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Variation in the physical appearance of humans is believed by anthropologists to be an important factor in the development of personality and social relations in particular physical attractiveness. There is a relatively low sexual dimorphism between human males and females in comparison with other mammals. However humans are acutely sensitive to variations in physical appearance for reasons of evolution. Some differences in human appearance are genetic, others are the result of age or disease, and many are the result of personal adornment.
Some people have traditionally linked some differences in personal appearance such as skeletal shape with race, such as prognathism or elongated stride (but this is a controversial and sensitive matter). Different cultures place different degrees of emphasis on physical appearance and its importance to social status and other phenomena.
Physiological differences in human physical appearance from individual to individual[]
- Height, body weight, skin color, sexual organs, moles, hair color and type, eye color, nose shape, body shape, body deformations, mutilations and other imperfections such as amputations, scars, and wounds. Genital modification and mutilation is particularly common in some cultures.
Long-term physiological changes in an individual[]
Short-term physiological changes in an individual[]
- Blushing, crying, fainting, sexual arousal, reddening of the skin due to increased blood flow due to exertion. Sweating, Shivering, skin color changes due to sunshine.
Clothing and personal effects[]
- clothing, including headgear and footwear; some clothes alter or mold the shape of the body (e.g. corset, bra)
- style and colour of haircut
- cosmetics, body paintings
- body modifications, such as body piercings and tattoos
- decorative objects (jewelry)
- medical or body shape altering devices (e.g. tooth braces, bandages, hearing aids, calipers, cervical collar, glasses, gold teeth)
Physical appearance in childhood and adolecence[]
Physical appearance and physical health conditions[]
See also[]
- Beauty
- Blushing
- Body image
- Clothing
- Common human variations
- Cosmetic technique
- Eigenface
- Face perception
- Facial features
- Facial symmetry
- Fashion
- Fluctuating asymmetry
- Hair coloring
- Nudity
- Mimicry (biology)
- Physical attractiveness
- Physical disfigurement
- Physique
- Plastic surgery
- Posture
- Recognition of human individuals
- Sexual attraction
- Social aspects of clothing
- Social role of hair
- Somatypes
- Ugliness
- Vanity
References[]
Books[]
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Dissertations[]
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- Camacho-Gonsalves, T. (2002). Depressive symptomatology among Dominicans: Links to acculturative and economic stressors, skin tone, and perceived discrimination. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
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- Dolber, A. (1981). The role of dress in the formation of first impressions: An investigation of psychological dimensions of discrimination: Dissertation Abstracts International.
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- Econom, E. J. (1994). Women's level of public self-consciousness and level of traditional sex role orientation and ideas about beauty for themselves and women in general. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
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- Engstrom, E. J. (1992). Effects of sex and appearance on ratings of source credibility: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Evans, R. R. (1997). The influence of social identity on sociocultural attitudes towards appearance and weight preoccupation among college females. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
- Fehr, A. J. (1989). Association bias and appearance similarity in impression formation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Fidler, D. J. (2001). Parental vocalization patterns and perceived maturity in Down syndrome. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Gearhart, J. M. (1996). Self-concept in adult women: A multidimensional approach. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
- Giblin, A. A. (2004). Adolescent girls' appearance conversations: Evaluation, pressure and coping. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
- Gold, G. C. (1983). Intelligence, job preparation, social skills and dress as predictive indices of the employability of White mentally retarded males: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Gold, M. E. (1999). The effects of the physical features associated with albinism on the self-esteem of African-American youth with albinism. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
- Gorum, W. J. (1982). The relationship between skin color and self-concept among University of Maryland Black students: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Grams, G. R. (1997). Self-deception in perception of personal appearance. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Greenleaf, C. A. (2001). Self-objectification among physically active women: Negative psychological and behavioral correlates. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Hansen, M. B. (2005). A discourse-based account of young children's understanding of the appearance-reality problem. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Harris, B. F. (1992). Children of a lesser god: Parental acceptance of normal-appearing, mentally retarded progeny: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Haubrich, K. A. (1996). The development of an instrument to measure maternal perceptions of the physical appearance of their infants at birth. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Heinberg, L. J., Thompson, J. K., & Stormer, S. (1995). Development and validation of the sociocultural attitudes towards appearance questionnaire: International Journal of Eating Disorders Vol 17(1) Jan 1995, 81-89.
- Heller, G. (1991). Effects of deviant disabled appearance on bystander cooperation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Hill, C. P. (1983). The effect of physical appearance and contact on the attitude of regular students toward the integration of the mentally retarded: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Hill, E. M. (1984). Ornamentation and physical attractiveness: The influence of physique and status displays on physical, marital, and sexual attractiveness: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Holle, C. V. (1999). Male body image: An examination of the cognitive and behavioral effects of self-perceived overweight and underweight in college men. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Horowitz, S. B. (1983). Social and psychological effects of changing physical appearance: A before and after study of rhinoplasty patients: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Hung, Y. G. (1996). Cultural diversity, self-efficacy, and affirmative action: Toward an understanding of Asian-American career outcomes in the American workplace. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Imarogbe, K. A. (2004). Perceived racism, Afrocentrism, and black racial identity as predictors of body dissatisfaction in Black Americans. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Jarvie, G. J. (1983). Social rejection of the obese as a function of situational and appearance factors: The influence of body build on social approach in the ninth grade: Dissertation Abstracts International.
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External links[]
- A discussion of the possible effect of physical appearance on personality development at personalityresearch.org
- Page with a list of links to discussions of the role of physical appearance in sexual selection and evolution. We need to link to their links directly, having read them, as this page is a blizzard of pop-up ads
- S. Ghirlanda, L. Jansson, M. Enquist; "Chickens Prefer Beautiful Humans", Human Nature, Volume 13, Number 3 (2002) pp. 383-389
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