System]]) have survived by shifting their focus from deaf education to people with other kinds of communication needs. |
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| − | ==Criticisms== |
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| − | The use of MCLs is controversial, and has been opposed since Épée's time by "[[oralism|oralists]]" who believe Deaf people should speak, lipread and use [[hearing aids]] rather than sign — and on the other side, from defenders of [[Deaf culture]] who resist attempts to supplant their community language with the language of the dominant (Hearing) culture. Members of the signing Deaf community usually find MCLs "unnatural" and "cumbersome", but elements of these systems have also had an influence on deaf sign languages (see [[Contact Sign]]). |
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| − | Research in the U.S. have shown that [[Manually Coded English]] is usually applied incompletely and inconsistently in classrooms — Hearing teachers tend to "cut corners" by not signing word endings and "[[function word]]s", possibly because they slow down the pace and distort the phrasing of the teacher's natural speech. The result is a kind of "[[Pidgin Sign English]]" which lacks the grammatical complexity of both English and [[American Sign Language]]. |
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| − | ==Major approaches== |
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| − | There have been many different approaches to manually coding spoken languages. Some consist of [[fingerspelling]] everything, a technique sometimes known in English as the "Rochester method" after Rochester School for the Deaf in [[New York]] where it was used from [[1878]] until the [[1940s]]. While most MCLs are slower than spoken or sign languages, this method is especially so, and in modern times is generally considered not to be accessible to children. However, some [[deafblind]] people still communicate primarily using the Rochester Method. Most Manually Coded Languages can accommodate [[Simultaneous Communication]] — that is, signing and speaking at the same time — although the natural pace of speech may need to be slowed down at times. |
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| − | A unique system that was widespread in British deaf education from the [[1960s]] to the [[1980s]] is the [[Paget Gorman Sign System]]. Developed in Britain 1930s, it uses 37 basic signs and 21 standard hand postures to represent a large vocabulary of English words, word endings and verb tenses. |
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| − | ===Signed spoken languages=== |
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| − | These systems ("[[Signed English]]", "Signed German" and so on) were the vehicle for the world-wide explosion of MCLs in deaf education in the second half of the 20th century, and are what is generally meant by the phrase "Manually Coded Language" today. They aim to be a word-for-word representation of the written form of a spoken language, and accordingly require the development of an enormous vocabulary. They usually achieve this by taking signs ("[[lexicon]]") from the local deaf [[sign language]] as a base, then adding specially-created signs for words and word endings that don't exist in the deaf sign language, often using "initialisations", and filling in any gaps with [[fingerspelling]]. Thus "Signed English" in America (based on [[American Sign Language|ASL]]) has a lexicon quite different to "Signed English" in [[Great Britain|Britain]] (based on [[British Sign Language|BSL]]), as well as the Signed Englishes of Ireland, Australasia and South Africa. "[[Signing Exact English]]" (SEE2) was developed in the United States in 1969, has also been taught around the world, and is now used in deaf schools in [[Singapore]], and taught in classes by the Singapore Association for the Deaf.<ref>[http://www.sadeaf.org.sg/Sign%20Language.htm Sign Language] (Signapore Association or the Deaf website)</ref> |
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| − | ===Mouth Hand Systems=== |
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| − | Another widespread approach is to visually represent the [[phoneme]]s (sounds) of a spoken language, rather than the written form of a spoken language. These systems are sometimes known as "Mouth Hand Systems" (MHS). An early example was developed in Denmark in 1903 by Georg Forchhammer.<ref>Birch-Rasmussen, S. (1982). ''Mundhandsystemet.'' Copenhagen: Doves Center for Total Kommunikation.<br>Reynolds, Brian Watkins (1980). ''Speechreading training related to the Danish mouth handsystem for adventitiously hearing impaired adults.'' Ann Arbor : U.M.I. 1980 - 145 p. Dissertation: Purdue Univ.</ref> Others include the Assisted Kinemes Alphabet (Belgium) and an [[Iran]]ian system developed in 1935 by Jabar Baghcheban<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/abehmanesh/IranDeaf.htm Deaf Way II Presentation |
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| − | On Iranian Deaf Culture], by Abbas Ali Behmanesh</ref> — in addition to the most widespread MHS worldwide, [[Cued Speech]]. As the entire set of phonemes for a spoken language is small (English has 35 to 45, depending on the [[dialect]]), an MHS is relatively easy to adapt for other languages. As of [[2006]], 60 languages or dialects have Cued Speech systems, though many are not in use or in marginal use. |
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| − | Cued Speech can be seen as a manual supplement to [[lipreading]]. A small number of handshapes (representing [[consonant]]s) and locations near the mouth (representing [[vowel]]s) differentiate between sounds not distinguishable from on the lips; in [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal languages]], the inclination and movement of the hand follows the tone. When viewed together with lip patterns, the gestures render all [[phoneme]]s of the spoken language intelligible visually. |
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| − | Cued Speech is not traditionally referred to as a Manually Coded Language; although it was developed with the same aims as the Signed Spoken Languages, to improve English language literacy in Deaf children, it follows the sounds rather than the written form of the spoken language. Thus, speakers with different accents will "cue" differently. |
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| − | ==List of manually coded languages== |
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| − | Note: This list is incomplete. Please add known MCLs. |
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| − | {| class="wikitable" style="border |1px | background-color |#f7f8ff" align=center cellpadding="7" |
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| − | !width="200"|Language!!|Signed Spoken Language!!|Mouth-Hand System |
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| − | | [[Afrikaans]] || [[Signed Afrikaans]] || Cued Speech (Afrikaans) |
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| − | | [[Alu language|Alu]] (Thailand) || || Cued Speech (Alu) |
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| − | | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] || [[Signed Amharic]] |
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| − | | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Arabic Sign Language]] || Cued Speech (Arabic) |
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| − | | [[Bahasa Melayu]] || ''see Malay.'' |
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| − | | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || || Cued Speech (Bengali) |
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| − | | [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] || || Cued Speech (Belarusian) |
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| − | | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || ''see dialects below.'' |
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| − | | - [[Cantonese (linguistics)|Cantonese]] || || Cued Speech (Cantonese (Chinese)) |
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| − | | - [[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]] || [[Wenfa Shouyu]] (Signed Mandarin (Taiwan)) || Cued Speech (Mandarin) |
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| − | | [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || || Cued Speech (Catalan) |
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| − | | [[Croatian language|Croatian]] || || Cued Speech (Croatian-Serbian) |
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| − | | [[Czech language|Czech]] || || Cued Speech (Czech) |
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| − | | [[Danish language|Danish]] || [[Signed Danish]] || Cued Speech (Danish) |
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| − | | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || ''see dialects below.'' || Cued Speech (Dutch) |
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| − | | - Netherlandic Dutch || Nederlands met Gebaren, NmG ("[[Signed Dutch]] (Netherlands)"); [[Sign Supported Dutch]] |
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| − | | - [[Flemish language|Flemish]] || Vlamisch met Gebaren, VmG ("[[Signed Dutch]] (Belgium)") |
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| − | | [[English language|English]] (see [[Manually Coded English]]) || The "[[Rochester Method]]" — (different [[manual alphabet]]s are used in different regions). ''See also dialects below.''. |
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| − | | - [[American English]] || American [[Signed English]]; [[Seeing Essential English]] (SEE1); [[Signing Exact English]] (SEE2); [[Linguistics of Visual English]] (LOVE); [[Conceptually Accurate Signed English]] (CASE) || Cued Speech (American English) |
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| − | | - [[Australian English]] || Australasian [[Signed English]] || Cued Speech (Australian English) |
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| − | | - [[British English]] || British [[Signed English]]; [[Sign Supported Speech]] (SSS) or Sign Supported English (SSE) (speaking English with key-word signing); [[Paget Gorman Signed Speech]] (PGSS) || Cued Speech (British, Standard Southern) |
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| − | | - [[Hiberno-English]] (Ireland) || [[Signed English]] (Ireland) |
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| − | | - [[Scottish English]] || || Cued Speech (Scottish English) |
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| − | | - [[South African English]] || || Cued Speech (South African English) |
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| − | | - [[Trinidadian Creole English]] and [[Tobagonian Creole English]] || || Cued Speech (Trinidad-Tobago (English)) |
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| − | | [[Esperanto]] || [[Signuno]] || |
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| − | | [[Filipino language|Filipino]] || || Cued Speech (Filipino-Tagalog) |
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| − | | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] || [[Signed Finnish]] || Cued Speech (Finnish and Finnish-Swedish) |
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| − | | [[Flemish language|Flemish]] || ''see Dutch (Belgium).'' |
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| − | | [[French language|French]] || ''see dialects below.'' |
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| − | | - [[Belgian French]] || [[Signed French]] (Belgium) || |
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| − | | - [[Canadian French]] || [[Signed French]] (Canada) || Cued Speech (French-Canadian) |
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| − | | - Standard French (France) || le Français Signé ([[Signed French]], France) || Cued Speech (French) ("Langage parlé complété", LPC) |
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| − | | [[German language|German]] || ''see dialects below.'' |
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| − | | - Standard German || [[Signed German]] - Lautsprachbegleitende Gebärden or Lautbegleitende Gebärden (LBG, "Speech accompanied signs") || Cued Speech (German) (''Phonembestimmes Manualsystem'', "Phonemic Manual System") |
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| − | | - [[Swiss German]] || || Cued Speech (Swiss German) |
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| − | | [[Greek language|Greek]] || || Cued Speech (Greek) |
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| − | | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || || Cued Speech (Gujarati) |
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| − | | [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] || || Cued Speech (Hawaiian) |
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| − | | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] || [[Signed Hebrew]] || Cued Speech |
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| − | | [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]] || [[Indian Signing System]] (ISS) (vocabulary taken from ISL, adapted for various Indian languages) || ''see dialects below.'' |
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| − | | - [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || || Cued Speech (Hindi) |
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| − | | - [[Urdu]] || [[Signed Urdu]] || |
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| − | | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] || || Cued Speech (Hungarian) |
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| − | | [[Igbo language|Igbo]] || || Cued Speech (Igbo) |
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| − | | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] || [[Sistem Isyarat Bahasa Indonesia]] (SIBI, "Signed Indonesian") || Cued Speech (Indonesian) |
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| − | | [[Italian language|Italian]] || ''Italiano Segnato'', "Signed Italian" || Cued Speech (Italian) |
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| − | | [[Japanese language|Japanese]] || [[Signed Japanese]] (also known as Manually Coded Japanese, Simultaneous Methodic Signs) || Cued Speech |
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| − | | [[Kituba language|Kituba]] ([[Kongo language|Kongo]]-based creole) || || Cued Speech (Kiluba-Kituba) |
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| − | | [[Korean language|Korean]] || || Cued Speech (Korean) |
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| − | | [[Lingala language|Lingala]] || || Cued Speech (Lingala) |
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| − | | [[Luba-Katanga language|Luba-Katanga]] || || Cued Speech (Kiluba-Kituba) |
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| − | | [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] || || Cued Speech (Malagasy) |
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| − | | [[Malay language|Malay]] || [[Bahasa Malaysia Kod Tangan]] (BMKT) (Manually Coded Malay) |
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| − | | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || || Cued Speech (Malayalam) |
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| − | | [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]] || ''See Chinese.'' |
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| − | | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || || Cued Speech |
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| − | | [[Navajo language|Navajo]] || || Cued Speech |
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| − | | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || [[Signed Norwegian]] || |
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| − | | [[Oriya language|Oriya]] || || Cued Speech |
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| − | | [[Persian language|Persian]] || Baghcheban phonetic hand alphabet || |
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| − | | [[Polish language|Polish]] || [[System Językowo-Migowy]] (SJM) (Signed Polish); [[Signing Exact Polish]] || Cued Speech |
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| − | | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || [[Signed Portuguese]] || ''see dialects below.'' |
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| − | |- - [[Brazilian Portuguese]] || || Cued Speech (Brazilian) |
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| − | |- - [[European Portuguese]] || || Cued Speech (European) [http ||//www.dailycues.com/PFC/ (Português Falado Complementado)] |
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| − | | [[Russian language|Russian]] || [[Signed Russian]] || |
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| − | | [[Serbian language|Serbian]] || || Cued Speech (Croatian-Serbian) |
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| − | | [[Shona language|Shona]] || || Cued Speech (Shona) |
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| − | | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Signed Spanish]] || Cued Speech (Spanish) (Método Oral Complementado, MOC) |
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| − | | [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || || Cued Speech (Swahili) |
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| − | | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || [[Tecknad svenska]], ("Signed Swedish"), developed in the 1970s but now largely out of use || Cued Speech (Swedish) |
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| − | | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] || || Cued Speech (Filipino-Tagalog) |
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| − | | [[Telugu language|Telegu]] || || Cued Speech (Telegu) |
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| − | | [[Thai language|Thai]] || || Cued Speech (Thai) |
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| − | | [[Tshiluba language|Tshiluba]] || || Cued Speech (Tshiluba) |
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| − | | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] || || Cued Speech (Turkish) |
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| − | | [[Urdu]] || ''see Hindi-Urdu''. |
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| − | | [[Warlpiri language|Warlpiri]] (Australia) || [[Warlpiri Sign Language]] || |
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| − | |} |
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| − | ==See also== |
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| − | *[[Contact sign]] — A variety or style of signing arising from contact between a spoken or manually coded language and a deaf sign language. |
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| − | *[[Manual alphabet]] — a means of representing the written alphabet of a spoken language, but often a central part of natural sign languages. |
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| − | *[[Manually Coded English]] |
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| − | *[[Makaton]] |
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| − | ==References== |
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| − | {{Reflist}} |
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| − | *[[ISO 639-2]] codes for "signed spoken languages" (eg. Ethnologue [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso639/sgn.html Table C]) |
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| − | *[http://www.cuedspeech.org/sub/cued/language.asp Cued Languages] - list of languages and dialects to which Cued Speech has been adapted. |
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| − | *[http://library.gallaudet.edu/dr/faq-world-sl-name.html Sign Languages and Codes of the World by Region] and [http://library.gallaudet.edu/dr/faq-world-sl-name.html by Name] - Gallaudet University library online |
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| − | *[http://rehabcouncil.nic.in/programmes/short_term.htm?PHPSESSID=f0217d54e375f0e7fabb50e191dc6977 Rehab Council of India] |
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| − | * Kluwin, T. (l981). The grammaticality of manual representation of English in classroom settings. American Annals of the Deaf, 126, 417-421. |
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| − | * Marmor, G. & Pettito, L. (l979). Simultaneous communication in the classroom: How well is English grammar represented? Sign Language Studies, 23, 99-136. |
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| − | * Woodward, J. & Allen, T. (l988). Classroom use of artificial sign systems by teachers. Sign Language Studies, 61, 405-418. |
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| − | ==Links== |
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| − | *[http://www.dailycues.com/ Cued Speech: General Information, Resources, Events, and Classes] |
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| − | [[Category:Deaf]] |
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| − | [[Category:Sign systems]] |
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| − | |||
| − | {{enWP|Manually Coded Language}} |
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