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A reference range is a set of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results. The range is usually defined as the set of values 95% of the normal population falls within.
The reference range will vary, depending on the age, sex and race of a population, and even the instruments the laboratory uses to perform the tests. Furthermore, by definition, 5% of the normal population will fall outside the reference range. The values given below therefore are given as examples only and should not be used to interpret individual test results. Factors other than medical conditions can affect laboratory values, such as male or female sex, diet, use of drugs (prescribed, over-the-counter and herbal remedies), and stress, as well as other more exotic factors like altitude.
Sorted by concentration[]
By mass[]
Reference ranges for some blood tests, sorted by mass. Template:Wide image
By molarity[]
Reference ranges for some blood tests, sorted by molarity. Template:Wide image
Clinical biochemistry[]
- Items marked with a ** are part of "CHEM-7"[1] and CHEM-20
- Items marked with a * are part of "CHEM-20"[2], but not CHEM-7
Electrolytes and Metabolites[]
Electrolytes and Metabolites:
| Test [3] | Patient type | Lower limit [3] | Upper limit[3] | Unit | Comments |
| ** Sodium (Na) | 135[4]-137[5] | 145[5]-147[4] | mmol/L or mEq/L[4] | ||
| ** Potassium (K) | 3.5[4]-3.6[5] | 5.0[5][4]-5.1 | mmol/L or mEq/L[4] | ||
| Chloride (Cl) | 95[4]-98 | 105[4]-107 | mmol/L or mEg/L[4] | ||
| Osmolality | 275[4] | 295[4] | mOsm/kg | ||
| Urea | 1.2[4]-2.5 | 3.0[4]-6.4 | mmol/L | ** BUN - blood urea nitrogen | |
| 7[4] | 18[4]-21[5] | mg/dL | |||
| * Uric acid[5] | 0.18[4] | 0.48[4] | mmol/L | ||
| 3.0[4]3.5 | 8.2[4]-8.5 | mg/dL | |||
| ** Creatinine | male | 62 | 115 | μmol/L | May be complemented with creatinine clearance |
| 0.7 | 1.3 | mg/dL | |||
| female | 53 | 97 | μmol/L | ||
| 0.6 | 1.1 | mg/dL | |||
| ** Glucose (fasting) | 3.8[4]-3.9 | <6.1[6] | mmol/L | See also glycosylated hemoglobin (in hematology) | |
| 65[5]-70[4] | <100[6] | mg/dL | |||
| Total serum iron (TSI) | male | 65[7]-76[5] | 176[7]-198[5] | µg/dL | |
| female | 26[5]-50[7] | 170[7][5] | |||
| newborns[7] | 100 | 250 | |||
| children[7] | 50 | 120 | |||
| Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) | 240[7]-262[5] | 450[7]-474[5] | |||
| Transferrin[5] | 204 | 360 | mg/dL | ||
| Transferrin saturation[7] | 20 | 50 | % | ||
| Ferritin[5] | Male | 12[8] | 300[8] | ng/mL | |
| Female | 12[8] | 150[8] |
Acid and base[]
- Further information: Acid base physiology
- Further information: Arterial blood gas
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| pH | 7.34[5]-7.35[4] | 7.44[5]-7.45[4] | ||
| [H+] | 36[4] | 44[4] | nmol/L | |
| base excess | -3 | +3 | ||
| PO2 | 10[4] | 13-14[4] | kPa | |
| 75[5][4] | 100[5]-105[4] | mmHg | ||
| ** PCO2 | 4.4[4]4.8 | 5.8-5.9[4] | kPa | |
| 33[4]-35[5] | 44[4]-45[5] | mmHg | ||
| Bicarbonate (HCO3-) | 18 | 23 | mmol/L | |
| Standard bicarbonate (SBCe) | 21-22[4] | 27-28[4] | mmol/L or mEq/L[4] |
Liver function[]
- Further information: Liver function tests
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| * Total Protein | 60[4]-63[5] | 78[4]-82[5] | g/L | |
| * Albumin | 35[9][4] | 48[5]-55[4] | g/L | |
| 3.5[5] | 4.8[5]-5.5[4] | U/L | ||
| Globulins | 23[4] | 35[4] | g/L | |
| * Total Bilirubin | 2[4] | 17[4] | μmol/L | |
| 0.1[4]-0.2[5] | 1.0[4]-1.3[5] | mg/dL | ||
| * Direct Bilirubin | 0.0[4] | 5[4] | μmol/L | |
| 0[5][4] | 0.3[5][4] | mg/dL | ||
| * Alanine transaminase (ALT) | 7[5]-8 [4] | 20[4], 40, 56[5] | U/L | Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) |
| * Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) | 20[4]-38[5] | 70[4]-126[5] | U/L | p-NPP at 30 degrees C[4] Higher in children and pregnant women. |
| * Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) | 8[5] | 50-78[5] | U/L |
Cardiac tests[]
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Creatine kinase (CK) - male | 24[10]-38[5] | 195 | U/L or ng/mL |
|
| Creatine kinase (CK) - female | 24[11]-38[5] | 170 | U/L | |
| CK-MB[5] | 0 | 3 | ng/mL | |
| Troponin[5] | 0 | 0.4 | ng/mL |
Other enzymes and proteins[]
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| * Aspartate transaminase (AST) | 5[5]-8[4] | 20[4]-35[5] | U/L | Also called serum glutamic oxatoacetic transaminase (SGOT) |
| * Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) | 85 | 285 | U/L | |
| Amylase | 25[4]-30[5] | 110[5], 120[12], 125[4] | U/L | |
| C-reactive protein (CRP) | n/a | 5[13]-6[14] | mg/L | |
| D-dimer | n/a | 500[15] | ng/mL | Higher in pregnant women[16] |
| Lipase[5] | 7 | 60 | U/L |
Other ions and trace metals[]
- Further information: Trace metals
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Ionised calcium (Ca) | 1.15 | 1.29 | mmol/L | Some calcium is bound to albumin, thus not measured by certain techniques. |
| * Total calcium (Ca) | 2.1[4] | 2.8[4] | mmol/L | |
| 8.4[4] | 10.2[4] | mg/dL | ||
| Phosphate (HPO42−) | 0.8 | 1.5 [17] | mM | |
| Inorganic phosphorus (serum) | 1.0[4] | 1.5[4] | mmol/L | |
| 3.0[4] | 4.5[4] | mg/dL | ||
| Copper (Cu) | 11[18] | 24 | μmol/L | |
| Zinc (Zn) | 10 | 17 | μmol/L |
Lipids[]
- Further information: Blood lipids
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Triglycerides | 0.4 | 2 | mmol/L | |
| 50[5] | 250[5] | mg/dL | ||
| * Total cholesterol | 3.6[4] | 5.0[19]-6.5[4] | mmol/L | |
| 120[5]-140[4] | 200[5]-250[4] | mg/dL | ||
| HDL cholesterol (male) | 0.7 | 1.9 | mmol/L | |
| HDL cholesterol (female) | 0.9 | 2.4 | mmol/L | |
| LDL cholesterol | 2.4 | 3[19] | mmol/L | Not valid when triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L. |
Tumour markers[]
- Further information: Tumour markers
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) | n/a | 10 | kU/l | |
| 0 | 44[5] | ng/mL | ||
| Beta Human chorionic gonadotrophin (bHCG) | n/a | 5[5] | IU/l | in male and non-pregnant female |
| CA-125 (also CA12.5) | n/a | 35 | U/ml | |
| CA15.3 | n/a | 28 | U/ml | |
| CA19.9 | n/a | 40[5] | U/ml | |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) non-smokers at 50 years |
n/a | 3.6 [20] | μg/l | |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) non-smokers at 70 years |
n/a | 4.1[20] | μg/l | |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - smokers | n/a | 5[21] | μg/l | |
| Prostate specific antigen (PSA) | n/a | 4[5] | μg/L | below age 45 <2,5 μg/L |
Hormones[]
- Further information: Hormones
| Category | Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
| Thyroid hormones | Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin) | 0.3-0.4[5] | 3.0-4.5[5] | mIU/L or μIU/mL | |
| Free thyroxine (FT4) | Normal adult | 10[22]-12 [23] | 23[23] | pmol/L | |
| 0.7[24] -0.8[5] | 1.4[24]-1.5[5] | ng/dL | |||
| Infant 0-3 d | 2.0[24] | 5.0[24] | ng/dL | ||
| Infant 3-30 d | 0.9[24] | 2.2[24] | ng/dL | ||
| Child/Adolescent 31 d - 18 y |
0.8[24] | 2.0[24] | ng/dL | ||
| Pregnant | 0.5[24] | 1.0[24] | ng/dL | ||
| Total thyroxine | 60[22][23] | 140[22]-160[23] | nmol/L | ||
| 4[22]-5.5[5] | 11[22]-12.3[5] | μg/dL | |||
| Free triiodothyronine (FT3) | Normal adult | 2.5 | 5.3 | pmol/L | |
| 0.2[22] | 0.5[22] | ng/dL | |||
| Children 2-16 y | 0.1[25] | 0.6[25] | ng/dL | ||
| Total triiodothyronine | 1.1[22] | 2.7[22] | nmol/L | ||
| 60[5]-75[22] | 175[22]-181[5] | ng/dL | |||
| Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) | 12[5] | 30[5] | mg/L | ||
| Thyroglobulin (Tg) | 1.5[22] | 30[22] | pmol/L | ||
| 1[22] | 20 [22] | μg/L | |||
| Other | Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | 1.3 | 18[26] | pmol/L | |
| 20[5] | 100[5] | pg/mL | |||
| Cortisol (0830 h) | 250 | 850 | nmol/L | ||
| Cortisol (1630 h) | 110 | 390 | nmol/L | ||
| Growth hormone (fasting) | 0 | 5[4] | ng/mL | ||
| Growth hormone (arginine stimulation) | 7[4] | n/a | ng/mL | ||
| Prolactin | male | n/a | 450 | mIU/L | |
| Female | n/a | 580 | mIU/L | ||
| Testosterone | male | 8 | 38 | nmol/L | |
| male prepuberty | 0.1 | 0.5 | nmol/L | ||
| female | 0.3 | 2.5 | nmol/L |
Hematology[]
Red blood cells[]
| Test | Patient | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Haemoglobin (Hb) | male | 2.1[4] | 2.7[4] | mmol/L | Higher in neonates, lower in children. |
| 132[5]-135[4] | 162[5]-175[4] | g/L | |||
| female | 1.9[4] | 2.5[4] | mmol/L | Sex difference negligible until adulthood. | |
| 115-120[4][5] | 152[5]-160[4] | g/L | |||
| Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) | 4[27] | 5.9[27] | % of Hb | ||
| Haematocrit (Hct) | male | 0.38, 0.4[5], 0.41[4] | 0.52[5]-0.53[4] | ||
| female | 0.36[4]-0.37[5] | 0.46[5][4]-0.47 | |||
| Child | 0.31[5] | 0.43[5] | |||
| Hemoglobin in plasma | 0.16[4] | 0.62[4] | μmol/L | ||
| 1 | 4 | mg/dL | |||
| Mean cell volume (MCV) | Male | 82[5] | 102[5] | fL | Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children. |
| Female | 78[5] | 101[5] | fL | ||
| MCV standard deviation | 35[5] | 47[5] | fL | ||
| Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) | 0.39[4] | 0.54[4] | fmol/cell | ||
| 25[4]-26 | 34-35[4] | pg/cell | |||
| Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) | 31[5] | 35[5] | g/dL | ||
| Red blood cells (RBC) | male | 4.3[5][4]-4.5 | 5.9[4]-6.2[5] | x1012/L | |
| Female | 3.5[4]-3.8[5] | 5.5[5][4]-5.8 | x1012/L | ||
| Infant/Child | 3.8[5] | 5.5[5] | x1012/L | ||
| Reticulocytes | 10 | 100 | x109/L | ||
| Adult | 0.5[5][4] | 1.5[5] [4] | % of RBC | ||
| Newborn | 1.1[5] | 4.5[5] | % of RBC | ||
| Infant | 0.5[5] | 3.1[5] | % of RBC | ||
| Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) | 11.5[5] | 14.5[5] | % | Coefficient of variation |
White blood cells[]
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| White Blood Cell Count (WBC.) | 4.1[5]-4.5[4] | 10.9[5]-11[4] |
|
Higher in neonates and infants. |
| Neutrophil granulocytes | 2 | 7.5 | x109/L | Also known as granulocytes (grans), polys, PMNs, or segs. |
| 45-54[4] | 62[4]-74 | % of WBC | ||
| Neutrophilic band forms | 3[4] | 5[4] | % of WBC | |
| Lymphocytes | 1.3 | 4 | x109/L | |
| 16-25[4] | 33[4]-45 | % of WBC | ||
| Monocytes | 0.2 | 0.8 | x109/L | |
| 3[4]-4.0 | 7[4]-10 | % of WBC | ||
| Mononuclear leukocytes | 1.5 | 5 | x109/L | Lymphocytes + monocytes. Mean: 35% of WBC. |
| 20 | 35 | % of WBC | ||
| CD4+ cells | 0.4 [5] | 1.8[5] | x109/L | |
| Eosinophil granulocytes | 0.04 | 0.4 | x109/L | |
| 1[4] | 3[4]-7 | % of WBC | ||
| Basophil granulocytes | 0.01 | 0.1 | x109/L | |
| 0.0 | 0.75[4]-2 | % of WBC |
Coagulation[]
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Platelet count (Plt) | 140[5]-150[4] | 400[4]-450[5] | x109/L | |
| Prothrombin time (PT) | 11[4][28]-12[5] | 13.5[28], 14[5], 15[4] | s | PT reference varies between laboratory kits - INR is standardised |
| INR | 0.9 | 1.2 | The INR is a corrected ratio of a patients PT to normal | |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) | 18[5]-29 | 28[5]-41 | s | |
| Thrombin clotting time (TCT) | 11 | 18 | s | |
| Fibrinogen | 1.7[5]-1.8 | 4.2[5] | g/L | |
| Bleeding time | 2 | 9 | minutes |
Immunology[]
| Category | Test | Patient | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Acute phase protein markers of Inflammation |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) |
Male | 0 | Age÷2[29] | mm/hr | ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.[30] |
| Female | (Age+10)÷2 [29] | |||||
| C-reactive protein (CRP) | 0 | 5[13]-6[14] | mg/L | |||
| Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) | 20 | 53 | μmol/L | [31] | ||
| 150 | 350 | mg/dL | ||||
| Autoantibodies | Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) | |||||
| Extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) | ||||||
| Rheumatoid factor (RF) | 0 | 20-30[5] | IU/mL | High levels not specific for Rheumatoid Arthritis alone. | ||
| Serology | Antistreptolysin O titre (ASOT) |
Preschoolers | n/a | 100 | units/mL | |
| School age | 250[5] | |||||
| Adult | 125[5] |
See also[]
- Blood test
- Comprehensive metabolic panel
- Medical technologist
- Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
References[]
- ↑ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003462
- ↑ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003468
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is: Ashwood, Edward R.; Tietz, Norbert W.; Burtis, Carl A. (1994). Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry, 2nd edition, Philadelphia: Saunders.
- ↑ 4.000 4.001 4.002 4.003 4.004 4.005 4.006 4.007 4.008 4.009 4.010 4.011 4.012 4.013 4.014 4.015 4.016 4.017 4.018 4.019 4.020 4.021 4.022 4.023 4.024 4.025 4.026 4.027 4.028 4.029 4.030 4.031 4.032 4.033 4.034 4.035 4.036 4.037 4.038 4.039 4.040 4.041 4.042 4.043 4.044 4.045 4.046 4.047 4.048 4.049 4.050 4.051 4.052 4.053 4.054 4.055 4.056 4.057 4.058 4.059 4.060 4.061 4.062 4.063 4.064 4.065 4.066 4.067 4.068 4.069 4.070 4.071 4.072 4.073 4.074 4.075 4.076 4.077 4.078 4.079 4.080 4.081 4.082 4.083 4.084 4.085 4.086 4.087 4.088 4.089 4.090 4.091 4.092 4.093 4.094 4.095 4.096 4.097 4.098 4.099 4.100 4.101 4.102 4.103 4.104 4.105 4.106 4.107 4.108 4.109 4.110 4.111 4.112 4.113 4.114 Last page of Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1), McGraw-Hill Medical.
- ↑ 5.000 5.001 5.002 5.003 5.004 5.005 5.006 5.007 5.008 5.009 5.010 5.011 5.012 5.013 5.014 5.015 5.016 5.017 5.018 5.019 5.020 5.021 5.022 5.023 5.024 5.025 5.026 5.027 5.028 5.029 5.030 5.031 5.032 5.033 5.034 5.035 5.036 5.037 5.038 5.039 5.040 5.041 5.042 5.043 5.044 5.045 5.046 5.047 5.048 5.049 5.050 5.051 5.052 5.053 5.054 5.055 5.056 5.057 5.058 5.059 5.060 5.061 5.062 5.063 5.064 5.065 5.066 5.067 5.068 5.069 5.070 5.071 5.072 5.073 5.074 5.075 5.076 5.077 5.078 5.079 5.080 5.081 5.082 5.083 5.084 5.085 5.086 5.087 5.088 5.089 5.090 5.091 5.092 5.093 5.094 5.095 5.096 5.097 5.098 5.099 5.100 5.101 5.102 5.103 5.104 5.105 5.106 5.107 5.108 5.109 5.110 5.111 Normal Reference Range Table from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to PATHOLOGIC BASIS of DISEASE.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003466
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Slon S. Serum Iron. University of Illinois Medical Center. URL accessed on 2006-07-06.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Ferritin by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
- ↑ GPnotebook 288686147
- ↑ GPnotebook 1436155929
- ↑ GPnotebook 1436155929
- ↑ GPnotebook 309002307
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 GPnotebook 946536472
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease A.R. CHOUDHURY, and S. RAHMAN, BIRDEM,Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)
- ↑ Plasma Measurement of D-Dimer Levels for the Early Diagnosis of Ischemic Stroke Subtypes Walter Ageno, MD; Sergio Finazzi, MD; Luigi Steidl, MD; Maria Grazia Biotti, MD; Valentina Mera, MD; GianVico Melzi d'Eril, MD; Achille Venco, MD. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2589-2593.
- ↑ Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J (May 2005). D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed. Clinical chemistry 51 (5): 825–9.
- ↑ Walter F., PhD. Boron. Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch, Elsevier/Saunders. Page 849
- ↑ GPnotebook 1040580630
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 GPnotebook -214630397
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Bjerner J, Høgetveit A, Wold Akselberg K, et al (June 2008). Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1, Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study. Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation: 1–12.
- ↑ Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA) at MedicineNet
- ↑ 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 22.10 22.11 22.12 22.13 22.14 Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays - Thyroid Disease Manager
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Euthyroid Patient with Elevated Serum Free Thyroxine George van der Watt1,a, David Haarburger1 and Peter Berman
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 24.8 24.9 Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free UNC Health Care System
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children CIOFFI Michele ; GAZZERRO Patrizia ; VIETRI Maria Teresa ; MAGNETTA Rosa ; DURANTE Adriana ; D'AURIA Annamaria ; PUCA Giovanni Alfredo ; MOLINARI Anna Maria ;
- ↑ Adrenocorticotropic Hormone:Normal. WebMD. URL accessed on 2008-11-09.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Hemoglobin A1c Test. MedicineNet.com. URL accessed on 2007-12-26.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003652
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Miller A, Green M, Robinson D (1983). Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 286 (6361): 266.
- ↑ Böttiger LE, Svedberg CA (1967). Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age. Br Med J 2 (5544): 85–7.
- ↑ Sipahi T, Kara C, Tavil B, Inci A, Oksal A (March 2003). Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 25 (3): 274–5.
External links[]
Template:Blood tests
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