Psychology Wiki
Psychology Wiki

Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |

Clinical: Approaches · Group therapy · Techniques · Types of problem · Areas of specialism · Taxonomies · Therapeutic issues · Modes of delivery · Model translation project · Personal experiences ·


This article is in need of attention from a psychologist/academic expert on the subject.
Please help recruit one, or improve this page yourself if you are qualified.
This banner appears on articles that are weak and whose contents should be approached with academic caution.
Self & identity
Brain animated color nevit

Articles

Identity
Other articles

Self-confidence is an attitude which allows individuals to have positive yet realistic views of themselves and their situations. Self-confident people trust their own abilities, have a general sense of control in their lives, and believe that, within reason, they will be able to do what they wish, plan, and expect.

What does self-confidence mean?[]

Having self-confidence does not mean that individuals will be able to do everything. Self-confident people may have expectations that are not realistic. However, even when some of their expectations are not met, they continue to be positive and to accept themselves.

People who are not self-confident tend to depend excessively on the approval of others in order to feel good about themselves. As a result, they tend to avoid taking risks because they fear failure. They generally do not expect to be successful. They often put themselves down and tend to discount or ignore compliments paid to them. By contrast, self-confident people are willing to risk the disapproval of others because they generally trust their own abilities. They tend to accept themselves; they don't feel they have to conform in order to be accepted.

Self-confidence is not necessarily a general characteristic which pervades all aspects of a person's life. Typically, individuals will have some areas of their lives where they feel quite confident, e.g.,academics, athletics, while at the same time they do not feel at all confident in other areas, e.g., personal appearance, social relationships.

How is self-confidence initially developed?[]

Many factors affect the development of self-confidence. Parents' attitudes are crucial to children's feelings about themselves, particularly in children's early years. When parents provide acceptance, children receive a solid foundation for good feelings about themselves. If one or both parents are excessively critical or demanding, or if they are overprotective and discourage moves toward independence, children may come to believe they are incapable, inadequate, or inferior. However, if parents encourage children's moves toward self-reliance and accept and love their children when they make mistakes, children will learn to accept themselves and will be on their way to developing self-confidence.

Surprisingly, lack of self-confidence is not necessarily related to lack of ability. Instead it is often the result of focusing too much on the unrealistic expectations or standards of others, especially parents and society. Friends' influences can be as powerful or more powerful than those of parents and society in shaping feelings about one's self. Students in their college years re-examine values and develop their own identities and thus are particularly vulnerable to the influence of friends.

Assumptions that continue to influence self-confidence[]

In response to external influences, people develop assumptions; some of these are constructive and some are harmful. Following are several assumptions that can interfere with self-confidence, and some alternative ways of thinking:

Assumption 1: "I must always have love or approval from every significant person in my life."

Alternative 1: This is a perfectionistic, unattainable goal. It is more realistic and desirable to develop personal standards and values that are not completely dependent on the approval of others.

Assumption 2: "I must be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving in all important areas of my life."

Alternative 2: This again is a perfectionistic, unattainable goal and suggests that personal worth is determined by achievement. Achievement can be satisfying but does not make you more worthy. Instead, worth is an inherent quality and all people possess it.

Assumption 3: "My past remains all important and control my feelings and behaviors in the present."

Alternative 3: While it is true that your confidence was especially vulnerable to external influences during your childhood, as you grow older you can gain awareness and perspective on what those influences have been. In doing so, you can choose which influences you will continue to allow to have an effect on your life. You don't have to be helpless in the face of past events.

Self-defeating thought patterns[]

Subscribing to these harmful assumptions leaves you vulnerable to the following self-defeating thought patterns:

  • All Or Nothing Thinking. "I am a total failure when my performance is not perfect."
  • Seeing Only Dark Clouds. Disaster lurks around every corner and comes to be expected. For example, a single negative detail, piece of criticism, or passing comment darkens all reality. "I got a C on one chem test, now I'll never get into medical school."
  • Magnification Of Negative/Minimization Of Positive. Good things don't count nearly as much as bad ones. "I know I won five chess games in a row, but losing this one makes me feel terrible about myself."
  • Uncritical Acceptance Of Emotions As Truth. "I feel ugly so it must be true."
  • Overemphasis On "Should" Statements. "Should" statements are often perfectionistic and reflective of others' expectations rather than expressive of your own wants and desires. "Everyone should have a career plan when they come to college. I don't so there must be something wrong with me."
  • Labeling. Labeling is a simplistic process and often conveys a sense of blame. "I am a loser and it's my fault."
  • Difficulty Accepting Compliments. "You like this outfit? I think it makes me look fat."

The following strategies may help overcome such self-defeating thought patterns.

Strategies for developing confidence[]

  • Emphasize Strengths. Give yourself credit for everything you try. By focusing on what you can do, you applaud yourself for efforts rather than emphasizing end products. Starting from a base of what you can do helps you live within the bounds of your inevitable limitations.
  • Take Risks. Approach new experiences as opportunities to learn rather than occasions to win or lose. Doing so opens you up to new possibilities and can increase your sense of self-acceptance. Not doing so turns every possibility into an opportunity for failure, and inhibits personal growth.
  • Use Self-Talk. Use self-talk as an opportunity to counter harmful assumptions. Then, tell yourself to "stop" and substitute more reasonable assumptions. For example, when you catch yourself expecting perfection, remind yourself that you can't do everything perfectly, that it's only possible to try to do things and to try to do them well. This allows you to accept yourself while still striving to improve.
  • Self-Evaluate. Learn to evaluate yourself independently. Doing so allows you to avoid the constant sense of turmoil that comes from relying exclusively on the opinions of others. Focusing internally on how you feel about your own behavior, work, etc. will give you a stronger sense of self and will prevent you from giving your personal power away to others.

See also[]

References[]

  • Abma, C. L., Fry, M. D., Li, Y., & Relyea, G. (2002). Differences in imagery content and imagery ability between high and low confident track and field athletes: Journal of Applied Sport Psychology Vol 14(2) Jun 2002, 67-75.
  • Adalbjarnardottir, S., & Selman, R. L. (1997). "I feel I have received a new vision": An analysis of teachers' professional development as they work with students on interpersonal issues: Teaching and Teacher Education Vol 13(4) May 1997, 409-428.
  • Adams, J. K., & Adams, P. A. (1961). Realism of confidence judgments: Psychological Review Vol 68(1) Jan 1961, 33-45.
  • Agnew, T., Vaught, C. C., Getz, H. G., & Fortune, J. (2000). Peer group clinical supervision program fosters confidence and professionalism: Professional School Counseling Vol 4(1) Oct 2000, 6-12.
  • Al-Anzi, F. O. (2001). Sub-components of self-confidence and shyness: A correlational and factorial study: Journal of the Social Sciences Vol 29(3) Fal 2001, 47-77.
  • Al-Anzi, F. O., & Al-Kandary, A.-A. (2004). Achievement and its Relation with Self-Confidence among Secondary School Students: Journal of the Social Sciences Vol 32(2) 2004, 377-400.
  • Albarracin, D., & Mitchell, A. L. (2004). The Role of Defensive Confidence in Preference for Proattitudinal Information: How Believing That One is Strong Can Sometimes Be a Defensive Weakness: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Vol 30(12) Dec 2004, 1565-1584.
  • Albucher, R. C., Maixner, S. M., Riba, M. B., & Liberzon, I. (1999). Neurology training in psychiatry residency: Self-assessment and standardized scores: Academic Psychiatry Vol 23(2) Sum 1999, 77-81.
  • Algan, O., Furedy, J. J., Demirgoren, S., Vincent, A., & Pogun, S. (1997). Effects of tobacco smoking and gender on interhemispheric cognitive function: Performance and confidence measures: Behavioural Pharmacology Vol 8(5) Oct 1997, 416-428.
  • Alicke, M. D., & Govorun, O. (2005). The Better-Than-Average Effect. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Alizadeh, H., Applequist, K. F., & Coolidge, F. L. (2007). Parental self-confidence, parenting styles, and corporal punishment in families of ADHD children in Iran: Child Abuse & Neglect Vol 31(5) May 2007, 567-572.
  • Allaire, S., Anderson, J., & Meenan, R. (1997). Outcomes from the Job-Raising Program, a self-improvement model of vocational rehabilitation, among persons with arthritis: Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling Vol 28(2) Sum 1997, 26-31.
  • Allen, R., Heard, J., Savidge, M., Bittengle, J., Cantrell, M., & Huffmaster, T. (1998). Surveying students' attitudes during the OSCE: Advances in Health Sciences Education Vol 3(3) 1998, 197-206.
  • Allen, W. D., & Evans, D. A. (2005). Bidding and Overconfidence in Experimental Financial Markets: Journal of Behavioral Finance Vol 6(3) 2005, 108-120.
  • Allwood, C. M. (1994). Confidence in own and others' knowledge: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology Vol 35(3) Sep 1994, 198-211.
  • Allwood, C. M., & Granhag, P. A. (1996). Considering the knowledge you have: Effects on realism in confidence judgements: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology Vol 8(3) Sep 1996, 235-256.
  • Allwood, C. M., & Granhag, P. A. (1996). Realism in confidence judgments as a function of working in dyads or alone: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 66(3) Jun 1996, 277-289.
  • Allwood, C. M., & Granhag, P. A. (1999). Feelings of confidence and the realism of confidence judgments in everyday life. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Allwood, C. M., Granhag, P. A., & Jonsson, A.-C. (2002). Does mood influence the realism of confidence judgments? : Scandinavian Journal of Psychology Vol 43(3) Jul 2002, 253-260.
  • Allwood, C. M., Granhag, P. A., & Jonsson, A.-C. (2006). Child witnesses' metamemory realism: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology Vol 47(6) Dec 2006, 461-470.
  • Allwood, C. M., & Johansson, M. (2004). Actor-Observer differences in realism in confidence and frequency judgments: Acta Psychologica Vol 117(3) Nov 2004, 251-274.
  • Allwood, C. M., Knutsson, J., & Granhag, P. A. (2006). Eyewitnesses under influence: How feedback affects the realism in confidence judgements: Psychology, Crime & Law Vol 12(1) Jan 2006, 25-38.
  • Alter, R. M., & Alter, J. (2001). How long till my soul gets it right?: 100 doorways on the journey to happiness. New York, NY: Regan Books/Harper Collins Publishers.
  • Althof, S. (2006). The Psychology of Premature Ejaculation: Therapies and Consequences: Journal of Sexual Medicine Vol 3(Suppl 4) Sep 2006, 324-331.
  • Amit, K., Popper, M., Gal, R., Miskal-Sinai, M., & Lissak, A. (2006). The Potential to Lead: The Difference between "Leaders" and "Non-Leaders": Megamot Vol 44(2) Feb 2006, 277-296.
  • Anderson, H. L. (1992). The association between identity development and professional self-confidence in prospective secondary teachers: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Andreasen, K. (2006). Danish Boys in the School: Psykologisk Paedagogisk Radgivning Vol 43(3) Jun 2006, 279-288.
  • Ansel, D. (2004). Role conflict, overconfidence and performance of negotiator: Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale Vol 17(1) Mar 2004, 21-54.
  • Ansel, D., & Girandola, F. (2004). Overconfidence: A mode of dissonance reduction through the addition of consistent cognitions: Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale Vol 17(1) Mar 2004, 145-176.
  • Ansel, D., & Touzard, H. (2002). Overconfidence and context variables: Effects on negotiator performance: Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale No 55 Sep 2002, 26-38.
  • Ariely, D. (2000). Controlling the information flow: Effects on consumers' decision making and preferences: Journal of Consumer Research Vol 27(2) Sep 2000, 233-248.
  • Arnold, R. C. (1993). Effects of experience, attitude, and response cost on clinician diagnostic sensitivity, response bias, and confidence: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Arrison, E. G. (1998). Academic self-confidence as a predictor of first year college student quality of effort and achievement. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Askew, O. (1999). Grade retention: A comparative analysis of salient characteristics of ninth-grade retainees and nonretainees in a Southeastern urban high school. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Averback, L. (1998). Promoting adolescent voice through Latina fiction: Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal Vol 15(5) Oct 1998, 379-389.
  • Ayton, P., & McClelland, A. G. R. (1997). How real is overconfidence? : Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Vol 10(3) Sep 1997, 279-285.
  • Baars, M. (1996). Making the present come alive. London, England: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Babcock, H. (1940). Personality and efficiency of mental functioning: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 10 1940, 527-532.
  • Baranski, J. V. (1993). Theories of confidence calibration and experiments on the time to determination confidence: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Baranski, J. V. (2007). Fatigue, sleep loss, and confidence in judgment: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Vol 13(4) Dec 2007, 182-196.
  • Baranski, J. V., & Petrusic, W. M. (1999). Realism of confidence in sensory discrimination: Perception & Psychophysics Vol 61(7) Oct 1999, 1369-1383.
  • Baranski, J. V., & Petrusic, W. M. (2001). Testing architectures of the decision-confidence relation: Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale Vol 55(3) Sep 2001, 195-206.
  • Barnes, A. E., Nelson, T. O., Dunlosky, J., Mazzoni, G., & Narens, L. (1999). An integrative system of metamemory components involved in retrieval. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Barnett, J. S., Jr. (2001). Affects of training on user confidence in automation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Barnette, W. L., Jr. (1950). Reactions of veterans to counseling: Journal of Applied Psychology Vol 34(6) Dec 1950, 399-405.
  • Barreto, M., Ellemers, N., & Banal, S. (2006). Working under cover: Performance-related self-confidence among members of contextually devalued groups who try to pass: European Journal of Social Psychology Vol 36(3) May-Jun 2006, 337-352.
  • Bar-Tal, Y., Sarid, A., & Kishon-Rabin, L. (2001). A test of the overconfidence phenomenon using audio signals: Journal of General Psychology Vol 128(1) Jan 2001, 76-80.
  • Bartolino, A. (1996). Salivary hormonal levels, anxiety and self-confidence indices in collegiate football and basketball players over a season of play. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Barton, J., Aldridge, J., & Smith, P. (1998). The emotional impact of shift work on the children of shift workers: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health Vol 24(Suppl 3) 1998, 146-150.
  • Baxter, L. Z. (1994). The association of self-directed learning readiness, learning styles, self-paced instruction, and confidence to perform on the job. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Bearden, W. O., Hardesty, D. M., & Rose, R. L. (2001). Consumer self-confidence: Refinements in conceptualization and measurement: Journal of Consumer Research Vol 28(1) Jun 2001, 121-134.
  • Beattie, S., Hardy, L., & Woodman, T. (2004). Precompetition self-confidence: The role of the self: Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology Vol 26(3) Sep 2004, 427-441.
  • Beggs, S., Sewell, J., Efron, D., & Orkin, C. (2005). Developmental assessment of children: A survey of Australian and New Zealand paediatricians: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health Vol 41(8) Aug 2005, 444-448.
  • Bejek, K., & Hagtvet, K. A. (1996). The content of pre-competitive state anxiety in top and lower level of female gymnasts: Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal Vol 9(1) 1996, 19-31.
  • Belcher, A. E. (1993). Cost, convenience, and self-confidence: A case study of community college transfer students: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Bell, A., Horsfall, J., & Goodin, W. (1998). The Mental Health Nursing Clinical Confidence Scale: A tool for measuring undergraduate learning on mental health clinical placements: Australian & New Zealand Journal of Mental Health Nursing Vol 7(4) Dec 1998, 184-190.
  • Bell, L. A. (1999). The gifted woman as impostor: Advanced Development SpecIssue 1999, 85-94.
  • Bellarosa, C. (2000). The roles of information consistency, accountability, and confidence on questioning strategies during the employment interview. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Benesh, S. C., & Howell, S. E. (2001). Confidence in the courts: A comparison of users and non-users: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 19(2) 2001, 199-214.
  • Bennett, G. K. (1964). What is creativity? IV. An instance of creativity: Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 26(7) 1964, 794-797.
  • Beran, T., & Shapiro, B. (2005). Evaluation of an Anti-Bullying Program: Student Reports of Knowledge and Confidence to Manage Bullying: Canadian Journal of Education Vol 28(4) 2005, 700-717.
  • Berg, N., & Lein, D. (2005). Does society benefit from investor overconfidence in the ability of financial market experts? : Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization Vol 58(1) Sep 2005, 95-116.
  • Bernstein, D. M., Godfrey, R. D., Davison, A., & Loftus, E. F. (2004). Conditions affecting the revelation effect for autobiographical memory: Memory & Cognition Vol 32(3) Apr 2004, 455-462.
  • Betz, N. E., Borgen, F. H., Kaplan, A., & Harmon, L. W. (1998). Gender and Holland type as moderators of the validity and interpretive utility of the Skills Confidence Inventory: Journal of Vocational Behavior Vol 53(2) Oct 1998, 281-299.
  • Betz, N. E., & Schifano, R. S. (2000). Evaluation of an intervention to increase realistic self-efficacy and interests in college women: Journal of Vocational Behavior Vol 56(1) Feb 2000, 35-52.
  • Bhandari, G., & Deaves, R. (2006). The Demographics of Overconfidence: Journal of Behavioral Finance Vol 7(1) 2006, 5-11.
  • Biebrich, R., & Kuhl, J. (2003). Inner Capitulation in Problem Solving: Dissociative Versus Integrative Processing Strategies: Zeitschrift fur Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie Vol 24(3) 2003, 175-184.
  • Binda, S. M., Culham, E. G., & Brouwer, B. (2003). Balance, Muscle Strength, and Fear of Falling in Older Adults: Experimental Aging Research Vol 29(2) Apr-Jun 2003, 205-219.
  • Biner, P. M., Angle, S. T., Park, J. H., Mellinger, A. E., & et al. (1995). Need state and the illusion of control: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Vol 21(9) Sep 1995, 899-907.
  • Bischoff, R. J., & Barton, M. (2002). The pathway toward clinical self-confidence: American Journal of Family Therapy Vol 30(3) May-Jun 2002, 231-242.
  • Bischoff, R. J., Barton, M., Thober, J., & Hawley, R. (2002). Events and experiences impacting the development of clinical self confidence: A study of the first year of client contact: Journal of Marital & Family Therapy Vol 28(3) Jul 2002, 371-382.
  • Bishop-Clark, C., Courte, J., & Howard, E. V. (2006). Programming in pairs with Alice to improve confidence, enjoyment, and achievement: Journal of Educational Computing Research Vol 34(2) 2006, 213-228.
  • Bjork, R. A. (1999). Assessing our own competence: Heuristics and illusions. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Black, K. D. (2007). Stress, symptoms, self-monitoring confidence, well-being, and social support in the progression of preeclampsia/gestational hypertension: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing: Clinical Scholarship for the Care of Women, Childbearing Families, & Newborns Vol 36(5) Sep-Oct 2007, 419-429.
  • Blais, A.-R., Thompson, M. M., & Baranski, J. V. (2005). Individual differences in decision processing and confidence judgments in comparative judgment tasks: The role of cognitive styles: Personality and Individual Differences Vol 38(7) May 2005, 1701-1713.
  • Blanton, H., Pelham, B. W., DeHart, T., & Carvallo, M. (2001). Overconfidence as dissonance reduction: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Vol 37(5) Sep 2001, 373-385.
  • Blum, E. M. (1966). Psychoanalytic views of alcoholism: Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 27(2) 1966, 259-299.
  • Blunck, S. M. S. (1994). Evaluating the effectiveness of the Iowa Chautauqua Science Inservice Program: Changing teacher confidence concerning reculturing behaviors. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Boccaccini, M. T., Gordon, T., & Brodsky, S. L. (2003). Effects of Witness Preparation on Witness Confidence and Nervousness: Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice Vol 3(4) 2003, 39-51.
  • Boekaerts, M. (1997). Capacity, inclination, and sensitivity for mathematics: Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal Vol 10(1) 1997, 5-33.
  • Bolger, F., Pulford, B. D., & Colman, A. M. (2008). Market entry decisions: Effects of absolute and relative confidence: Experimental Psychology Vol 55(2) 2008, 113-120.
  • Borgen, F. H., & Betz, N. E. (2008). Career self-efficacy and personality: Linking career confidence and the healthy personality: Journal of Career Assessment Vol 16(1) Feb 2008, 22-43.
  • Bornstein, B. H., & Zickafoose, D. J. (1999). "I know I know it, I know I saw it": The stability of the confidence-accuracy relationship across domains: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Vol 5(1) Mar 1999, 76-88.
  • Bowen, D. J., McTiernan, A., Powers, D., & Feng, Z. (2000). Recruiting women into a smoking cessation program: Who might quit? : Women & Health Vol 31(4) 2000, 41-66.
  • Boyd, J., & Grieger, R. M. (1986). Self-acceptance problems. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.
  • Boynton, D. M. (2003). Superstitious responding and frequency matching in the positive bias and gambler's fallacy effects: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 91(2) Jul 2003, 119-127.
  • Bradfield, A., & McQuiston, D. E. (2004). When Does Evidence of Eyewitness Confidence Inflation Affect Judgments in a Criminal Trial? : Law and Human Behavior Vol 28(4) Aug 2004, 369-387.
  • Branch, V. K., & Lipsky, P. E. (1998). Positive impact of an intervention by arthritis educators on retention of information, confidence, and examination skills of medical students: Arthritis Care & Research Vol 11(1) Feb 1998, 32-38.
  • Brandon, P. R., & Higa, T. A. F. (2004). An empirical study of building the evaluation capacity of K-12 site-managed project personnel: Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation Vol 19(1) Spr 2004, 125-142.
  • Brenner, L. A., Koehler, D. J., Liberman, V., & Tversky, A. (1996). Overconfidence in probability and frequency judgments: A critical examination: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 65(3) Mar 1996, 212-219.
  • Breslin, F. C., Sobell, L. C., Sobell, M. B., & Agrawal, S. (2000). A comparison of a brief and long version of the Situational Confidence Questionnaire: Behaviour Research and Therapy Vol 38(12) Dec 2000, 1211-1220.
  • Brewer, N. (2006). Uses and abuses of eyewitness identification confidence: Legal and Criminological Psychology Vol 11(1) Feb 2006, 3-23.
  • Brewer, N., & Day, K. (2005). The Confidence-Accuracy and Decision Latency-Accuracy Relationships in Children's Eyewitness Identification: Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Vol 12(1) Apr 2005, 119-128.
  • Brewer, N., Keast, A., & Rishworth, A. (2002). The confidence-accuracy relationship in eyewitness identification: The effects of reflection and disconfirmation on correlation and calibration: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Vol 8(1) Mar 2002, 44-56.
  • Brewer, N., Weber, N., & Semmler, C. (2007). A role for theory in eyewitness identification research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Briggs, P., Burford, B., & Dracup, C. (1998). Modelling self-confidence in users of a computer-based system showing unrepresentative design: International Journal of Human-Computer Studies Vol 49(5) Nov 1998, 717-742.
  • Brinol, P., Becerra, A., Gallardo, I., Horcajo, J., & Valle, C. (2004). Thought-validation and persuasion: Psicothema Vol 16(4) Nov 2004, 606-610.
  • Brinol, P., Gallardo, I., Horcajo, J., de la Corte, L., Valley, C., & Diaz, D. (2004). Affirmation, confidence and persuasion: Psicothema Vol 16(1) Feb 2004, 27-31.
  • Brinol, P., Petty, R. E., & Tormala, Z. L. (2004). Self-Validation of Cognitive Responses to Advertisements: Journal of Consumer Research Vol 30(4) Mar 2004, 559-573.
  • Britten, P. (1996). A structural model of training and confidence as predictors of time spent teaching nutrition by elementary school teachers. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Brookhart, S. M., Loadman, W. E., & Miller, T. E. (1994). Relations between self-confidence and educational beliefs before and after teacher education: College Student Journal Vol 28(1) Mar 1994, 57-66.
  • Brown, H. H. (1997). The application of music history and music theory in keyboard study to facilitate the development of beginning stages of critical thinking. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Brown, J. S. L., Boardman, J., Elliott, S. A., Howay, E., & Morrison, J. (2005). Are self-referrers just the worried well? A cross-sectional study of self-referrers to community psycho-educational Stress and Self-Confidence workshops: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 40(5) May 2005, 396-401.
  • Brown, J. S. L., Elliott, S. A., Boardman, J., Ferns, J., & Morrison, J. (2004). Meeting the unmet need for depression services with psycho-educational self-confidence workshops: Preliminary report: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 185(6) Dec 2004, 511-515.
  • Browne, M. O., Lee, A., & Prabhu, R. (2007). Self-reported confidence and skills of general practitioners in management of mental health disorders: The Australian Journal of Rural Health Vol 15(5) Oct 2007, 321-326.
  • Brunsman, B. A. (1996). Effects of task consequences, group unanimity, and self-esteem on conformity and confidence. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Buceta, J. M., de la Llave, A. L., del Carmen Perez-Llantada, M., Vallejo, M., & del Pino, M. D. (2003). Psychological state of recreational marathon runners on the days prior to the race: Psicothema Vol 15(2) May 2003, 273-277.
  • Buceta, J. M. s., de la Llave, A. L., del Carmen Perez-Llantada, M. s., Vallejo, M., & del Pino, M. s. D. (2003). Psychological state of recreational marathon runners on the days prior to the race: Psicothema Vol 15(2) May 2003, 273-277.
  • Buchwald, A. M. (1977). Depressive affect: A test of behavioral hypotheses. Reply to Wener and Rehm: Journal of Abnormal Psychology Vol 86(5) Oct 1977, 557.
  • Buckwalter, B. A. (1993). An exploration of some selected beliefs of confident and non-confident parents: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Bunz, U., Curry, C., & Voon, W. (2007). Perceived versus actual computer-email-web fluency: Computers in Human Behavior Vol 23(5) Sep 2007, 2321-2344.
  • Burkgren, K. L. (2004). An exploratory study: Examining individual creativity, influence, and moral values as key components of effective sustainable leadership. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Burton, L. (2004). "Confidence is Everything"--Perspectives of Teachers and Students on Learning Mathematics: Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education Vol 7(4) Dec 2004, 357-381.
  • Butt, J., Weinberg, R., & Horn, T. (2003). The intensity and directional interpretation of anxiety: Fluctuations throughout competition and relationship to performance: The Sport Psychologist Vol 17(1) Mar 2003, 35-54.
  • Butter, J., Grant, T. H., Egan, M., Kaye, M., Wayne, D. B., Carrion-Carire, V., et al. (2007). Does ultrasound training boost year 1 medical student competence and confidence when learning abdominal examination? : Medical Education Vol 41(9) Sep 2007, 843-848.
  • Butterfield, B., & Metcalfe, J. (2001). Errors committed with high confidence are hypercorrected: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 27(6) Nov 2001, 1491-1494.
  • Butterfield, B. A. (2005). The hypercorrection effect and its neural correlates. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Byers, V. L., Mays, M. Z., & Mark, D. D. (1999). Provider satisfaction in Army primary care clinics: Military Medicine Vol 164(2) Feb 1999, 132-135.
  • Cacy, D. S. (1998). The relationship between students' perceived self-efficacy on designated skills and their academic achievement in a third-year family medicine clerkship. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Caetano, A., Vala, J., & Leyens, J.-P. (2001). Judgeability in person perception: The confidence of leaders: Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice Vol 5(2) Jun 2001, 102-110.
  • Callahan, E. J. (1996). Identifying coping mechanisms of parents of children with special needs. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Callow, N., & Hardy, L. (2001). Types of imagery associated with sport confidence in netball players of varying skill levels: Journal of Applied Sport Psychology Vol 13(1) Mar 2001, 1-17.
  • Callow, N., & Waters, A. (2005). The effect of kinesthetic imagery on the sport confidence of flat-race horse jockeys: Psychology of Sport and Exercise Vol 6(4) Jul 2005, 443-459.
  • Campbell, E., & Jones, G. (1997). Precompetition anxiety and self-confidence in wheelchair sport participants: Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly Vol 14(2) Apr 1997, 95-107.
  • Campbell, W. K., Goodie, A. S., & Foster, J. D. (2004). Narcissism, Confidence, and Risk Attitude: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Vol 17(4) Oct 2004, 297-311.
  • Carels, R. A., Cacciapaglia, H. M., Douglass, O. M., Rydin, S., & O'Brien, W. H. (2003). The early identification of poor treatment outcome in a women's weight loss program: Eating Behaviors Vol 4(3) Sep 2003, 265-282.
  • Carr, V. J., Faehrmann, C., Lewin, T. J., Walton, J. M., & Reid, A. A. (1997). Determining the effect that consultation-liaison psychiatry in primary care has on family physicians' psychiatric knowledge and practice: Psychosomatics: Journal of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry Vol 38(3) May-Jun 1997, 217-229.
  • Carter, M. J. (1993). Parents' attributions for their children's compliance and self-confidence: Comparisons between parents of boys with ADHD and parents of comparison children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Cassady, H., Clarke, G., & Latham, A.-M. (2004). Experiencing evaluation: A case study of girls' dance: Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy Vol 9(1) May 2004, 23-36.
  • Cassidy, M. J. (2002). Worldview curriculum and Christian education: Increasing high school student confidence in preparation for university challenges. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Cautela, J. R. (1979). Imagine You're Better: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 24 (8), Aug, 1979.
  • Cecil, H., & Pinkerton, S. D. (2000). Magnitude: An important dimension of self-efficacy: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Vol 30(6) Jun 2000, 1243-1267.
  • Chamberlain, S. T., & Hale, B. D. (2007). Competitive state anxiety and self-confidence: Intensity and direction as relative predictors of performance on a golf putting task: Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal Vol 20(2) Jun 2007, 197-207.
  • Chamove, A. S., Crawley-Hartrick, O. J. E., & Stafford, K. J. (2002). Horse reactions to human attitudes and behavior: Anthrozoos Vol 15(4) 2002, 323-331.
  • Champion, V. L. (1989). Effect of knowledge, teaching method, confidence and social influence on breast self-examination behavior: IMAGE: Journal of Nursing Scholarship Vol 21(2) Sum 1989, 76-80.
  • Chang, E. C. (2008). Introduction to self-criticism and self-enhancement: Views from ancient Greece to the modern world. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Chang, S. F. (2000). Learning motivation in a junior high school EFL context in Taiwan. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Chapman, C., Lane, A. M., Brierly, J. H., & Terry, P. C. (1997). Anxiety, self-confidence and performance in Tae Kwon-do: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 85(3, Pt 2) Dec 1997, 1275-1278.
  • Chapman, D. S., & Webster, J. (2001). Rater correction processes in applicant selection using videoconference technology: The role of attributions: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Vol 31(12) Dec 2001, 2518-2537.
  • Che, L. (2003). A Research on University Students' Development of Self-confidence: Psychological Science (China) Vol 26(4) Jul 2003, 661-666.
  • Chebator, P. J. (1996). Involvement and student outcomes: The student development effects of co-curricular programs. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Chelminski, P., & Coulter, R. A. (2007). On market mavens and consumer self-confidence: A cross-cultural study: Psychology & Marketing Vol 24(1) Jan 2007, 69-91.
  • Chen, G., Kim, K. A., Nofsinger, J. R., & Rui, O. M. (2007). Trading performance, disposition effect, overconfidence, representativeness bias, and experience of emerging market investors: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Vol 20(4) Oct 2007, 425-451.
  • Chen, H. (1999). Psychological factor analysis of college students with communication difficulty: Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol 7(2) May 1999, 103-104.
  • Chen, J. T., Fagan, M. J., Diaz, J. A., & Reinert, S. E. (2007). Is treating chronic pain torture? Internal medicine residents' experience with patients with chronic nonmalignant pain: Teaching and Learning in Medicine Vol 19(2) 2007, 101-105.
  • Chen, X. (2002). Self-confidence and social support of female students in freshmen year of college: Chinese Mental Health Journal Vol 16(11) Nov 2002, 798.
  • Cheng, H., & Furnham, A. (2002). Personality, peer relations, and self-confidence as predictors of happiness and loneliness: Journal of Adolescence Vol 25(3) Jun 2002, 327-339.
  • Cheng, Z. (1993). A follow-up study of the fostering of young children's self-confidence in learning mathematics: Psychological Science (China) Vol 16(2) Sum 1993, 115-118.
  • Chlan, L., Halcon, L., Kreitzer, M. J., & Leonard, B. (2005). Influence of an experiential education session on nursing students' confidence levels in performing selected complementary therapy skills: Complementary Health Practice Review Vol 10(3) Oct 2005, 189-201.
  • Chongzeng, B., & Xiting, H. (2006). Clarity As a Mediator of the Relation between Self-confidence and Mental Health: Psychological Science (China) Vol 29(2) Mar 2006, 271-273.
  • Christensen, A.-L. (1997). Communication in relation to self-esteem: Aphasiology Vol 11 (7) Jul 1997, 727-734.
  • Christensen, B. K. (2001). Biomechanical changes in the pole vault between practice and competition and its relationship to anxiety and self-confidence. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Chu, L.-L. (2003). The effects of Web page design instruction on computer self-efficacy of preservice teachers and correlates: Journal of Educational Computing Research Vol 28(2) 2003, 127-142.
  • Chua, E. F., Rand-Giovannetti, E., Schacter, D. L., Albert, M. S., & Sperling, R. A. (2004). Dissociating confidence and accuracy: Functional magnetic resonance imaging shows origins of the subjective memory experience: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Vol 16(7) Sep 2004, 1131-1142.
  • Clancy, S. A., McNally, R. J., & Schacter, D. L. (1999). Effects of guided imagery on memory distortion in women reporting recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse: Journal of Traumatic Stress Vol 12(4) Oct 1999, 559-569.
  • Clark, M. C. (1997). A causal functional explanation of maintaining a dependent elder in the community: Research in Nursing & Health Vol 20(6) Dec 1997, 515-526.
  • Clayson, D. E. (2005). Performance Overconfidence: Metacognitive Effects or Misplaced Student Expectations? : Journal of Marketing Education Vol 27(2) Aug 2005, 122-129.
  • Clemens, N. A. (2002). Subtleties of self: Journal of Psychiatric Practice Vol 8(6) Nov 2002, 377-379.
  • Clifton, R. T., & Gill, D. L. (1994). Gender differences in self-confidence on a feminine-typed task: Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology Vol 16(2) Jun 1994, 150-162.
  • Cohen, L. L. (1998). Antecedents and responses to anticipated prejudice: Factors affecting decisions to avoid potential encounters with sexism. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Cohen, L. L., & Swim, J. K. (1995). The differential impact of gender ratios on women and men: Tokenism, self-confidence, and expectations: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Vol 21(9) Sep 1995, 876-884.
  • Coleman, E. C. (2003). Assimilation or contrast? The effects of social comparison on behavior. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Cooke-Simpson, A., & Voyer, D. (2007). Confidence and gender differences on the Mental Rotations Test: Learning and Individual Differences Vol 17(2) 2007, 181-186.
  • Coons, E. E., Montello, L., & Perez, J. (1995). Confidence and denial factors affect musicians' postperformance immune responses: International Journal of Arts Medicine Vol 4(1) Spr 1995, 4-14.
  • Coupey, E., & Narayanan, S. (1996). Effects of knowledge types on choice quality and perceptions of choice performance: Psychology & Marketing Vol 13(7) Oct 1996, 715-738.
  • Cousins, S. O. B., & Tan, M. (2002). Sources of Efficacy for Walking and Climbing Stairs Among Older Adults: Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics Vol 20(3-4) 2002, 51-68.
  • Covassin, T., & Pero, S. (2004). The Relationship Between Self-Confidence, Mood State, and Anxiety Among Collegiate Tennis Players: Journal of Sport Behavior Vol 27(3) Sep 2004, 230-242.
  • Cox, D. F., & Bauer, R. A. (1964). Self-confidence and persuasibility in women: Public Opinion Quarterly 28(3) 1964, 453-466.
  • Cox, R. H., Robb, M., & Russell, W. D. (2000). Concurrent validity of the Revised Anxiety Rating Scale: Journal of Sport Behavior Vol 23(4) Dec 2000, 327-334.
  • Craft, L. L., Magyar, T. M., Becker, B. J., & Feltz, D. L. (2003). The relationship between the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and sport performance: A meta-analysis: Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology Vol 25(1) Mar 2003, 44-65.
  • Creedy, D. K., Dennis, C.-L., Blyth, R., Moyle, W., Pratt, J., & De Vries, S. M. (2003). Psychometric characteristics of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale: Data from an Australian sample: Research in Nursing & Health Vol 26(2) Apr 2003, 143-152.
  • Cresswell, S., & Hodge, K. (2004). Coping Skills: Role of Trait Sport Confidence and Trait Anxiety: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 98(2) Apr 2004, 433-438.
  • Crombie, G., Walsh, J. P., & Trinneer, A. (2003). Positive Effects of Science and Technology Summer Camps on Confidence, Values, and Future Intentions: Canadian Journal of Counselling Vol 37(4) Oct 2003, 256-269.
  • Curran, V., Lockyer, J., Sargeant, J., & Fleet, L. (2006). Evaluation of Learning Outcomes in Web-Based Continuing Medical Education: Academic Medicine Vol 81(10,Suppl) Oct 2006, S30-S34.
  • Da, H. (2000). Relationship between mental health and self-confidence, self-respect and self-efficiency in college students: Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol 8(4) Nov 2000, 227-228.
  • Danish, S. J. (1997). Going for the Goal: A life skills program for adolescents. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Dar, R. (2004). Elucidating the mechanism of uncertainty and doubt in obsessive-compulsive checkers: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry Vol 35(2) Jun 2004, 153-163.
  • Dar, R., Rish, S., Hermesh, H., Taub, M., & Fux, M. (2000). Realism of confidence in obsessive-compulsive checkers: Journal of Abnormal Psychology Vol 109(4) Nov 2000, 673-678.
  • Das, M., & Elzubeir, M. (2001). First aid and basic life support skills training early in the medical curriculum: Curriculum issues, outcomes, and confidence of students: Teaching and Learning in Medicine Vol 13(4) Fal 2001, 240-246.
  • Davey, G. C. L. (1994). Worrying, social problem-solving abilities, and social problem-solving confidence: Behaviour Research and Therapy Vol 32(3) Mar 1994, 327-330.
  • Davey, G. C. L., Jubb, M., & Cameron, C. (1996). Catastrophic worrying as a function of changes in problem-solving confidence: Cognitive Therapy and Research Vol 20(4) Aug 1996, 333-344.
  • Davey, G. C. L., Startup, H. M., MacDonald, C. B., Jenkins, D., & Patterson, K. (2005). The Use of "As Many As Can" Versus "Feel Like Continuing" Stop Rules During Worrying: Cognitive Therapy and Research Vol 29(2) Apr 2005, 155-169.
  • David, H. P. (1980). Review of Erziehung fur die Zukunft: Theoretische und empirische Untersuchungen zum Zusammenhang von Zukunftserleben und Erziehung: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 25 (8), Aug, 1980.
  • Davids, K., & Gill, A. (1995). Multidimensional state anxiety prior to different levels of sport competition: Some problems with simulation tasks: International Journal of Sport Psychology Vol 26(3) Jul-Sep 1995, 359-382.
  • Davies, T. R. (1996). Confidence following choice. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Davis, R. F. (2007). Female transformational leader characteristics: An exploratory investigation. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Dawes, R. M., & Mulford, M. (1996). The false consensus effect and overconfidence: Flaws in judgment or flaws in how we study judgment? : Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 65(3) Mar 1996, 201-211.
  • De Cremer, D., & van Knippenberg, D. (2004). Leader self-sacrifice and leadership effectiveness: The moderating role of leader self-confidence: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 95(2) Nov 2004, 140-155.
  • de Freitas, F. J. P., Hernandez, J. A. E., Nogueira, P. S., & Voser, R. d. C. (1999). Pre-competitive anxiety and self-control behavior in soccer players: Aletheia No 9 1999, 5-14.
  • Dechairo, A. E. (2000). Quality patient outcomes through nursing case management in acute care hospitals. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Dellmann-Jenkins, M., Sattler, S. H., & Richardson, R. A. (1993). Adolescent parenting: A positive, intergenerational approach: Families in Society Vol 74(10) Dec 1993, 590-601.
  • Demirbas, H., Ilhan, I. O., & Dogan, Y. B. (2004). Relationship of Problem Solving Ways with the Process of Addiction in Alcohol Dependent Patients: Bagimlik Dergisi Vol 5(2) Aug 2004, 8-11.
  • Demmel, R., & Hagen, J. (2004). The structure of positive alcohol expectancies in alcohol-dependent inpatients: Addiction Research & Theory Vol 12(2) Apr 2004, 125-140.
  • Dempsey, J. V., & Driscoll, M. P. (1996). Error and feedback: Relation between content analysis and confidence of response: Psychological Reports Vol 78(3, Pt 2) Jun 1996, 1079-1089.
  • DePaulo, B. M., Charlton, K., Cooper, H., Lindsay, J. J., & Muhlenbruck, L. (1997). The accuracy-confidence correlation in the detection of deception: Personality and Social Psychology Review Vol 1(4) 1997, 346-357.
  • Devi, P. N. (2003). Effectiveness of group counseling: Adjustment among women college students: Journal of Indian Psychology Vol 21(2) Jul 2003, 67-77.
  • Devonport, T. J., & Lane, A. M. (2006). Relationships between self-efficacy, coping and student retention: Social Behavior and Personality Vol 34(2) 2006, 127-138.
  • Di Vesta, F. J., Meyer, D. L., & Mills, J. (1964). Confidence in an expert as a function of his judgments: Human Relations 17(3) 1964, 235-242.
  • Diaz, P. R. (2006). Positive Thinking Through Hispanic Eyes: Building Self-Confidence and Self-esteem Among Latinos. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Dieterich, S. E. (2000). Attachment as a predictor of self-monitoring and sexual behavior. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Dillihunt, K. L. (1997). The relationship between counselor training and confidence in child sexual abuse treatment issues. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Dion, K. K., Dion, K. L., & Pak, A. W.-p. (1990). The role of self-reported language proficiencies in the cultural and psychosocial adaptation among members of Toronto, Canada's Chinese community: Journal of Asian Pacific Communication Vol 1 1990, 173-189.
  • Dobbins, I. G., Kroll, N. E. A., & Liu, Q. (1998). Confidence-accuracy inversions in scene recognition: A remember-know analysis: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 24(5) Sep 1998, 1306-1315.
  • Dodge, A. F. (1938). What are the personality traits of the successful salesperson? : Journal of Applied Psychology Vol 22(3) Jun 1938, 229-238.
  • Douglass, A. B., Smith, C., & Fraser-Thill, R. (2005). A problem with double-blind photospread procedures: Photospread administrators use one eyewitness's confidence to influence the identification of another eyewitness: Law and Human Behavior Vol 29(5) Oct 2005, 543-562.
  • Downing, J., & Garmon, C. (2001). Teaching students in the basic course how to use presentation software: Communication Education Vol 50(3) Jul 2001, 218-229.
  • Doyle, A. L. (2003). Gender, gender role, and gender role-orientation of exercise task: Effects on cardiovascular reactivity and confidence. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Draper, J. M. (1995). Work and its relationship to well-being, self-confidence, and self-evaluation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Driessen, G., & van der Slik, F. (2001). Religion, denomination, and education in The Netherlands: Cognitive and noncognitive outcomes after an era of secularization: Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion Vol 40(4) Dec 2001, 561-572.
  • Driscoll, J. M., Allais-Hulin, V., & Bagg-Mayer, V. (1997). Feelings of mastery in aggressors: A conceptual replication of an American experiment in France: Journal of Social Psychology Vol 137(6) Dec 1997, 779-781.
  • Dunn, A. L., & Dishman, R. K. (2005). Anxiety and performance on the tour de France and tour de France feminin: International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology Vol 3(4) Dec 2005, 410-427.
  • Dunn, D. A., & Johnson, J. L. (2001). Choosing to remain smoke-free: The experiences of adolescent girls: Journal of Adolescent Health Vol 29(4) Oct 2001, 289-297.
  • Dunning, D., Heath, C., & Suls, J. M. (2004). Flawed Self-Assessment: Implications for Health, Education, and the Workplace: Psychological Science in the Public Interest Vol 5(3) Dec 2004, 69-106.
  • Dunning, D., Johnson, K., Ehrlinger, J., & Kruger, J. (2003). Why people fail to recognize their own incompetence: Current Directions in Psychological Science Vol 12(3) Jun 2003, 83-87.
  • Dunst, C. J., & Dempsey, I. (2007). Family-professional partnerships and parenting competence, confidence, and enjoyment: International Journal of Disability, Development and Education Vol 54(3) Sep 2007, 305-318.
  • Durndell, A., Haag, Z., & Laithwaite, H. (2000). Computer self efficacy and gender: A cross cultural study of Scotland and Romania: Personality and Individual Differences Vol 28(6) Jun 2000, 1037-1044.
  • Dustin, D. S. (1965). Perceived outcome, trying, can, and confidence: Perceptual and Motor Skills 20(1) 1965, 286.
  • Dykes, S. M. (1997). A test of proposition one of the prediction theory. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Dywan, J. (1995). The illusion of familiarity: An alternative to the report-criterion account of hypnotic recall: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis Vol 43(2) Apr 1995, 194-211.
  • East, P. L., Matthews, K. L., & Felice, M. E. (1994). Qualities of adolescent mothers' parenting: Journal of Adolescent Health Vol 15(2) Mar 1994, 163-168.
  • Edwards, J. A., Jr. (1996). The effects of causal uncertainty on dispositional attribution. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Edwards, T., & Hardy, L. (1996). The interactive effects of intensity and direction of cognitive and somatic anxiety and self-confidence upon performance: Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology Vol 18(3) Sep 1996, 296-312.
  • Eichberger, J., & Kelsey, D. (2000). Non-Additive Beliefs and Strategic Equilibria: Games and Economic Behavior Vol 30(2) Feb 2000, 183-215.
  • ElGeili, E. S. S., & Bashir, T. Z. (2005). Precipitants of Relapse Among Heroin Addicts: Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment Vol 4(1) 2005, 29-38.
  • Elkins, D. B., Dole, L. R., Maticka-Tyndale, E., & Stam, K. R. (1998). Relaying the message of safer sex: Condom races for community-based skills training: Health Education Research Vol 13(3) Sep 1998, 357-370.
  • Elliott, T. R., Herrick, S. M., MacNair, R. R., & Harkins, S. W. (1994). Personality correlates of self-appraised problem solving ability: Problem orientation and trait affectivity: Journal of Personality Assessment Vol 63(3) Dec 1994, 489-505.
  • Elston, T.-L., & Ginis, K. A. M. (2004). The effects of self-set versus assigned goals on exercisers' self-efficacy for an unfamiliar task: Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology Vol 26(3) Sep 2004, 500-504.
  • Emery, N. J., Capitanio, J. P., Mason, W. A., Machado, C. J., Mendoza, S. P., & Amaral, D. G. (2001). The effects of bilateral lesions of the amygdala on dyadic social interactions in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 115(3) Jun 2001, 515-544.
  • Eng, D. W. (1997). Evaluating confidence and commitment as elements of success in tennis. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Erdal, I. L. (1997). Can the self-confidence of blind children be enhanced by physical training? : Psykologisk Paedagogisk Radgivning Vol 34(3) Jun 1997, 260-266.
  • Erkut, S., Marx, F., & Fields, J. P. (2001). A delicate balance: How teachers can support middle school girls' confidence and competence. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Estes, Z. (2004). Confidence and gradedness in semantic categorization: Definitely somewhat artifactual, maybe absolutely natural: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Vol 11(6) Dec 2004, 1041-1047.
  • Eum, C. (2006). A phenomenological study of never married women over 40. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Evered, L. J. (1998). Participant confidence-competence and performance in variable collaborative groups: Journal of Research & Development in Education Vol 31(2) Win 1998, 63-68.
  • Ezell, D., & Klein-Ezell, C. E. (2003). M.A.G.I.C. W.O.R.K.S (Motivating Activities Geared-to Instilling Confidence-Wonderful Opportunities to Raise Kid's Self-Esteem): Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities Vol 38(4) Dec 2003, 441-450.
  • Fan, R. M.-t., Wagner, H. L., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1995). Anchoring, familiarity, and confidence in the detection of deception: Basic and Applied Social Psychology Vol 17(1-2) Aug 1995, 83-96.
  • Fernandez Castro, J., Martinez-Sanchez, F., & Ortiz Soria, B. (1999). Modulating effect of perceived personal competence on physiological reactivity to experimentally induced stress: Psicologia Contemporanea Vol 6(1) 1999, 82-89.
  • Ferreira, J. P. L., Chatzisarantis, N., Caspar, P. M., & Campos, M. J. (2007). Precompetitive anxiety and self-confidence in athletes with disability: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 105(1) Aug 2007, 339-346.
  • Ferrell, W. R. (1994). Calibration of sensory and cognitive judgments: A single model for both: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology Vol 35(4) Dec 1994, 297-314.
  • Fidanza, J. F. (1993). The Baseball Batter Personality Inventory: Preliminary development and validation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Filstad, C., Dean, G., Fahsing, I. A., & Gottschalk, P. (2007). Newcomers' use of colleagues as role models: Research propositions for investigative thinking styles of law enforcement detectives: Knowledge & Process Management Vol 14(2) Apr-Jun 2007, 71-80.
  • Finn, B., & Metcalfe, J. (2007). The Role of Memory for Past Test in the Underconfidence With Practice Effect: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 33(1) Jan 2007, 238-244.
  • Fischer, I., & Budescu, D. V. (2005). When do those who know more also know more about how much they know? The development of confidence and performance in categorical decision tasks: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 98(1) Sep 2005, 39-53.
  • Flannelly, L. T., & Flannelly, K. J. (2000). Reducing people's judgment bias about their level of knowledge: Psychological Record Vol 50(3) Sum 2000, 587-600.
  • Fletcher, D., & Hanton, S. (2001). The relationship between psychological skills usage and competitive anxiety responses: Psychology of Sport and Exercise Vol 2(2) Apr 2001, 89-101.
  • Fogarty, G. J., & Else, D. (2005). Performance Calibration in Sport: Implications for Self-Confidence and Metacognitive Biases: International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology Vol 3(1) Mar 2005, 41-57.
  • Foley, R. (1998). Rationality and intellectual self-trust. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Fox, J. R. (2000). Accurate and false memories of television news stories: Confidence and experiential differences in recognition judgments. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Frankfort, L., & Fanning, P. (2005). How to stop backing down & start talking back. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
  • Frasson, C., & Aimeur, E. (1996). A comparison of three learning strategies in intelligent tutoring systems: Journal of Educational Computing Research Vol 14(4) 1996, 371-383.
  • Freedman-Doan, C., Wigfield, A., Eccles, J. S., Blumenfeld, P., Arbreton, A., & Harold, R. D. (2000). What am I best at? Grade and gender differences in children's beliefs about ability improvement: Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology Vol 21(4) Jul-Aug 2000, 379-402.
  • Frid, S. D. (1993). Undergraduate calculus students' language use and sources of conviction: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Friedman, I. A., & Mann, L. (1993). Coping patterns in adolescent decision making: An Israeli-Australian comparison: Journal of Adolescence Vol 16(2) Jun 1993, 187-199.
  • Fries, E. A. (1992). Overconfidence in health knowledge and predictions of personal health behaviors: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Fu, T., Koutstaal, W., Fu, C. H. Y., Poon, L., & Cleare, A. J. (2005). Depression, Confidence, and Decision: Evidence Against Depressive Realism: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment Vol 27(4) Dec 2005, 243-252.
  • Fulginiti, J. V. (1995). Ambiguity, precision, and choice: A fuzzy trace theory analysis of framing effects in decision-making under uncertainty. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Fung, L., Ng, J. K., & Cheung, S. Y. (2001). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Trait Sport-confidence Inventory and State Sport-confidence Inventory on a Chinese sample: International Journal of Sport Psychology Vol 32(3) Jul-Sep 2001, 304-313.
  • Furnham, A., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2007). Self-assessed intelligence and confidence for the acquisition of skills: Zeitschrift fur Personalpsychologie Vol 6(1) 2007, 28-36.
  • Gabriel, S., Renaud, J. M., & Tippin, B. (2007). When I think of you, I feel more confident about me: The relational self and self-confidence: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Vol 43(5) Sep 2007, 772-779.
  • Gaillard, J. P., Freard, D., Colle, E., & Hoppenot, P. (2003). Operator's self-confidence to detect mobile robot trajectory errors: Le Travail Humain Vol 66(1) Jan-Mar 2003, 1-21.
  • Gallardo, R. Y., Villalobos, M. V. P., Mujica, A. D., & Troncoso, D. N. (2005). University Students Trust and Confidence as Attitudinal Determinant Towards Assessment Surveys of Teaching Performance: Revista Interamericana de Psicologia Vol 39(3) Sep-Dec 2005, 375-382.
  • Galotti, K. M., Komatsu, L. K., & Voelz, S. (1997). Children's differential performance on deductive and inductive syllogisms: Developmental Psychology Vol 33(1) Jan 1997, 70-78.
  • Gambara, H., & Leon, O. G. (1996). Evidence of data and confidence in clinical judgments: European Journal of Psychological Assessment Vol 12(3) 1996, 193-201.
  • Garant, V., Charest, C., Alain, M., & Thomassin, L. (1995). Development and validation of a self-confidence scale: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 81(2) Oct 1995, 401-402.
  • Garcia, Y. E., Metha, A., Perfect, M. C., & McWhirter, J. J. (1997). A senior peer counseling program: Evaluation of training and benefits to counselors: Educational Gerontology Vol 23(4) Jun 1997, 329-344.
  • Gardner, D. G., Dukes, R. L., & Discenza, R. (1993). Computer use, self-confidence, and attitudes: A causal analysis: Computers in Human Behavior Vol 9(4) Win 1993, 427-440.
  • Garland, K., & Noyes, J. (2005). Attitudes and confidence towards computers and books as learning tools: A cross-sectional study of student cohorts: British Journal of Educational Technology Vol 36(1) Jan 2005, 85-91.
  • Garrioch, L., & Brimacombe, C. A. E. (2001). Lineup administrators' expectations: Their impact on eyewitness confidence: Law and Human Behavior Vol 25(3) Jun 2001, 299-314.
  • Garza, D. L., & Feltz, D. L. (1998). Effects of selected mental practice on performance, self-efficacy, and competition confidence of figure skaters: The Sport Psychologist Vol 12(1) Mar 1998, 1-15.
  • Gasser, M., & Tan, R. (2005). Performance Estimates and Confidence Calibration for a Perceptual-Motor Task: North American Journal of Psychology Vol 7(3) Dec 2005, 457-468.
  • Gelfand, M. J., Spurlock, D., Sniezek, J. A., & Shao, L. (2000). Culture and social prediction: The role of information in enhancing confidence in social predictions in the United States and China: Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology Vol 31(4) Jul 2000, 498-516.
  • Geller, J. (2006). Women speak ... briefly: Psychiatric Services Vol 57(1) Jan 2006, 145-147.
  • George, T. R. (1993). Self-confidence and baseball performance: A causal examination of self-efficacy theory: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • George, T. R. (1994). Self-confidence and baseball performance: A causal examination of self-efficacy theory: Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology Vol 16(4) Dec 1994, 381-399.
  • Gerbert, B., Moe, J. C., Saag, M. S., Benson, C. A., Jacobsen, D. M., Feraios, A., et al. (2001). Toward a definition of HIV expertise: A survey of experienced HIV physicians: AIDS Patient Care and STDs Vol 15(6) Jun 2001, 321-330.
  • Gilbert, P., Allan, S., Ball, L., & Bradshaw, Z. (1996). Overconfidence and personal evaluations of social rank: British Journal of Medical Psychology Vol 69(1) Mar 1996, 59-68.
  • Gil-Monte, P. R., & Peiro, J. M. (1997). A study on significant sources of the "bournout syndrome" in workers at occupational centres for the mentally disabled: Psychology in Spain Vol 1(1) 1997, 55-62.
  • Gilovich, T., Epley, N., & Hanko, K. (2005). Shallow Thoughts About the Self: The Automatic Components of Self-Assessment. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Goda, Y. (2004). Feedback timing and learners' response confidence on learning English as a foreign language (EFL): Examining the effects of a computer-based feedback and assessment environment on EFL students' language acquisition (Taiwan, China). Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Gonzalez-Vallejo, C., & Bonham, A. (2007). Aligning confidence with accuracy: Revisiting the role of feedback: Acta Psychologica Vol 125(2) Jun 2007, 221-239.
  • Goo, J. M. W. (2002). The effect of negative feedback on confidence calibration and error reduction in spreadsheet development. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Goodie, A. S. (2003). The effects of control on betting: Paradoxical betting on items of high confidence with low value: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 29(4) Jul 2003, 598-610.
  • Goodie, A. S. (2005). The Role of Perceived Control and Overconfidence in Pathological Gambling: Journal of Gambling Studies Vol 21(4) Dec 2005, 481-502.
  • Graham, L. (2003). Writing journals: An investigation: Reading: Literacy & Language Vol 37(1) Apr 2003, 39-42.
  • Grandjean, B. D., Taylor, P. A., & Weiner, J. (2002). Confidence, concentration, and competitive performance of elite athletes: A natural experiment in Olympic gymnastics: Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology Vol 24(3) Sep 2002, 320-327.
  • Greblo, P. (1998). Dispositional factors influencing confidence in and beliefs about the accuracy of one's own and others' judgment. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Green, D., & Chambers, M. (2005). Development coordination disorder and self-esteem: British Journal of Occupational Therapy Vol 68(12) Dec 2005, 580.
  • Greene, E. B. (1929). Achievement and confidence on true-false tests of college students: The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology Vol 23(4) Jan 1929, 467-478.
  • Greenspan, S. I. (2002). The secure child: Helping children feel safe and confident in a changing world. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing.
  • Griffin, D. W., & Varey, C. A. (1996). Towards a consensus on overconfidence: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 65(3) Mar 1996, 227-231.
  • Griffin, J. H. (2003). The relations among computer anxiety, computer experience, and perceived confidence in scaffolding. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Grove, J. R., & Heard, N. P. (1997). Optimism and sport confidence as correlates of slump-related coping among athletes: The Sport Psychologist Vol 11(4) Dec 1997, 400-410.
  • Gudykunst, W. B., & Nishida, T. (2001). Anxiety, uncertainty, and perceived effectiveness of communication across relationships and cultures: International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 25(1) Jan 2001, 55-71.
  • Guest, G. V. (2000). Sex education: A source for promoting character development in young people with physical disabilities: Sexuality and Disability Vol 18(2) Sum 2000, 137-142.
  • Guo, L., Yang, L., Liu, Z., & Song, T. (2005). An Experimental Research on the Formation of Primary School Pupils' Self-confidence: Psychological Science (China) Vol 28(5) Sep 2005, 1068-1071.
  • Gutbezahl, J. (1997). Mathematics performance and underperformance: Effects of gender and confidence. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Guthrie, G. M., Butler, A., Golow, L., & White, G. N. (1964). Nonverbal expression of self-attitudes of retardates: American Journal of Mental Deficiency 69(1) 1964, 42-49.
  • Haenel, F. (2001). Foreign bodies in the soul. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Hall, C. C., Ariss, L., & Todorov, A. (2007). The illusion of knowledge: When more information reduces accuracy and increases confidence: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 103(2) Jul 2007, 277-290.
  • Hall, J., & West, R. (1996). Role of formal instruction and informal practice in learning to drive: Ergonomics Vol 39(4) Apr 1996, 693-706.
  • Hall, W. A., Shearer, K., Mogan, J., & Berkowitz, J. (2002). Weighing preterm infants before & after breastfeeding: Does it increase maternal confidence and competence? : MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing Vol 27(6) Nov-Dec 2002, 318-327.
  • Hancock, J. A., Moffoot, A. P. R., & O'Carroll, R. E. (1996). "Depressive realism" assessed via confidence in decision-making: Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Vol 1(3) 1996, 213-220.
  • Hankin, S. (2004). Complete confidence: A handbook. New York, NY: Regan Books/Harper Collins Publishers.
  • Hanton, S., Evans, L., & Neil, R. (2003). Hardiness and the competitive trait anxiety response: Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal Vol 16(2) Jun 2003, 167-184.
  • Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (1995). Antecedents of multidimensional state anxiety in elite competitive swimmers: International Journal of Sport Psychology Vol 26(4) Oct-Dec 1995, 512-523.
  • Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (1997). Antecedents of intensity and direction dimensions of competitive anxiety as a function of skill: Psychological Reports Vol 81(3, Pt 2) Dec 1997, 1139-1147.
  • Hanton, S., Mellalieu, S. D., & Hall, R. (2004). Self-confidence and anxiety interpretation: A qualitative investigation: Psychology of Sport and Exercise Vol 5(4) Oct 2004, 477-495.
  • Harden, J. M. (1994). Organizational socialization states, communication in peer relationships, and a model of the organizational socialization process. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Hardy, L., Woodman, T., & Carrington, S. (2004). Is self-confidence a bias factor in higher-order catastrophe models? An exploratory analysis: Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology Vol 26(3) Sep 2004, 359-368.
  • Harlow, R. E. (1995). Self-competence and finding a listening ear following positive events: A transactional analysis. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Harlow, R. E., & Cantor, N. (1995). Overcoming a lack of self-assurance in an achievement domain: Creating agency in daily life. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
  • Harlow, R. F. (1993). The influence of speech-confidence and gender on speech production during normal and delayed auditory feedback: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Harmon, L. W., Borgen, F. H., Berreth, J. M., King, J. C., Schauer, D., & Ward, C. C. (1996). The Skills Confidence Inventory: A measure of self-efficacy: Journal of Career Assessment Vol 4(4) Fal 1996, 457-477.
  • Harrell, P. L., Kearl, G. W., Reed, E. L., Grigsby, D. G., & et al. (1993). Medical students' confidence and the characteristics of their clinical experiences in a primary care clerkship: Academic Medicine Vol 68(7) Jul 1993, 577-579.
  • Harris, H. L. (1997). Exploring the relationship between perceived coaching styles and sport-confidence among college student-athletes. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Harvey, N. (1994). Relations between confidence and skilled performance. Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Harvey, N. (1997). Confidence in judgment: Trends in Cognitive Sciences Vol 1(2) May 1997, 78-82.
  • Harvey, N., Koehler, D. J., & Ayton, P. (1997). Judgments of decision effectiveness: Actor-observer differences in overconfidence: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 70(3) Jun 1997, 267-282.
  • Hassmen, P., Raglin, J. S., & Lundqvist, C. (2004). Intra-Individual Variability in State Anxiety and Self-Confidence in Elite Golfers: Journal of Sport Behavior Vol 27(3) Sep 2004, 277-290.
  • Hatzichristou, D., Cuzin, B., Martin-Morales, A., Buvat, J., Porst, H., Laferriere, N., et al. (2005). Vardenafil Improves Satisfaction Rates, Depressive Symptomatology, and Self-Confidence in a Broad Population of Men with Erectile Dysfunction: Journal of Sexual Medicine Vol 2(1) Jan 2005, 109-116.
  • Hays, K., Maynard, I., Thomas, O., & Bawden, M. (2007). Sources and types of confidence identified by World Class sport performers: Journal of Applied Sport Psychology Vol 19(4) Dec 2007, 434-456.
  • Hayward, M. L. A., & Hambrick, D. C. (1997). Explaining the premiums paid for large acquisitions: Evidence of CEO hubris: Administrative Science Quarterly Vol 42(1) Mar 1997, 103-127.
  • Hayward, M. L. A., Shepherd, D. A., & Griffin, D. (2006). The hubris theory of entrepreneurship: Management Science Vol 52(2) Feb 2006, 160-172.
  • He, G., & Ma, J. (1998). The effects of task decomposition on numerical judgment of unknown events: Psychological Science (China) Vol 21(2) 1998, 180-181.
  • Heath, C., & Gonzalez, R. (1995). Interaction with others increases decision confidence but not decision quality: Evidence against information collection views of interactive decision making: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 61(3) Mar 1995, 305-326.
  • Hebert, T. P. (2004). Defining Belief in Self: Intelligent Young Men in an Urban High School. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
  • Heidel, L. S. (1999). One stage of therapist development: A longitudinal study of interns. (counseling centers). Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Heine, S. J., & Hamamura, T. (2007). In Search of East Asian Self-Enhancement: Personality and Social Psychology Review Vol 11(1) Feb 2007, 1-24.
  • Heine, S. J., & Hamamura, T. (2007). "In Search of East Asian Self-Enhancement": Erratum: Personality and Social Psychology Review Vol 11(2) May 2007, 204.
  • Heiss, D. G., & Basso, D. M. (2003). Physical Therapy on Trial: The Rationale, Organization, and Impact of a Mock Trial on Physical Therapy Students' Attitudes Toward and Confidence in Research: Journal of Allied Health Vol 32(3) Fal 2003, 202-210.
  • Henderson, L. (1999). Applying the Transtheoretical Model to breast self-examination. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Henry, P. (2000). Modes of thought that vary systematically with both social class and age: Psychology & Marketing Vol 17(5) May 2000, 421-440.
  • Henschen, K., & Newton, M. (2004). Building confidence in sport. Milton, QLD, Australia: John Wiley & Sons Australia.
  • Hershey, D. A., & Wilson, J. A. (1997). Age differences in performance awareness on a complex financial decision-making task: Experimental Aging Research Vol 23(3) Jul-Sep 1997, 257-273.
  • Hertwig, R., Gigerenzer, G., & Hoffrage, U. (1997). The reiteration effect in hindsight bias: Psychological Review Vol 104(1) Jan 1997, 194-202.
  • Hertzman, M. (1937). Confidence ratings as an index of difficulty: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 21(1) Jul 1937, 113-119.
  • Heyman, J. E. (2006). Revealed confidence reverses the hard-easy effect. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Hibler, F. W., & Larsen, A. H. (1944). Problems of upperclass students in a teachers college: Journal of Applied Psychology Vol 28(3) Jun 1944, 246-253.
  • Higgins, B. D. (1997). Situational confidence, affect intensity and object relations in alcohol and cocaine-dependent men. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Higgins, M. C. (2001). Changing careers: The effects of social context: Journal of Organizational Behavior Vol 22(6) Sep 2001, 595-618.
  • Hight, O. L. (1994). The effects of math confidence/study skills instruction on the mathematics achievement attitudes and study skills behavior of remedial math college students. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Hildingh, C., Luepker, R. V., Baigi, A., & Lidell, E. (2006). Stress, health complaints and self-confidence: A comparison between young adult women in Sweden and USA: Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences Vol 20(2) Jun 2006, 202-208.
  • Hildingh, C., Luepker, R. V., Baigi, A., & Lidell, E. (2006). "Stress, health complaints and self-confidence: A comparison between young adult women in Sweden and USA": Erratum: Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences Vol 20(4) Dec 2006, 472.
  • Hilgenkamp, K. D., & Livingston, M. M. (2002). Tomboys, masculine characteristics, and self-ratings of confidence in career success: Psychological Reports Vol 90(3,Pt1) Jun 2002, 743-749.
  • Hill, J. J., Jr. (2002). Are executives overconfident? Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Hogarth, R. M. (2006). Is Confidence in Decisions Related to Feedback? Evidence from Random Samples of Real-World Behavior. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hollander, J. A. (2004). "I Can Take Care of Myself": The Impact of Self-Defense Training on Women's Lives: Violence Against Women Vol 10(3) Mar 2004, 205-235.
  • Hollenbeck, G. P., & Hall, D. T. (2004). Self-confidence and leader performance: Organizational Dynamics Vol 33(3) 2004, 254-269.
  • Hollins, T. S., & Perfect, T. J. (1997). The confidence-accuracy relation in eyewitness event memory: The mixed question type effect: Legal and Criminological Psychology Vol 2(Part 2) Sep 1997, 205-218.
  • Holt, K. E. (1995). Understanding managerial feedback and self-development: Does readiness make a difference? Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Hong, Y.-y., Chiu, C.-y., & Dweck, C. S. (1995). Implicit theories of intelligence: Reconsidering the role of confidence in achievement motivation. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
  • Hornik, S. R. (1999). Determinants of confidence and their effect on epistemic judgments: Implications for auditor calibration bias. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Horowitz, H. (1966). The relationship of confidence to competence and imitation behavior: Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied 63(2) 1966, 235-247.
  • Howie, P., & Roebers, C. M. (2007). Developmental progression in the confidence-accuracy relationship in event recall: Insights provided by a calibration perspective: Applied Cognitive Psychology Vol 21(7) Nov 2007, 871-893.
  • Hoza, B., & Pelham, W. E. (1995). Social-cognitive predictors of treatment response in children with ADHD: Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology Vol 14(1) Spr 1995, 23-35.
  • Huang, G. G. (1995). Self-reported biliteracy and self-esteem: A study of Mexican American 8th graders: Applied Psycholinguistics Vol 16(3) Sep 1995, 271-291.
  • Hughes, P. P., Marshall, D., & Sherrill, C. (2003). Multidimensional analysis of fear and confidence of university women relating to crimes and dangerous situations: Journal of Interpersonal Violence Vol 18(1) Jan 2003, 33-49.
  • Hunt, K. H. (1993). Children's willfulness and mothers' wills in nineteenth century New England correspondence: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Inman, M. (2002). Self-certainty and reactions to feedback: Assessing and protecting the self in times of uncertainty: Representative Research in Social Psychology Vol 26 2002, 44-56.
  • Isabella, L. A., & Waddock, S. A. (1994). Top management team certainty: Environmental assessments, teamwork, and performance implications: Journal of Management Vol 20(4) Win 1994, 835-858.
  • Isralowitz, S. A. (1995). The relationship between sensation seeking, anxiety, self-confidence and AIDS-related sexual risk-taking in a college student sample. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Itoh, Y., & Yano, M. (2005). Can eyewitness confidence be used as an index of accuracy of memory? : Japanese Psychological Review Vol 48(3) 2005, 278-293.
  • Jackson, T. D., Hobfoll, S. E., Jackson, A. P., & Lavin, J. (2001). Life stressors, mastery, and perceived partner engagement in HIV-risk behavior: Journal of Community Psychology Vol 29(1) Jan 2001, 1-17.
  • Jacobsen, T., Edelstein, W., & Hofmann, V. (1994). A longitudinal study of the relation between representations of attachment in childhood and cognitive functioning in childhood and adolescence: Developmental Psychology Vol 30(1) Jan 1994, 112-124.
  • Jagannathan, R., & Camasso, M. J. (2006). Public Assistance Workers' Confidence in Welfare-to-Work Programs and the Clients They Serve: Administration in Social Work Vol 30(1) 2006, 7-32.
  • Jalon, M. J. D.-A., & Arias, R. M. (2006). The intergenerational transmission of social exclusion and its detection in early childhood education: Psicothema Vol 18(3) Aug 2006, 378-383.
  • Jambor, E. A., Rudisill, M. E., Weekes, E. M., & Michaud, T. J. (1994). Association among fitness components, anxiety, and confidence following aerobic training in aquarunning: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 78(2) Apr 1994, 595-602.
  • Jambunathan, S. (1997). Perception of self-competence among four-year-old children as predicted by parental attitudes about childrearing and gender. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • James, D. C. (1998). Prenatal fetal attachment, prenatal maternal confidence, postbirth maternal confidence, and depressive symptoms: A correlational study of adolescent mothers. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Jasper, W. A. (1998). Self-confidence and work effort as predictors of achievement in junior high school mathematics courses. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Ji, L., Ni, G., Sun, X., & Wang, X. (1998). The effects of short term and long term goal settings on basketball shooting accuracy, level of effort, and state of anxiety: Psychological Science (China) Vol 21(2) 1998, 140-145.
  • Jiang, J. J., Muhanna, W. A., & Pick, R. A. (1996). The impact of model performance history information on users' confidence in decision models: An experimental examination: Computers in Human Behavior Vol 12(2) Sum 1996, 193-207.
  • Johnson, D. M. (1941). Confidence and achievement in eight branches of knowledge: Journal of Educational Psychology Vol 32(1) Jan 1941, 23-36.
  • Johnson, J. T., & Boyd, K. R. (1997). Predicting the display of personality traits: Actor/observer differences in the accessibility and utilization of evidence: Social Cognition Vol 15(1) Spr 1997, 13-36.
  • Johnson, L. C. (1957). Generality of speed and confidence of judgment: The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology Vol 54(2) Mar 1957, 264-266.
  • Johnson, W., & McCoy, N. (2000). Self-confidence, self-esteem and assumption of sex role in young men and women: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 90(3,Pt1) Jun 2000, 751-756.
  • Johnson, W., Zava, D., & McCoy, N. (2000). Overall self-confidence, self-confidence in mathematics, and sex-role stereotyping in relation to salivary free testosterone in university women: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 91(2) Oct 2000, 391-401.
  • Jones, C. J., & Meredith, W. (1996). Patterns of personality change across the life span: Psychology and Aging Vol 11(1) Mar 1996, 57-65.
  • Jones, E. M. (1993). Increasing counselor confidence in applying a theory of vocational personalities and work environments: An evaluation: Journal of Career Assessment Vol 1(4) Fal 1993, 441-445.
  • Jones, S. E., & Brown, B. C. (1996). Touch attitudes and behaviors, recollections of early childhood touch, and social self-confidence: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Vol 20(3) Fal 1996, 147-163.
  • Jonsson, A.-C., & Allwood, C. M. (2003). Stability and variability in the realism of confidence judgments over time, content domain, and gender: Personality and Individual Differences Vol 34(4) Mar 2003, 559-574.
  • Jonsson, F. U., Olsson, H., & Olsson, M. J. (2005). Odor Emotionality Affects the Confidence in Odor Naming: Chemical Senses Vol 30(1) Jan 2005, 29-35.
  • Jorgensen, B. (2001). Self Confidence of Children With Early Linguistic Difficulties: Psykologisk Paedagogisk Radgivning Vol 38(4) Sep 2001, 300-304.
  • Joyner, C. A. (1992). Preventing overconfidence in decision-making: Debiasing with devil's advocacy: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Juslin, P., Winman, A., & Olsson, H. (2003). Calibration, additivity, and source independence of probability judgments in general knowledge and sensory discrimination tasks: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 92(1-2) Sep-Nov 2003, 34-51.
  • Kahler, E. P. I. (1998). A comparison of selected factors with music therapy students performance on clinical skills. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Kais, K., & Raudsepp, L. (2005). Intensity and direction of competitive state anxiety, self-confidence and athletic performance: Kinesiology Vol 37(1) Jun 2005, 13-20.
  • Kaiser, R. (2002). Fixing Identity by Denying Uniqueness: An Analysis of Professional Identity in Medicine: Journal of Medical Humanities Vol 23(2) Sum 2002, 95-105.
  • Kalaian, H. A., & Freeman, D. J. (1994). Gender differences in self-confidence and educational beliefs among secondary teacher candidates: Teaching and Teacher Education Vol 10(6) Nov 1994, 647-658.
  • Kandakai, T. L., & King, K. A. (2002). Preservice teachers' perceived confidence in teaching school violence prevention: American Journal of Health Behavior Vol 26(5) Sep-Oct 2002, 342-353.
  • Kang, H. K. (1994). Parenting satisfaction and sense of competence in older mothers: Korean Journal of Child Studies Vol 15(2) Nov 1994, 169-180.
  • Kaplan, M. S., Adamek, M. E., & Martin, J. L. (2001). Confidence of primary care physicians in assessing the suicidality of geriatric patients: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Vol 16(7) Jul 2001, 728-734.
  • Karau, S. J., & Eagly, A. H. (1999). Invited reaction: Gender, social roles, and the emergence of leaders: Human Resource Development Quarterly Vol 10(4) Win 1999, 321-327.
  • Kass, E. E. (2000). The effects of negative emotional states and confidence levels on integrative bargaining performance. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Kawamoto, I. (1996). Self-esteem experience in everyday life: An examination form the viewpoint of "locus of reality": Japanese Journal of Psychology Vol 67(2) Jun 1996, 102-109.
  • Kebbell, M. R., & Johnson, S. D. (2000). Lawyers' questioning: The effect of confusing questions on witness confidence and accuracy: Law and Human Behavior Vol 24(6) Dec 2000, 629-641.
  • Kehrli, C. W. (1993). A perspective on school effects: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Kelly, S. W., Burton, A. M., Kato, T., & Akamatsu, S. (2001). Incidental learning of real-world regularities: Psychological Science Vol 12(1) Jan 2001, 86-89.
  • Kennedy, M. R. T. (2001). Retrospective confidence judgements made by adults with traumatic brain injury: relative and absolute accuracy: Brain Injury Vol 15(6) Jun 2001, 469-487.
  • Kern-Jones, S. (1997). Social problem solving: The influence of emotional states, family environment, problem solving confidence, and coping styles. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Kim, J.-Y. (2006). Hyperbolic discounting and the repeated self-control problem: Journal of Economic Psychology Vol 27(3) Jun 2006, 344-359.
  • Kim, K. A. (2000). Self-belief about memory functioning, adaptability, and subjective well-being in old age. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Kipnis, D., & Lane, W. P. (1962). Self-confidence and leadership: Journal of Applied Psychology Vol 46(4) Aug 1962, 291-295.
  • Kirby, N. F., & Downs, C. T. (2007). Self-assessment and the disadvantaged student: Potential for encouraging self-regulated learning? : Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education Vol 32(4) Aug 2007, 475-494.
  • Kirkby, R. J., & Liu, J. (1999). Precompetition anxiety in Chinese athletes: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 88(1) Feb 1999, 297-303.
  • Kitisook, R. (1992). The effects of gender and the use of information on the development of self-confidence during early stages of learning a motor task: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Kjormo, O., & Halvari, H. (2002). Relation of burnout with lack of time for being with significant others, role conflict, cohesion, and self-confidence among Norwegian Olympic athletes: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 94(3,Pt1) Jun 2002, 795-804.
  • Kjormo, O., & Halvari, H. (2002). Two ways related to performance in elite sport: The path of self-confidence and competitive anxiety and the path of group cohesion and group goal-clarity: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 94(3,Pt1) Jun 2002, 950-966.
  • Klayman, J., Soll, J. B., Gonzalez-Vallejo, C., & Barlas, S. (1999). Overconfidence: It depends on how, what, and whom you ask: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 79(3) Sep 1999, 216-247.
  • Klein, G. S., & Schoenfeld, N. (1941). The influence of ego-involvement on confidence: The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology Vol 36(2) Apr 1941, 249-258.
  • Kleinman, D. R. (2003). An analysis of the psycho-social development among select first-year students at the university of Albany (New York). Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Kleitman, S., & Stankov, L. (2001). Ecological and person-oriented aspects of metacognitive processes in test-taking: Applied Cognitive Psychology Vol 15(3) May 2001, 321-341.
  • Kleitman, S., & Stankov, L. (2007). Self-confidence and metacognitive processes: Learning and Individual Differences Vol 17(2) 2007, 161-173.
  • Knauth, D. G. (2000). Predictors of parental sense of competence for the couple during the transition to parenthood: Research in Nursing & Health Vol 23(6) Dec 2000, 496-509.
  • Kniveton, B. H. (1998). Underachieving boys: A case for working harder or boosting self-confidence? : Emotional & Behavioural Difficulties Vol 3(2) Sum 1998, 23-28.
  • Ko, P. (1993). The effects of rate-controlled speech on advanced Chinese EFL learners' short-term listening comprehension and confidence: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Koehler, D. J. (1994). Hypothesis generation and confidence in judgment: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 20(2) Mar 1994, 461-469.
  • Koehler, D. J., & Beauregard, T. A. (2006). Illusion of confirmation from exposure to another's hypothesis: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Vol 19(1) Jan 2006, 61-78.
  • Koehler, D. J., Brenner, L. A., Liberman, V., & Tversky, A. (1996). Confidence and accuracy in trait inference: Judgment by similarity: Acta Psychologica Vol 92(1) Jun 1996, 33-57.
  • Koehler, D. J., & Harvey, N. (1997). Confidence judgments by actors and observers: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Vol 10(3) Sep 1997, 221-242.
  • Koellinger, P., Minniti, M., & Schade, C. (2007). "I think I can, I think I can": Overconfidence and entrepreneurial behavior: Journal of Economic Psychology Vol 28(4) Aug 2007, 502-527.
  • Kogan, S. (2006). Essays in financial economics. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Koivula, N., Hassmen, P., & Fallby, J. (2002). Self-esteem and perfectionism in elite athletes: Effects on competitive anxiety and self-confidence: Personality and Individual Differences Vol 32(5) Apr 2002, 865-875.
  • Kolb, J. A. (1999). The effect of gender role, attitude toward leadership and self-confidence on leader emergence: Implications for leadership development: Human Resource Development Quarterly Vol 10(4) Win 1999, 305-320.
  • Korff, E. (1966). Exercises for self-actualization: Praktische Psychologie 20(9) 1966, 221-224.
  • Koriat, A., Sheffer, L., & Ma'ayan, H. (2002). Comparing objective and subjective learning curves: Judgments of learning exhibit increased underconfidence with practice: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Vol 131(2) Jun 2002, 147-162.
  • Krane, V., & Williams, J. M. (1994). Cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and confidence in track and field athletes: The impact of gender, competitive level and task characteristics: International Journal of Sport Psychology Vol 25(2) Apr-Jun 1994, 203-217.
  • Krch, F. (2006). Concept of self-esteem and psychological practice: Ceskoslovenska Psychologie Vol 50(3) 2006, 285-287.
  • Krein, S. L., Heisler, M., Piette, J. D., Butchart, A., & Kerr, E. A. (2007). Overcoming the influence of chronic pain on older patients' difficulty with recommended self-management activities: The Gerontologist Vol 47(1) Feb 2007, 61-68.
  • Kroner, S., & Biermann, A. (2007). The relationship between confidence and self-concept--Towards a model of response confidence: Intelligence Vol 35(6) Nov 2007, 580-590.
  • Krug, K. (2007). The relationship between confidence and accuracy: Current thoughts of the literature and a new area of research: Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice Vol 3(1) 2007, 7-41.
  • Kuentzel, W. F., & Heberlein, T. A. (1997). Social status, self-development, and the process of sailing specialization: Journal of Leisure Research Vol 29(3) 1997, 300-319.
  • Kuhn, K. M., & Sniezek, J. A. (1996). Confidence and uncertainty in judgmental forecasting: Differential effects of scenario presentation: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Vol 9(4) Dec 1996, 231-247.
  • Kumar, S., & Jagacinski, C. M. (2006). Imposters have goals too: The imposter phenomenon and its relationship to achievement goal theory: Personality and Individual Differences Vol 40(1) Jan 2006, 147-157.
  • Kurtz, E. M. (1996). Determinants of systematic processing: Accountability and need for cognition. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Laireiter, A.-R., & Lager, C. (2006). Social networks, social support, and social competencies in children: Zeitschrift fur Entwicklungspsychologie und Padagogische Psychologie Vol 38(2) 2006, 69-78.
  • Lam, S. S. K., Schaubroeck, J., & Brown, A. D. (2004). Esteem maintenance among groups: Laboratory and field studies of group performance cognitions: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 94(2) Jul 2004, 86-101.
  • Lampel, A. K. (1996). Children's alignment with parents in highly conflicted custody cases: Family & Conciliation Courts Review Vol 34(2) Apr 1996, 229-239.
  • Landow, R. W., & Glenwick, D. S. (1999). Stress and coping in homeless children: Journal of Social Distress & the Homeless Vol 8(2) Apr 1999, 79-93.
  • Lane, A., Terry, P., & Karageorghis, C. (1995). Antecedents of multidimensional competitive state anxiety and self-confidence in duathletes: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 80(3, Pt 1) Jun 1995, 911-919.
  • Lane, A. M., & Karageorghis, C. I. (1997). Goal confidence and difficulty as predictors of goal attainment in junior high school cross-country runners: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 84(3, Pt 1) Jun 1997, 747-752.
  • Larkin, D. K. (1995). Beyond self to compassionate healer: Transcendent leadership. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Laroche, M., & Sadokierski, R. (1994). Role of confidence in a multi-brand model of intentions for a high-involvement service: Journal of Business Research Vol 29(1) Jan 1994, 1-12.
  • Larrick, R. P., Burson, K. A., & Soll, J. B. (2007). Social comparison and confidence: When thinking you're better than average predicts overconfidence (and when it does not): Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 102(1) Jan 2007, 76-94.
  • Larson, D. (2004). Intergenerational Literacy Programs as Potential Sites for Social Change: Journal of Progressive Human Services Vol 15(1) 2004, 41-60.
  • Larson, L. M., & Borgen, F. H. (2006). Do Personality Traits Contribute to Vocational Self-Efficacy? : Journal of Career Assessment Vol 14(3) Aug 2006, 295-311.
  • Larson, L. M., Wei, M., Wu, T.-F., Borgen, F. H., & Bailey, D. C. (2007). Discriminating among educational majors and career aspirations in Taiwanese undergraduates: The contribution of personality and self-efficacy: Journal of Counseling Psychology Vol 54(4) Oct 2007, 395-408.
  • Lasswell, A. B., Liepman, M. R., McQuade, W. H., Wolfson, M. A., & et al. (1993). Comparison of primary care residents' confidence and clinical behavior in treating hypertension versus treating alcoholism: Academic Medicine Vol 68(7) Jul 1993, 580-582.
  • Lawton, T. C. (2000). Effects of graphing calculators on students' confidence and performance in college albegra: Race and gender related differences. (individual differences, mathematics performance). Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Lee, C., Tinsley, C. H., & Bobko, P. (2002). An investigation of the antecedents and consequences of group-level confidence: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Vol 32(8) Aug 2002, 1628-1652.
  • Lee, C., Tinsley, C. H., & Bobko, P. (2004). An Investigation of the Antecedents and Consequences of Group-Level Confidence: Erratum: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Vol 34(12) Dec 2004, 2656-2658.
  • Lee, D. Y., Barak, A., Uhlemann, M. R., & Patsula, P. (1995). Effects of preinterview suggestion on counselor memory, clinical impression, and confidence in judgments: Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol 51(5) Sep 1995, 666-675.
  • Lee, E.-J. (2005). Effects of the Influence Agent's Sex and Self-Confidence on Informational Social Influence in Computer-Mediated Communication: Quantitative Versus Verbal Presentation: Communication Research Vol 32(1) Feb 2005, 29-58.
  • Lee, F. W.-l., & Charm, L. M.-y. (2002). The possibility of promoting user participation in working with high-risk youth: British Journal of Social Work Vol 32(1) Jan 2002, 71-92.
  • Lee, J. D., & Moray, N. (1994). Trust, self-confidence, and operators' adaptation to automation: International Journal of Human-Computer Studies Vol 40(1) Jan 1994, 153-184.
  • Lee, M. D., & Dry, M. J. (2006). Decision Making and Confidence Given Uncertain Advice: Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal Vol 30(6) Nov-Dec 2006, 1081-1095.
  • Leippe, M. R., & Eisenstadt, D. (2007). Eyewitness confidence and the confidence-accuracy relationship in memory for people. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Levi, A. M., & Wimisberg, K. (2004). Adding Voice to the Lineup and the Confidence-Accuracy Relationship: Tests Using the MSL Lineup: International Journal of Cognitive Technology Vol 9(2) Fal 2004, 49-54.
  • Levine, T., & Donitsa-Schmidt, S. (1997). Commitment to learning: Effects of computer experience, confidence and attitudes: Journal of Educational Computing Research Vol 16(1) 1997, 83-105.
  • Levine, T., & Donitsa-Schmidt, S. (1998). Computer use, confidence, attitudes, and knowledge: A causal analysis: Computers in Human Behavior Vol 14(1) Jan 1998, 125-146.
  • Levine, T., Kase, L., & Vitale, J. (2006). The successful coach: Insider secrets to becoming a top coach. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Levine, T. R., & McCornack, S. A. (2001). Behavioral adaptation, confidence, and heuristic-based explanations of the probing effect: Human Communication Research Vol 27(4) Oct 2001, 471-502.
  • Lev-Wiesel, R. (1999). Living under the threat of relocation: Different buffering effects of personal coping resources on men and women: Marriage & Family Review Vol 29(1) 1999, 97-108.
  • Lewandowsky, S., Mundy, M., & Tan, G. P. A. (2000). The dynamics of trust: Comparing humans to automation: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Vol 6(2) Jun 2000, 104-123.
  • Li, C., & Kerpelman, J. (2007). Parental influences on young women's certainty about their career aspirations: Sex Roles Vol 56(1-2) Jan 2007, 105-115.
  • Li, F., & Zhu, Y. (1995). A study of mental traits of salesmen and marketing persons: Psychological Science (China) Vol 18(5) Sep 1995, 291-294, 298.
  • Li, S., Chen, W.-W., & Yu, Y. (2006). The reason for Asian overconfidence: Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied Vol 140(6) Nov 2006, 615-618.
  • Li, S., & Fang, Y. (2002). Are Kiasuism and Singapore 21 diametrically opposed in influencing Singaporeans' decision-making? : Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient Vol 45(1) Mar 2002, 34-45.
  • Li, S., & Fang, Y. (2004). Respondents in Asian Cultures (e.g., Chinese) are More Risk-Seeking and More Overconfident than Respondents in Other Cultures (e.g., in United States) but the Reciprocal Predictions are in Total Opposition: How and Why? : Journal of Cognition and Culture Vol 4(2) 2004, 263-292.
  • Li, Y. (1999). Subjective estimation of numerical quantities with a computer-interactive interface. (overconfidence, probability). Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Liberman, V. (2004). Local and Global Judgments of Confidence: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 30(3) May 2004, 729-732.
  • Liddell, M. J., Davidson, S. K., Taub, H., & Whitecross, L. E. (2002). Evaluation of procedural skills training in an undergraduate curriculum: Medical Education Vol 36(11) Nov 2002, 1035-1041.
  • Lieberman, P. B. (2004). Action, belief, and empowerment: Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology Vol 11(2) Jun 2004, 119-123.
  • Lim, R. G. (1997). Overconfidence in negotiation revisited: International Journal of Conflict Management Vol 8(1) Jan 1997, 52-79.
  • Lin, L. F., & Kulik, J. A. (2002). Social comparison and women's body satisfaction: Basic and Applied Social Psychology Vol 24(2) Jun 2002, 115-123.
  • Liping, C. (2004). A Research on the Relations of University Students' Self-confidence with Achievement Motivation and School Scores: Psychological Science (China) Vol 27(1) Jan 2004, 51-54.
  • Liping, C., & Xiting, H. (2006). A Research on College Students' Self-confidence: The Theoretical Construct: Psychological Science (China) Vol 29(3) May 2006, 563-569.
  • Liskin-Gasparro, J. E. (1998). Linguistic development in an immersion context: How advanced learners of Spanish perceive SLA: Modern Language Journal Vol 82(2) Sum 1998, 159-175.
  • Liu, Y., & Guo, L. (2000). The relationship between metamemory judgment and personality: Psychological Science (China) Vol 23(1) 2000, 20-23.
  • Liu, Y.-L. (1996). Stress, personality, and social functioning during a major stressful event for high school female students in Taiwan. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Loas, G., Corcos, M., Perez-Diaz, F., Verrier, A., Guelfi, J. D., Halfon, O., et al. (2002). Criterion validity of the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory: A preliminary study on 621 addictive subjects: European Psychiatry Vol 17(8) Dec 2002, 477-478.
  • Lobrot, M. (1964). Self confidence among mental defectives: Enfance No 4-5 1964, 303-316.
  • Locke, K. D. (2005). Connecting the Horizontal Dimension of Social Comparison With Self-Worth and Self-Confidence: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Vol 31(6) Jun 2005, 795-803.
  • Lopez, F. G., & Gormley, B. (2002). Stability and change in adult attachment style over the first-year college transition: Relations to self-confidence, coping, and distress patterns: Journal of Counseling Psychology Vol 49(3) Jul 2002, 355-364.
  • Lopez Salgado, B. E., Lopez Jimenez, J. L., & del Pilar Lopez Salgado, M. (1994). Self confidence in adolescent females: Differences in abusers vs non-abusers of drugs: Salud Mental Vol 17(4) Dec 1994, 31-37.
  • Lovejoy, B. H. (1995). Trust in self, others, and God: Influences on adult survivors of Hurricane Iniki. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Luna, K., & Migueles, M. (2005). Effect of the Types of Suggestive Information in the Misinformation Paradigm: Revista de Psicologia General y Aplicada Vol 58(3) Jul 2005, 309-321.
  • Luus, C. A. E., & Wells, G. L. (1994). Eyewitness identification confidence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ma, J., He, G., & Lu, Y. (1998). An analysis of the accuracy and self-confidence in multi-cue intuitive judgment: Psychological Science (China) Vol 21(6) 1998, 564-565.
  • MacBride, P. D., & Tuddenham, R. D. (1965). The influence of self-confidence upon resistance of perceptual judgments to group pressure: Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied 60(1) 1965, 9-23.
  • MacDonald, C. B., & Davey, G. C. L. (2005). A mood-as-input account of perseverative checking: The relationship between stop rules, mood and confidence in having checked successfully: Behaviour Research and Therapy Vol 43(1) Jan 2005, 69-91.
  • Macintosh, L. (2006). Review of SMOKE-FREE & No Buts! : Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis Vol 27(2) Spr 2006, 46-47.
  • MacKenzie, T. D., Pereira, R. I., & Mehler, P. S. (2004). Smoking abstinence after hospitalization: Predictors of success: Preventive Medicine: An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory Vol 39(6) Dec 2004, 1087-1092.
  • Magyar, T. M., & Duda, J. L. (2000). Confidence restoration following athletic injury: The Sport Psychologist Vol 14(4) Dec 2000, 372-390.
  • Magyar, T. M., & Feltz, D. L. (2003). The influence of dispositional and situational tendencies on adolescent girls' sport confidence sources: Psychology of Sport and Exercise Vol 4(2) Apr 2003, 175-190.
  • Mahon, N. E., Yarcheski, A., & Yarcheski, T. J. (1999). Selected correlates of creativity in young adults: Psychological Reports Vol 84(3, Pt 2) Jun 1999, 1246-1250.
  • Mais, R. D. (1951). Fakability of the Classification Inventory scored for self confidence: Journal of Applied Psychology Vol 35(3) Jun 1951, 172-174.
  • Maki, R. H. (1998). Metacomprehension of text: Influence of absolute confidence level on bias and accuracy. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Malik, M. M. (1995). The effects of complexity and accountability on prescribing decision-making. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Malkin, C., & Stake, J. E. (2004). Changes in Attitudes and Self-Confidence in the Women's and Gender Studies Classroom: The Role of Teacher Alliance and Student Cohesion: Sex Roles Vol 50(7-8) 2004, 455-468.
  • Mamassis, G., & Doganis, G. (2004). The Effects of a Mental Training Program on Juniors Pre-Competitive Anxiety, Self-Confidence, and Tennis Performance: Journal of Applied Sport Psychology Vol 16(2) Apr 2004, 118-137.
  • Man, F., Stuchlikova, I., & Kindlmann, P. (1995). Trait-state anxiety, worry, emotionality, and self-confidence in top-level soccer players: The Sport Psychologist Vol 9(2) Jun 1995, 212-224.
  • Manning, P., & Ray, G. (1993). Shyness, self-confidence, and social interaction: Social Psychology Quarterly Vol 56(3) Sep 1993, 178-192.
  • Mannon, J. D. (1994). Referral practices and preferences of clergy to mental health professionals in an urban community. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Mantzicopoulos, P. (1997). How do children cope with school failure? A study of social/emotional factors related to children's coping strategies: Psychology in the Schools Vol 34(3) Jul 1997, 229-237.
  • Manzo, L., Mondin, G. W., Clark, B., & Schneider, T. (2005). Confidence. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Marback, T. L., Short, S. E., Short, M. W., & Sullivan, P. J. (2005). Coaching Confidence: An Exploratory Investigation of Sources and Gender Differences: Journal of Sport Behavior Vol 28(1) Mar 2005, 18-34.
  • Marcin, J. P., Pretzlaff, R. K., Pollack, M. M., Patel, K. M., & Ruttimann, U. E. (2004). Certainty and mortality prediction in critically ill children: Journal of Medical Ethics Vol 30(3) Jun 2004, 304-307.
  • Marek, L. I. (1995). A multi-modal evaluation of an integrated treatment program for college women with eating problems. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Margoshes, A., & Litt, S. (1965). Cognitive dissonance and self-confidence level: Psychological Reports 17(3) 1965, 801-802.
  • Maria, K. (1998). My analysis of the Jennifer vignette. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Maria, K. (1998). Self-confidence and the process of conceptual change. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Marottoli, R. A., & Richardson, E. D. (1998). Confidence in, and self-rating of, driving ability among older drivers: Accident Analysis & Prevention Vol 30(3) May 1998, 331-336.
  • Marquie, J. C., & Huet, N. (2000). Age differences in feeling-of-knowing and confidence judgments as a function of knowledge domain: Psychology and Aging Vol 15(3) Sep 2000, 451-461.
  • Martin, A. J., Linfoot, K., & Stephenson, J. (2000). Exploring the cycle of mother-child relations, maternal confidence, and children's aggression: Australian Journal of Psychology Vol 52(1) Apr 2000, 34-40.
  • Martin, J. J. (1995). Competitive orientation, self-efficacy and goal importance in Filipino marathoners: International Journal of Sport Psychology Vol 26(3) Jul-Sep 1995, 348-358.
  • Martin, J. J. (2002). Training and performance self-efficacy, affect, and performance in wheelchair road racers: The Sport Psychologist Vol 16(4) Dec 2002, 384-395.
  • Martin, J. M. (2001). Confirmation bias in the therapy session: The effects of expertise, external validity, instruction set, confidence and diagnostic accuracy. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Martin, K. A., & Mack, D. (1996). Relationships between physical self-presentation and sport competition trait anxiety: A preliminary study: Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology Vol 18(1) Mar 1996, 75-82.
  • Martinent, G., & Ferrand, C. (2006). A cluster analysis of perfectionism among competitive athletes: Psychological Reports Vol 99(3) Dec 2006, 723-738.
  • Martin-Morales, A., Meijide, F., Garcia, N., Artes, M., & Munoz, A. (2007). Efficacy of vardenafil and influence on self-esteem and self-confidence in patients with severe erectile dysfunction: Journal of Sexual Medicine Vol 4(2) Mar 2007, 440-447.
  • Masip, J., Garrido, E., & Herrero, C. (2006). Observers' decision moment in deception detection experiments: Its impact on judgment, accuracy, and confidence: International Journal of Psychology Vol 41(4) Aug 2006, 304-319.
  • Mastalerz, L. H. (2001). The dynamics of burnout in Catholic elementary principals. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Matud, M. P. (2004). Women's self-esteem: An analysis of its relevance to health: Avances en Psicologia Clinica Latinoamericana Vol 22 2004, 129-140.
  • Matz, S. I. (2002). Women leaders: Their styles, confidence, and influences. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Mavis, B. (2001). Self-efficacy and OSCE performance among second year medical students: Advances in Health Sciences Education Vol 6(2) 2001, 93-102.
  • McClure, K. A., & Shaw, J. S., III. (2002). Participants' free-hand drawings of a target face can influence recognition accuracy and the confidence-accuracy correlation: Applied Cognitive Psychology Vol 16(4) May 2002, 387-405.
  • McCord, E. C., Smorowski-Garcia, K., & Doughty, A. (1997). Assessment at one school of students' abilities and confidence in diabetic patients' education: Academic Medicine Vol 72(12) Dec 1997, 1116-1118.
  • McElwee, R. O. B., & Yurak, T. J. (2007). Feeling versus acting like an impostor: Real feelings of fraudulence or self-presentation? : Individual Differences Research Vol 5(3) Sep 2007, 201-220.
  • McGorry, P. (2005). 'Every me and every you': Responding to the hidden challenge of mental illness in Australia: Australasian Psychiatry Vol 13(1) Mar 2005, 3-15.
  • McGraw, A. P., Mellers, B. A., & Ritov, I. (2004). The Affective Costs of Overconfidence: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Vol 17(4) Oct 2004, 281-295.
  • McGregor, H., & Abrahamson, E. (2000). The psychological effects of pre-competitive stress on elite divers--a review: South African Journal of Psychology Vol 30(3) Sep 2000, 38-44.
  • McKelvie, S. J. (1999). Effect of retrieval instructions on false recall: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 88(3, Pt 1) Jun 1999, 876-878.
  • McKenzie, C. R. M. (1997). Underweighting alternatives and overconfidence: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 71(2) Aug 1997, 141-160.
  • McKenzie, C. R. M., Wixted, J. T., Noelle, D. C., & Gyurjyan, G. (2001). Relation between confidence in yes-no and forced-choice tasks: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Vol 130(1) Mar 2001, 140-155.
  • McQuown, S. W. (2001). The effects of a cognitive intervention strategy on state anxiety and free throw shooting performance. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • McWilliams, S. (1998). Status and demeanor: Overcoming the legitimacy dilemmas of low-status actors. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • McWilliams, S. (2005). "Development coordination disorder and self-esteem": Response: British Journal of Occupational Therapy Vol 68(12) Dec 2005, 580-581.
  • McWilliams, S. (2005). Developmental Coordination Disorder and Self-Esteem: Do Occupational Therapy Groups have a Positive Effect? : British Journal of Occupational Therapy Vol 68(9) Sep 2005, 393-400.
  • Mech, T. F., & Brooks, C. I. (1997). Anxiety and confidence in using a library by college freshmen and seniors: Psychological Reports Vol 81(3, Pt 1) Dec 1997, 929-930.
  • Memon, A., Hope, L., & Bull, R. (2003). Exposure duration: Effects on eyewitness accuracy and confidence: British Journal of Psychology Vol 94(3) Aug 2003, 339-354.
  • Mendez Carrillo, F. X., Ingles Saura, C. J., & Hidalgo Montesinos, M. D. (1999). Psychometric properties of the Questionnaire on Confidence in Public Speaking: A study with a sample of secondary education students: Psicothema Vol 11(1) Feb 1999, 65-74.
  • Mendez, F. X., Ingles, C. J., & Hidalgo, M. D. (2004). The shortened Spanish version of the Personal Report of Confidence as Speaker: Reliability and validity in adolescent population: Psicologia Conductual Revista Internacional de Psicologia Clinica de las Salud Vol 12(1) 2004, 25-42.
  • Merkle, E. C., & Van Zandt, T. (2006). An Application of the Poisson Race Model to Confidence Calibration: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Vol 135(3) Aug 2006, 391-408.
  • Miliora, M. T. (2000). Beyond empathic failures: Cultural racism as narcissistic trauma and disenfranchisement of grandiosity: Clinical Social Work Journal Vol 28(1) Spr 2000, 43-54.
  • Miller, P. G. (2005). Scapegoating, self-confidence and risk comparison: The functionality of risk neutralisation and lay epidemiology by injecting drug users: International Journal of Drug Policy Vol 16(4) Jul 2005, 246-253.
  • Miller, W. C., & Deathe, A. B. (2004). A prospective study examining balance confidence among individuals with lower limb amputation: Disability and Rehabilitation: An International, Multidisciplinary Journal Vol 26(14-15) Jul-Aug 2004, 875-881.
  • Mills, B. D. (1996). Trait sport confidence, goal orientation and competitive experience of female collegiate volleyball players: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 82(3, Pt 2) Jun 1996, 1085-1086.
  • Mills, B. D. (1998). Sport confidence and goal orientation in high school and college track athletes. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Mills, B. D., & Gehlsen, G. (1996). A multidisciplinary investigation of the relation of state sport confidence with preference and velocity of swimming starts: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 83(1) Aug 1996, 207-210.
  • Mills, J. S., & D'Alfonso, S. R. (2007). Competition and male body image: Increased drive for muscularity following failure to a female: Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology Vol 26(4) Apr 2007, 505-518.
  • Mills, J. S., Polivy, J., Herman, C. P., & Tiggeman, M. (2002). Effects of exposure to thin media images: Evidence of self-enhancement among restrained eaters: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Vol 28(12) Dec 2002, 1687-1699.
  • Milner, H. R. (2001). A qualitative investigation of teachers' planning and efficacy for student engagement. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Mitchell, A., & Arnold, M. (2004). Behavior Management Skills as Predictors of Retention Among South Texas Special Educators: Journal of Instructional Psychology Vol 31(3) Sep 2004, 214-219.
  • Mohanty, A. K. (2002). The Weaning Syndrome: Acquired Dependence among Super Cyclone Victims in Orissa: Psychology and Developing Societies Vol 14(2) Jul-Dec 2002, 261-276.
  • Moller, L., & Russell, J. D. (1994). An application of the ARCS model design process and confidence-building strategies: Performance Improvement Quarterly Vol 7(4) 1994, 54-69.
  • Moller, L. A. (1994). The effects of confidence building strategies on learner motivation and achievement. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Mollison, T. S. (2003). Exploring the effects of self-concept, gender and race on highstakes test performance: Relationships between performance on the student self-concept scale and the regents comprehensive exam in english. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Montegut, M. J. (1996). The emergence of visual detail. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Montgomery, D. F. (2001). The relationship between postpartum depression and maternal confidence in Hispanic mothers. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Moore, D. A., & Cain, D. M. (2007). Overconfidence and underconfidence: When and why people underestimate (and overestimate) the competition: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 103(2) Jul 2007, 197-213.
  • Moore, D. R. (2007). Concept acquisition and confidence using a spatial probability measure instrument: Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia Vol 16(1) 2007, 25-38.
  • Moray, N., Hiskes, D., Lee, J., & Muir, B. M. (1995). Trust and human intervention in automated systems. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Morgan, P. J., & Cleave-Hogg, D. (2002). Comparison between medical students' experience, confidence and competence: Medical Education Vol 36(6) Jun 2002, 534-539.
  • Moritz, S., Wahl, K., Zurowsk, B., Jelinek, L., Hand, I., & Fricke, S. (2007). Enhanced perceived responsibility decreases metamemory but not memory accuracy in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Behaviour Research and Therapy Vol 45(9) Sep 2007, 2044-2052.
  • Moritz, S., & Woodward, T. S. (2002). Memory confidence and false memories in schizophrenia: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Vol 190(9) Sep 2002, 641-643.
  • Moritz, S., Woodward, T. S., & Rodriguez-Raecke, R. (2006). Patients with schizophrenia do not produce more false memories than controls but are more confident in them: Psychological Medicine Vol 36(5) May 2006, 659-667.
  • Moritz, S., Woodward, T. S., & Ruff, C. C. (2003). Source monitoring and memory confidence in schizophrenia: Psychological Medicine Vol 33(1) Jan 2003, 131-139.
  • Moritz, S. E., Hall, C. R., Martin, K. A., & Vodocz, E. (1996). What are confident athletes imaging? An examination of image content: The Sport Psychologist Vol 10(2) Jun 1996, 171-179.
  • Morris, T., & Koehn, S. (2004). Self-confidence in sport and exercise. Milton, QLD, Australia: John Wiley & Sons Australia.
  • Mudd, K., & Govern, J. M. (2004). Conformity to Misinformation and Time Delay Negatively Affect Eyewitness Confidence and Accuracy: North American Journal of Psychology Vol 6(2) 2004, 227-238.
  • Mullins, C. J. (1963). Self-confidence as a response set: Journal of Applied Psychology Vol 47(2) Apr 1963, 156-157.
  • Muri, S. (1997). A study of the impact of early socialization factors on self-efficacy, self-confidence, and autonomy in women. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Murphy, C., Neil, P., & Beggs, J. (2007). Primary science teacher confidence revisited: Ten years on: Educational Research Vol 49(4) Dec 2007, 415-430.
  • Murphy, P. N., Bentall, R. P., Ryley, L. D., & Ralley, R. (2003). Predicting postdischarge opiate abstinence from admission measures of motivation and confidence: Psychology of Addictive Behaviors Vol 17(2) Jun 2003, 167-170.
  • Murray, S. L., & Holmes, J. G. (1994). Storytelling in close relationships: The construction of confidence: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Vol 20(6) Dec 1994, 650-663.
  • Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., MacDonald, G., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1998). Through the looking glass darkly? When self-doubts turn into relationship insecurities: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 75(6) Dec 1998, 1459-1480.
  • Murzynski, J., & Degelman, D. (1996). Body language of women and judgments of vulnerability to sexual assault: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Vol 26(18) Sep 1996, 1617-1626.
  • Myers, A. M., Fletcher, P. C., Myers, A. H., & Sherk, W. (1998). Discriminative and evaluation properties of Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale: Journals of Gerontology: Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences Vol 53A(4) Jul 1998, M287-M294.
  • Myers, A. M., Powell, L. E., Maki, B. E., Holliday, P. J., Brawley, L. R., & Sherk, W. (1996). Psychological indicators of balance confidence: Relationship to actual and perceived abilities: Journals of Gerontology: Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences Vol 51A(1) Jan 1996, M37-M43.
  • Myers, O. L. (1996). Effects of interscholastic athletic involvement on the personal development of black male high school students. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Naumann, J., Richter, T., & Groeben, N. (2001). Validation of the INCOBI through comparison of expert and novice computer users: Zeitschrift fur Padagogische Psychologie/ German Journal of Educational Psychology Vol 15(3-4) Nov 2001, 219-232.
  • Neihart, M. (1999). Systematic risk-taking: Roeper Review Vol 21(4) May-Jun 1999, 289-292.
  • Newsome, D. W. (2000). Parental and school influences on adolescent academic achievement. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Nicholas, M. K. (2007). The pain self-efficacy questionnaire: Taking pain into account: European Journal of Pain Vol 11(2) Feb 2007, 153-163.
  • Nickerson, R. S., & McGoldrick, C. C., Jr. (1963). Confidence, correctness, and difficulty with non-psychophysical comparative judgments: Perceptual and Motor Skills 17(1) 1963, 159-167.
  • Nielsen, L. (2000). Black undergraduate and white undergraduate eating disorders and related attitudes: College Student Journal Vol 34(3) Sep 2000, 353-369.
  • No authorship, i. (1948). Review of Building self-confidence: Journal of Consulting Psychology Vol 12(3) May 1948, 198.
  • Noble, L. M., Kubacki, A., Martin, J., & Lloyd, M. (2007). The effect of professional skills training on patient-centredness and confidence in communicating with patients: Medical Education Vol 41(5) May 2007, 432-440.
  • Noels, K. A., Pon, G., & Clement, R. (1996). Language, identity, and adjustment: The role of linguistic self-confidence in the acculturation process: Journal of Language and Social Psychology Vol 15(3) Sep 1996, 246-264.
  • Nolan, J., & Markham, R. (1998). The accuracy-confidence relationship in an eyewitness task: Anxiety as a modifier: Applied Cognitive Psychology Vol 12(1) Feb 1998, 43-54.
  • Nolen, P. J. (2007). Unemployment, identity, and self-confidence: Theoretical models and experimental evidence (south africa). Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Norman, C. C., & Aron, A. (2003). Aspects of possible self that predict motivation to achieve or avoid it: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Vol 39(5) Sep 2003, 500-507.
  • Norman, M., & Hyland, T. (2003). The Role of Confidence in Lifelong Learning: Educational Studies Vol 29(2-3) Jun 2003, 261-272.
  • Nota, L., Ferrari, L., & Soresi, S. (2005). "How much confidence do I have in myself?": Validation of an instrument for the analysis of self-efficacy beliefs in managing school-career decisions: Testing Psicometria Metodologia Vol 12(1) 2005, 35-54.
  • Novy, C. (2003). Drama therapy with pre-adolescents: A narrative perspective: The Arts in Psychotherapy Vol 30(4) 2003, 201-207.
  • Oakley, K. J. (1999). Age and individual differences in the realism of confidence. (memory, young adults, elderly). Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • O'Brien, K. M. (2002). We haven't come far enough: Empowering women to transform their lives: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 47 (3), Jun, 2002.
  • O'Dwyer, A. I. (1997). The self-in-conflict: Consequences of interpersonal conflict for the self. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Olafsen, K. S., Ronning, J. A., Dahl, L. B., Ulvund, S. E., Handegard, B. H., & Kaaresen, P. I. (2007). Infant responsiveness and maternal confidence in the neonatal period: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology Vol 48(6) Dec 2007, 499-509.
  • Olivares, O. J. (1993). Overconfidence and personality: Do individual differences exist in the way people make confidence judgments? : Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Ollfors, M., & Andersson, S. I. (2007). Ability of stress, sense of control, and self-theories to predict Swedish high school students' final grades: Educational Research and Evaluation Vol 13(2) Apr 2007, 143-169.
  • O'Loughlan, B. (1995). Hypnosis in the treatment of plantar warts: Australian Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis Vol 23(2) Nov 1995, 166-172.
  • Olson, L. S. (1997). The effects of self-statements and cued directed self-statements upon the physical self-efficacies of college students. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Olsson, N., & Juslin, P. (2002). Calibration of confidence among eyewitnesses and earwitnesses. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Orbach, I. (1999). The relationship between self-confidence and competitive anxiety in influencing sport performance. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Orpen, C. (1999). The impact of self-efficacy on the effectiveness of employee training: Journal of Workplace Learning Vol 11(4) 1999, 119-122.
  • Oskamp, S. (1965). Overconfidence in case-study judgments: Journal of Consulting Psychology Vol 29(3) Jun 1965, 261-265.
  • Paese, P. W., & Kinnaly, M. (1993). Peer input and revised judgment: Exploring the effects of (un)biased confidence: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Vol 23(23) Dec 1993, 1989-2011.
  • Pallier, G. (2003). Gender differences in the self-assessment of accuracy on cognitive tasks: Sex Roles Vol 48(5-6) Mar 2003, 265-276.
  • Pandey, M. (2001). The learning disability and super-ego variants: Psycho-Lingua Vol 31(1) Jan 2001, 33-36.
  • Park, J.-K. (1993). Construction of the Coaching Confidence Scale: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Park, J.-K. (2004). A conceptual model of coaching confidence: Development of a reliable and valid Coaching Confidence Scale: International Journal of Sport Psychology Vol 35(1) Jan-Mar 2004, 37-59.
  • Park, W.-H., & Kim, J.-O. (1997). A test of the response bias hypothesis regarding the negative repetition effect: Korean Journal of Experimental & Cognitive Psychology Vol 9(2) 1997, 99-114.
  • Pastey, G. S., & Aminbhavi, V. A. (2006). Impact of emotional maturity on stress and self confidence of adolescents: Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology Vol 32(1) Jan 2006, 69-75.
  • Pasveer, K. A. (1999). Self-trust: Definition and creation of the Self-Trust Questionnaire. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Patterson, C. R. (2002). The pursuit of happiness above all else: A critique of mood management. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Patterson, M. L., Foster, J. L., & Bellmer, C. (2001). Another look at accuracy and confidence in social judgments: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior Vol 25(3) Fal 2001, 207-219.
  • Paulik, K. (2001). Hardiness, optimism, self-confidence and occupational stress among university teachers: Studia Psychologica Vol 43(2) 2001, 91-100.
  • Pehlke, K. (2001). Trust and confidence-building in living with infants: Zeitschrift fur Individualpsychologie Vol 26(4) 2001, 359-377.
  • Perfect, T. J. (2002). When does eyewitness confidence predict performance? New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Perfect, T. J. (2004). The Role of Self-rated Ability in the Accuracy of Confidence Judgements in Eyewitness Memory and General Knowledge: Applied Cognitive Psychology Vol 18(2) Mar 2004, 157-168.
  • Perfect, T. J., Hollins, T. S., & Hunt, A. L. R. (2000). Practice and feedback effects on the confidence-accuracy relation in eyewitness memory: Memory Vol 8(4) Jul 2000, 235-244.
  • Perreault, S., & Marisi, D. Q. (1997). A test of multidimensional anxiety theory with male wheelchair basketball players: Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly Vol 14(2) Apr 1997, 108-118.
  • Perry-Burney, G. D., & Takyi, B. K. (2002). Self esteem, academic achievement and moral development among adolescent girls: Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment Vol 5(2) 2002, 15-28.
  • Petersen, A., & Willig, R. (2004). Work and Recognition: Reviewing New Forms of Pathological Developments: Acta Sociologica Vol 47(4) Dec 2004, 338-350.
  • Petrusic, W. M., & Baranski, J. V. (2003). Judging confidence influences decision processing in comparative judgments: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Vol 10(1) Mar 2003, 177-183.
  • Petty, R. E., Brinol, P., & Tormala, Z. L. (2002). Thought confidence as a determinant of persuasion: The self-validation hypothesis: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 82(5) May 2002, 722-741.
  • Pickens, M. M., Rotella, R. J., & Gansneder, B. M. (1996). The effect of putting-confidence on putting-performance: Journal of Sport Behavior Vol 19(2) Jun 1996, 148-162.
  • Piegorsch, W. W., & West, R. W. (2005). Benchmark Analysis: Shopping with Proper Confidence: Risk Analysis Vol 25(4) Aug 2005, 913-920.
  • Pinheiro, T., Jordao, A., & Martins, K. P. (1998). A certeza de si e o ato de perdoar: Cadernos de Psicanalise - SPCRJ Vol 14(17) 1998, 160-175.
  • Piotrkowski, C. S., & Brannen, S. J. (2002). Exposure, threat appraisal, and lost confidence as predictors of PTSD symptoms following September 11, 2001: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Vol 72(4) Oct 2002, 476-485.
  • Pliske, R. M., & Mutter, S. A. (1996). Age differences in the accuracy of confidence judgments: Experimental Aging Research Vol 22(2) Apr-Jun 1996, 199-216.
  • Polage, D. C. (2000). Truth, lies, and memory change: The effects of lying on subsequent memory. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Poley-Strobel, B. A., & Beckman, C. A. (1987). The effects of a teaching-modeling intervention on early mother-infant reciprocity: Infant Behavior & Development Vol 10(4) Oct-Dec 1987, 467-476.
  • Poley-Strobel, B. A., & Beckman, C. A. (1987). The effects of a teaching-modeling intervention on early mothernfant reciprocity: Infant Behavior & Development Vol 10(4) Oct-Dec 1987, 467-476.
  • Popadiuk, C., Pottle, M., & Curran, V. (2002). Teaching Digital Rectal Examinations to Medical Students: An Evaluation Study of Teaching Methods: Academic Medicine Vol 77(11) Nov 2002, 1140-1146.
  • Popescu-Neveanu, E., Iosif, G., & Ene, P. (1965). Some aspects of degree of self-confidence in operator's activity under different conditions of information: Revista de Psihologie 11(4) 1965, 479-490.
  • Popper, M., Amit, K., Gal, R., Mishkal-Sinai, M., & Lisak, A. (2004). The capacity to lead: Major psychological differences between leaders and nonleaders: Military Psychology Vol 16(4) Oct 2004, 245-263.
  • Powel, W. D., Morelli, T., & Nusbaum, N. (1994). Performance and confidence estimates in preschool and young grade-school children: Child Study Journal Vol 24(1) 1994, 23-47.
  • Prescott, P., Opheim, A., & Bortveit, T. (2002). The effect of workshops and training on counseling skills: Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening Vol 39(5) May 2002, 426-431.
  • Propp, J., Ortega, D. M., & NewHeart, F. (2003). Independence or Interdependence: Rethinking the Transition From "Ward of the Court" to Adulthood: Families in Society Vol 84(2) Apr-Jun 2003, 259-266.
  • Psychountaki, M., & Zervas, Y. (2000). Competitive worries, sport confidence, and performance ratings for young swimmers: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 91(1) Aug 2000, 87-94.
  • Puca, R. M. (2004). Action Phases and Goal Setting: Being Optimistic After Decision Making Without Getting Into Trouble: Motivation and Emotion Vol 28(2) Jun 2004, 121-145.
  • Pulford, B. D., & Colman, A. M. (1996). Overconfidence, base rates and outcome positivity/negativity of predicted events: British Journal of Psychology Vol 87(3) Aug 1996, 431-445.
  • Pulford, B. D., & Colman, A. M. (1997). Overconfidence: Feedback and item difficulty effects: Personality and Individual Differences Vol 23(1) Jul 1997, 125-133.
  • Puncochar, J. M. (1997). Confidence in individual and group decision-making: When two heads are worse than one. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Puncochar, J. M., & Fox, P. W. (2004). Confidence in Individual and Group Decision Making: When "Two Heads" Are Worse Than One: Journal of Educational Psychology Vol 96(3) Sep 2004, 582-591.
  • Pury, C. L. S., Kowalski, R. M., & Spearman, J. (2007). Distinctions between general and personal courage: The Journal of Positive Psychology Vol 2(2) Apr 2007, 99-114.
  • Quick, J. C., Joplin, J. R., Nelson, D. L., & Mangelsdorff, A. D. (1996). Self-reliance and military service training outcomes: Military Psychology Vol 8(4) 1996, 279-293.
  • Rack, J. E. (1996). Performance anxiety in student musicians: A correlational study. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Ramires, A., Carapeta, C., Felgueiras, F., & Viana, M. F. (2001). Training in modeling and mental visualization: Evaluation of the effects of expectations on self-efficacy and performance of skating athletes: Analise Psicologica Vol 19(1) Jan-Mar 2001, 15-25.
  • Rataj, D. M. (2004). Changes in pathological narcissism from midlife to older adulthood. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Raygor, A. L. (1959). College reading improvement and personality change: Journal of Counseling Psychology Vol 6(3) Fal 1959, 211-217.
  • Read, D. (1993). The argument model of confidence: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Redwine, C. P. (2002). Paradox for the church: Time-limited counseling tools for pastoral care. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Rees, T., & Freeman, P. (2007). The effects of perceived and received support on self-confidence: Journal of Sports Sciences Vol 25(9) Jul 2007, 1057-1065.
  • Rego, A. (2003). Citizenship behaviours of university teachers: The graduates' point of view: Active Learning in Higher Education Vol 4(1) Mar 2003, 8-23.
  • Reis, S. M. (1995). Older women's reflections on eminence: Obstacles and opportunities: Roeper Review Vol 18(1) Sep 1995, 66-72.
  • Rejeski, W. J., Katula, J., Rejeski, A., Rowley, J., & Sipe, M. (2005). Strength training in older adults: Does desire determine confidence? : Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences Vol 60B(6) Nov 2005, P335-P337.
  • Renner, C. H., & Renner, M. J. (2001). But I thought I knew that: Using confidence estimation as a debiasing technique to improve classroom performance: Applied Cognitive Psychology Vol 15(1) Jan-Feb 2001, 23-32.
  • Reupert, A., & Maybery, D. (2000). Hypnosis in a case of vocational counselling: Australian Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis Vol 28(1) May 2000, 74-81.
  • Rhodes, R. E., & Blanchard, C. M. (2007). What do Confidence Items Measure in the Physical Activity Domain? : Journal of Applied Social Psychology Vol 37(4) Apr 2007, 759-774.
  • Rinehart, N. C. (2003). Social confidence and social anxiety: Differences in cognitive processing. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Rinehart, S. D. (1999). "Don't think for a minute that I'm getting up there": Opportunities for readers' theater in a tutorial for children with reading problems: Reading Psychology Vol 20(1) Jan-Mar 1999, 71-89.
  • Rini, C. K., Dunkel-Schetter, C., Wadhwa, P. D., & Sandman, C. A. (1999). Psychological adaptation and birth outcomes: The role of personal resources, stress, and sociocultural context in pregnancy: Health Psychology Vol 18(4) Jul 1999, 333-345.
  • Robazza, C., Bortoli, L., & Nougier, V. (2002). Monitoring of precompetition affect in elite Italian archers during the World Championships: International Journal of Sport Psychology Vol 33(1) Jan-Mar 2002, 72-97.
  • Roberts, K. P., & Powell, M. B. (2005). Evidence of metacognitive awareness in young children who have experienced a repeated event: Applied Cognitive Psychology Vol 19(8) Dec 2005, 1019-1031.
  • Roberts, W. T., & Higham, P. A. (2002). Selecting accurate statements from the cognitive interview using confidence ratings: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Vol 8(1) Mar 2002, 33-43.
  • Robertson, S., & Gow, K. M. (1999). Do fantasy proneness and personality affect the vividness and certainty of past-life experience reports? : Australian Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis Vol 27(2) Nov 1999, 136-149.
  • Robins, L. S., Alexander, G. L., Dicken, L. L., Belville, W. D., & Zweifler, A. J. (1997). The effects of a standardized patient instructor experience on students' anxiety and confidence levels performing the male genitorectal examination: Teaching and Learning in Medicine Vol 9(4) 1997, 264-269.
  • Robinson, C. H., & Betz, N. E. (2004). Test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the expanded skills confidence inventory: Journal of Career Assessment Vol 12(4) Nov 2004, 407-422.
  • Robinson, M. D., & Johnson, J. T. (1998). How not to enhance the confidence-accuracy relation: The detrimental effects of attention to the identification process: Law and Human Behavior Vol 22(4) Aug 1998, 409-428.
  • Robinson, M. D., Johnson, J. T., & Herndon, F. (1997). Reaction time and assessments of cognitive effort as predictors of eyewitness memory accuracy and confidence: Journal of Applied Psychology Vol 82(3) Jun 1997, 416-425.
  • Roebers, C. M. (2002). Confidence judgments in children's and adult's event recall and suggestibility: Developmental Psychology Vol 38(6) Nov 2002, 1052-1067.
  • Roebers, C. M., & Howie, P. (2003). Confidence judgments in event recall: Developmental progression in the impact of question format: Journal of Experimental Child Psychology Vol 85(4) Aug 2003, 352-371.
  • Roebers, C. M., von der Linden, N., & Howie, P. (2007). Favourable and unfavourable conditions for children's confidence judgments: British Journal of Developmental Psychology Vol 25(1) Mar 2007, 109-134.
  • Rohrbaugh, M. J., Shoham, V., Coyne, J. C., Cranford, J. A., Sonnega, J. S., & Nicklas, J. M. (2004). Beyond the "Self in Self-Efficacy: Spouse Confidence Predicts Patient Survival Following Heart Failure: Journal of Family Psychology Vol 18(1) Mar 2004, 184-193.
  • Ronnestad, M. H., Orlinsky, D. E., Parks, B. K., & Davis, J. D. (1997). Supervisors of psychotherapy: Mapping experience level and supervisory confidence: European Psychologist Vol 2(3) Sep 1997, 191-201.
  • Ronsten, B., Andersson, E., & Gustafsson, B. (2005). Confirming mentorship: Journal of Nursing Management Vol 13(4) Jul 2005, 312-321.
  • Rosen, D. H. (2005). Tell me something good: Impression formation in depressives and non-depressives. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Rosen, M., Diggory, J. C., & Werlinsky, B. E. (1966). Goal-setting and expectancy of success in institutionalized and noninstitutionalized mental subnormals: American Journal of Mental Deficiency 71(2) 1966, 249-255.
  • Rosenthal, R., & Gaito, J. (1964). Further evidence for the cliff effect in interpretation of levels of significance: Psychological Reports 15(2) 1964, 570.
  • Rosenthal, S. A. (2005). The fine line between confidence and arrogance: Investigating the relationship of self-esteem to narcissism. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Ross, J. A., Hogaboam-Gray, A., & Hannay, L. (1999). Predictors of teachers' confidence in their ability to implement computer-based instruction: Journal of Educational Computing Research Vol 21(1) 1999, 75-97.
  • Rottinghaus, P. J., Betz, N. E., & Borgen, F. H. (2003). Validity of Parallel Measures of Vocational Interests and Confidence: Journal of Career Assessment Vol 11(4) Nov 2003, 355-378.
  • Rowland, G. E. (2002). Every child needs self-esteem: Creative drama builds self-confidence through self-expression. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Rowland, K. D. (2004). Career decision-making skills of high school students in the Bahamas: Journal of Career Development Vol 31(1) Fal 2004, 1-13.
  • Rozenblit, L., & Keil, F. (2002). The misunderstood limits of folk science: An illusion of explanatory depth: Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal Vol 26(5) Sep-Oct 2002, 521-562.
  • Rudman, L. A. (1998). Self-promotion as a risk factor for women: The costs and benefits of counterstereotypical impression management: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 74(3) Mar 1998, 629-645.
  • Ruisel, I., Ruiselova, Z., & Prokopcakova, A. (1994). Subjective aspects of problem solving and decision making in the context of coping: Studia Psychologica Vol 36(2) 1994, 77-89.
  • Rumpradit, C. (1999). An evaluation of the effect of user interface elements and user learning styles on user performance, confidence, and satisfaction on the world wide web. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Ryska, T. A. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral strategies and precompetitive anxiety among recreational athletes: Psychological Record Vol 48(4) Fal 1998, 697-708.
  • Salyers, M. P., Evans, L. J., Bond, G. R., & Meyer, P. S. (2004). Barriers to assessment and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder and other trauma-related problems in people with severe mental illness: Clinician perspectives: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 40(1) Feb 2004, 17-31.
  • Sanders, S. E., & Morris, H. (2000). Exposing student teachers' content knowledge: Empowerment or debilitation? : Educational Studies Vol 26(4) Dec 2000, 397-408.
  • Sanna, L. J. (1999). Mental simulations, affect, and subjective confidence: Timing is everything: Psychological Science Vol 10(4) Jul 1999, 339-345.
  • Sanna, L. J., & Meier, S. (2000). Looking for clouds in a silver lining: Self-esteem, mental simulations, and temporal confidence changes: Journal of Research in Personality Vol 34(2) Jun 2000, 236-251.
  • Sansanwal, D. N., & Sharma, D. (1993). Scientific creativity as a function of intelligence, self-confidence, sex and standard: Indian Journal of Psychometry & Education Vol 24(1) Jan 1993, 37-44.
  • Sar-El Eker, Z. (1997). The development of anticipation in tennis players. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Sarimski, K. (1997). Parenting stress in families with craniofacially disordered children: Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie Vol 46(1) Jan 1997, 2-14.
  • Sarriera, J. C., Camara, S. G., & Schwarcz Berlim, C. (2000). The development, application, and assessment of an occupational insertion program for the unemployed youth: Psicologia: Reflexao e Critica Vol 13(1) 2000, 189-198.
  • Sarriera, J. C., Meira, P. B., Berlim, C. S., de Bem, L. A., & Camara, S. G. (1999). Social skills training in the guidance of job-search youngsters: PSICO Vol 30(1) Jan-Jun 1999, 67-85.
  • Sato, T., & Yoshiaki, N. (2006). Effects of lie-catchers' confidence on their beliefs about deception cues: Tohoku Psychologica Folia Vol 65 2006, 99-108.
  • Saucier, D., & Gaudette, N. (2001). Actual memory ability significantly predicts self-evaluations of memory: Expert Evidence Vol 8(1) 2001, 3-14.
  • Savis, J. C. (1996). State self-confidence, mood states, and sleep perceptions of collegiate tennis players: Toward theory development. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Savitsky, K., Medvec, V. H., Charlton, A. E., & Gilovich, T. (1998). "What, me worry?" Arousal, misattribution and the effect of temporal distance on confidence: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Vol 24(5) May 1998, 529-536.
  • Savoy, C., & Beitel, P. (1997). The relative effect of a group and group/individualized program on state anxiety and state self-confidence: Journal of Sport Behavior Vol 20(3) Aug 1997, 364-376.
  • Schaefer, P. S., Williams, C. C., Goodie, A. S., & Campbell, W. K. (2004). Overconfidence and the Big Five: Journal of Research in Personality Vol 38(5) Oct 2004, 473-480.
  • Schaller, J., & Parker, R. (1997). Effect of graduate research instruction on perceived research anxiety, research utility, and confidence in research skills: Rehabilitation Education Vol 11(4) 1997, 273-287.
  • Scheck, P., & Nelson, T. O. (2005). Lack of Pervasiveness of the Underconfidence-With-Practice Effect: Boundary Conditions and an Explanation Via Anchoring: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Vol 134(1) Feb 2005, 124-128.
  • Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (2003). Goals and confidence as self-regulatory elements underlying health and illness behavior. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Schmidt, S., Muller, S., & Walach, H. (2003). Videotaped experiments on telephone telepathy: Comment: Journal of Parapsychology Vol 67(2) Fal 2003, 409-411.
  • Schmidt, S. L., & Richter, A. (2006). Course Formats for Teaching Management Consulting: Journal of Education for Business Vol 82(1) Sep-Oct 2006, 56-62.
  • Schraw, G. (1997). The effect of generalized metacognitive knowledge on test performance and confidence judgments: Journal of Experimental Education Vol 65(2) Win 1997, 135-146.
  • Schraw, G., & Roedel, T. D. (1994). Test difficulty and judgment bias: Memory & Cognition Vol 22(1) Jan 1994, 63-69.
  • Schuchert, M. K. (1998). The relationship between verbal abuse of medical students and their confidence in their clinical abilities: Academic Medicine Vol 73(8) Aug 1998, 907-909.
  • Schulte-Korne, G., Deimel, W., & Remschmidt, H. (1998). The Marburg Parent-Child Spelling Training: Two-year follow-up report: Zeitschrift fur Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie Vol 26(3) Aug 1998, 167-173.
  • Schultz, A. S. (2003). Mindful attitudes in the experience of caring for a spouse with Alzheimer's Disease. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Schwarzer, R. (1996). Thought control of action: Interfering self-doubts. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Sears, P. S. (1940). Levels of aspiration in academically successful and unsuccessful children: The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology Vol 35(4) Oct 1940, 498-536.
  • Seemungal, F. V., & Stevenage, S. V. (2002). Using state of awareness judgements to improve eyewitness confidence-accuracy judgements. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Seidah, A., & Bouffard, T. (2007). Being proud of oneself as a person or being proud of one's physical appearance: What matters for feeling well in adolescence? : Social Behavior and Personality Vol 35(2) 2007, 255-268.
  • Selart, M., Kuvaas, B., Boe, O., & Takemura, K. (2006). The influence of decision heuristics and overconfidence on multiattribute choice: A process-tracing study: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology Vol 18(3) May 2006, 437-453.
  • Seldomridge, E. A. (1997). The influence of confidence, factual, and experiential knowledge on speed and accuracy of clinical judgment among novice and expert nurses. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Serra, M. J., & Dunlosky, J. (2005). Does Retrieval Fluency Contribute to the Underconfidence-With-Practice Effect? : Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 31(6) Nov 2005, 1258-1266.
  • Shanahan, M. (2000). Being that bit older: Mature students' experience of university and healthcare education: Occupational Therapy International Vol 7(3) 2000, 153-162.
  • Sharma, N. K. (1993). How confident are humans about their self-assessment? : Psychological Studies Vol 38(3) Nov 1993, 150-156.
  • Sharman, S. J., Manning, C. G., & Garry, M. (2005). Explain this: Explaining Childhood Events Inflates Confidence for Those Events: Applied Cognitive Psychology Vol 19(1) Jan 2005, 67-74.
  • Shaw, J. S., III, McClure, K. A., & Dykstra, J. A. (2007). Eyewitness confidence from the witnessed event through trial. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Shaw, J. S., III, Zerr, T. K., & Woythaler, K. A. (2001). Public eyewitness confidence ratings can differ from those held privately: Law and Human Behavior Vol 25(2) Apr 2001, 141-154.
  • Sheldrake, R. (2003). Videotaped experiments on telephone telepathy: Reply: Journal of Parapsychology Vol 67(2) Fal 2003, 411-414.
  • Sheldrake, R., & Smart, P. (2003). Videotaped experiments on telephone telepathy: Journal of Parapsychology Vol 67(1) Spr 2003, 147-166.
  • Shiller, R. J. (2000). Measuring bubble expectations and investor confidence: Journal of Psychology & Financial Markets Vol 1(1) 2000, 49-60.
  • Short, S. E., & Short, M. W. (2005). Differences Between High- and Low-Confident Football Players on Imagery Functions: A Consideration of the Athletes' Perceptions: Journal of Applied Sport Psychology Vol 17(3) Sep 2005, 197-208.
  • Short, S. E., & Vadocz, E. A. (2002). Testing the modifiability of the State Sport Confidence Inventory: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 94(3,Pt1) Jun 2002, 1025-1028.
  • Shrauger, J. S., & Schohn, M. (1995). Self-confidence in college students: Conceptualization, measurement, and behavioral implications: Assessment Vol 2(3) Sep 1995, 255-278.
  • Sieck, W. R. (2003). Effects of choice and relative frequency elicitation on overconfidence: Further tests of an exemplar-retrieval model: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Vol 16(2) Apr 2003, 127-145.
  • Sieck, W. R., & Arkes, H. R. (2005). The Recalcitrance of Overconfidence and its Contribution to Decision Aid Neglect: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Vol 18(1) Jan 2005, 29-53.
  • Sieck, W. R., Merkle, E. C., & Van Zandt, T. (2007). Option fixation: A cognitive contributor to overconfidence: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 103(1) May 2007, 68-83.
  • Silby, C. J. (1995). Differences in sport confidence among elite athletes with different perceived parenting styles. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Simmons, J. P., & Nelson, L. D. (2006). Intuitive Confidence: Choosing Between Intuitive and Nonintuitive Alternatives: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Vol 135(3) Aug 2006, 409-428.
  • Simon, M., & Houghton, S. M. (2003). The relationship between overconfidence and the introduction of risky products: Evidence from a field study: Academy of Management Journal Vol 46(2) Apr 2003, 139-149.
  • Sinkavich, F. J. (1995). Performance and metamemory: Do students know what they don't know? : Journal of Instructional Psychology Vol 22(1) Mar 1995, 77-87.
  • Skinner, S. B. (1994). Conceptual instruction in developmental algebra and its effect on student achievement and affect. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Skutle, A. (1999). The relationship among self-efficacy expectancies, severity of alcohol abuse, and psychological benefits from drinking: Addictive Behaviors Vol 24(1) Jan-Feb 1999, 87-98.
  • Slevin, K. F., & Aday, D. P. (1993). Gender differences in self-evaluations of information about current affairs: Sex Roles Vol 29(11-12) Dec 1993, 817-828.
  • Slovenko, R. (1999). Testifying with confidence: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 27(1) 1999, 127-131.
  • Smalzried, N. T., & Remmers, H. H. (1943). A factor analysis of the Purdue Rating Scale for Instructors: Journal of Educational Psychology Vol 34(6) Sep 1943, 363-367.
  • Smeets, T., Merckelbach, H., Horselenberg, R., & Jelicic, M. (2005). Trying to recollect past events: Confidence, beliefs, and memories: Clinical Psychology Review Vol 25(7) Nov 2005, 917-934.
  • Smith, D., & Dumont, F. (1997). Eliminating overconfidence in psychodiagnosis: Strategies for training and practice: Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice Vol 4(4) Win 1997, 335-345.
  • Smith, J. A., Michie, S., Allanson, A., & Elwy, R. (2000). Certainty and uncertainty in genetic counselling: A qualitative case study: Psychology & Health Vol 15(1) Feb 2000, 1-12.
  • Smith, J. D. (2000). Confidence in psychodiagnosis: A study of clinicians' judgment confidence in a psychological assessment task as a function of reliance on four inferential heuristics and clinical experience. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Smith, J. S. (2000). Does a classroom emphasis on mental computation assist in mitigating the gender gap? Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Smith, L. F. (2002). The effects of confidence and perception of test-taking skills on performance: North American Journal of Psychology Vol 4(1) 2002, 37-50.
  • Smith, P. W. (1993). Accuracy-confidence relations in eyewitnesses: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Smith, W. P., & Sachs, P. R. (1997). Social comparison and task prediction: Ability similarity and the use of a proxy: British Journal of Social Psychology Vol 36(4) Dec 1997, 587-602.
  • Sniezek, J. A., & Van Swol, L. M. (2001). Trust, confidence, and expertise in a judge-advisor system: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 84(2) Mar 2001, 288-307.
  • Sobrai, D. T. (1993). Motivation to learn and outcomes of problem-based learning: Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa Vol 9(3) Sep-Dec 1993, 555-562.
  • Soll, J. B. (1996). Determinants of overconfidence and miscalibration: The roles of random error and ecological structure: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 65(2) Feb 1996, 117-137.
  • Soll, J. B., & Klayman, J. (2004). Overconfidence in Interval Estimates: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 30(2) Mar 2004, 299-314.
  • Solomon, G. B. (2002). Sources of expectancy information among assistant coaches: The influence of performance and psychological cues: Journal of Sport Behavior Vol 25(3) Jun 2002, 279-286.
  • Son, L. K., & Kornell, N. (2005). Metaconfidence Judgments in Rhesus Macaques: Explicit Versus Implicit Mechanisms. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • South, G. M. (2005). The roadmap: Examining the impact of periodization, and particularly goal term length, on the self-confidence of collegiate tennis players. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Southard, V. (2006). A Randomized Control Trial of the Application of Efficacy Training to Balance Assessment: Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics Vol 25(2) 2006, 51-66.
  • Spiessl, H., Rothbauer, J., & Cording, C. (2006). Discharge Letters Addressed to Patients--Confidence Enhancement and Psychoeducation: Psychiatrische Praxis Vol 33(6) Jun 2006, 296-298.
  • Sporer, S. L., Penrod, S., Read, D., & Cutler, B. (1995). Choosing, confidence, and accuracy: A meta-analysis of the confidence-accuracy relation in eyewitness identification studies: Psychological Bulletin Vol 118(3) Nov 1995, 315-327.
  • Spurgas, A. K. (2005). Body Image and Cultural Background: Sociological Inquiry Vol 75(3) Aug 2005, 297-316.
  • St. John, C. L. (1996). Testing the construct validity of the Sulliman Scale of Social Interest. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Stables, A., & Stables, S. (1995). Gender differences in students' approaches to A-level subject choices and perceptions of A-level subjects: A study of first-year A-level students in a tertiary college: Educational Research Vol 37(1) Spr 1995, 39-51.
  • Stajkovic, A. D. (2006). Development of a Core Confidence-Higher Order Construct: Journal of Applied Psychology Vol 91(6) Nov 2006, 1208-1224.
  • Stake, J. E., & Mares, K. R. (2005). Evaluating the Impact of Science-Enrichment Programs on Adolescents' Science Motivation and Confidence: The Splashdown Effect: Journal of Research in Science Teaching Vol 42(4) Apr 2005, 359-375.
  • Stankov, L. (1999). Mining on the "no man's land" between intelligence and personality. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Stankov, L. (2000). Complexity, metacognition, and fluid intelligence: Intelligence Vol 28(2) 2000, 121-143.
  • Stankov, L. (2000). Structural extensions of a hierarchical view on human cognitive abilities: Learning and Individual Differences Vol 12(1) Mar 2000, 35-51.
  • Stankov, L., & Crawford, J. D. (1997). Self-confidence and performance on tests of cognitive abilities: Intelligence Vol 25(2) 1997, 93-109.
  • Stankov, L., & Dolph, B. (2000). Metacognitive aspects of test-taking and intelligence: Psychologische Beitrage Vol 42(2) 2000, 213-227.
  • Stavrou, N. A., Psychountaki, M., & Zervas, Y. (2006). Intensity and Direction Dimensions of Competitive State Anxiety: A Time-to-Event Approach: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 103(1) Aug 2006, 91-98.
  • Stein, G. L., Kimiecik, J. C., Daniels, J., & Jackson, S. A. (1995). Psychological antecedents of flow in recreational sport: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Vol 21(2) Feb 1995, 125-135.
  • Stein, M. T., Perrin, E. C., & Wegner, L. M. (2001). An 8-year-old boy with school difficulties and "odd behavior." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics Vol 22(4) Aug 2001, 243-247.
  • Stein, M. T., Perrin, E. C., & Wegner, L. M. (2004). An 8-Year-Old Boy with School Difficulties and "Odd Behavior": Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics Vol 25(5S) Oct 2004, S49-S53.
  • Steiner, L. A. (2007). The effect of personal and epistemological beliefs on performance in a college developmental mathematics class. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Stepleman, L. M. (2001). Attributional dimensions of problem cause and solution and their relation to coping strategies, problem-solving confidence, and life satisfaction. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Stets, J. E., & Burke, P. J. (1994). Inconsistent self-views in the control identity model: Social Science Research Vol 23(3) Sep 1994, 236-262.
  • Stewart, A. J., Ostrove, J. M., & Helson, R. (2001). Middle aging in women: Patterns of personality change from the 30s to the 50s: Journal of Adult Development Vol 8(1) Jan 2001, 23-37.
  • Stewart, J., O'Halloran, C., Barton, J. R., Singleton, S. J., Harrigan, P., & Spencer, J. (2000). Clarifying the concepts of confidence and competence to produce appropriate self-evaluation measurement scales: Medical Education Vol 34(11) Nov 2000, 903-909.
  • Stober, J. (2004). Dimensions of test anxiety: Relations to ways of coping with pre-exam anxiety and uncertainty: Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal Vol 17(3) Sep 2004, 213-226.
  • Stoeber, J., Otto, K., Pescheck, E., Becker, C., & Stoll, O. (2007). Perfectionism and competitive anxiety in athletes: Differentiating striving for perfection and negative reactions to imperfection: Personality and Individual Differences Vol 42(6) Apr 2007, 959-969.
  • Stoel, R. D., Peetsma, T. T. D., & Roeleveld, J. (2001). Relations between the development of school investment, self-confidence, and language achievement in elementary education: A multivariate latent growth curve approach: Learning and Individual Differences Vol 13(4) 2001, 313-333.
  • Stojanowska, E. (1996). Personality and social correlates of private and public self-presentation in school youth: Psychologia Wychowawcza Vol 39(2) Mar-Apr 1996, 97-108.
  • Story, A. L. (2004). Self-Esteem and Self-Certainty: A Mediational Analysis: European Journal of Personality Vol 18(2) Mar 2004, 115-125.
  • Stotz, O., & von Nitzsch, R. (2005). The Perception of Control and the Level of Overconfidence: Evidence from Analyst Earnings Estimates and Price Targets: Journal of Behavioral Finance Vol 6(3) 2005, 121-128.
  • Stretch, V., & Wixted, J. T. (1998). Decision rules for recognition memory confidence judgments: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 24(6) Nov 1998, 1397-1410.
  • Stringer, H. A. (2002). An examination of data supporting hypothesized mediational pathways underlying the relationship between mental imagery and motor skill performance: A meta-analysis. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Stumpf, H. (1998). Gender-related differences in academically talented students' scores and use of time on tests of spatial ability: Gifted Child Quarterly Vol 42(3) Sum 1998, 157-171.
  • Su, Y.-L., & Lin, D.-Y. M. (1998). The impact of expert-system-based training on calibration of decision confidence in emergency management: Computers in Human Behavior Vol 14(1) Jan 1998, 181-194.
  • Subbotin, V. (1996). Outcome feedback effects on under- and overconfident judgments (general knowledge tasks): Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 66(3) Jun 1996, 268-276.
  • Sun, S., Fan, X., & Li, W. (2000). A research on the effect of group counseling on improving the self-confidence of college students: Psychological Science (China) Vol 23(1) 2000, 77-79.
  • Su-ping, C., & Li, J. (2006). A Study on the Effect of Group Counseling on Improving the Students' Self-confidence in Secondary Technical Schools: Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol 14(1) Feb 2006, 43-45.
  • Sutton, R. M., & Winnard, E. J. (2007). Looking ahead through lenses of justice: The relevance of just-world beliefs to intentions and confidence in the future: British Journal of Social Psychology Vol 46(3) Sep 2007, 649-666.
  • Swaim, R. C., & Wayman, J. C. (2004). Multidimensional self-esteem and alcohol use among Mexican American and White non-Latino adolescents: Concurrent and prospective effects: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Vol 74(4) Oct 2004, 559-570.
  • Szymanski, E. M., Swett, E. A., Watson, E. A., Lin, S.-L., & Chan, S.-Y. (1998). The effects of contextualized research instruction on research anxiety, perceived utility of research, and confidence in research ability: Rehabilitation Education Vol 12(4) 1998, 347-360.
  • Tafarodi, R. W., Milne, A. B., & Smith, A. J. (1999). The confidence of choice: Evidence for an augmentation effect on self-perceived performance: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Vol 25(11) Nov 1999, 1405-1416.
  • Takaki, S. T. (2006). Self-efficacy, confidence, and overconfidence as contributing factors to spreadsheet development errors. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Talarico, J. M., & Rubin, D. C. (2003). Confidence, not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories: Psychological Science Vol 14(5) Sep 2003, 455-461.
  • Tanigami, A. (2002). Effect of information about normative difficulty of questions on level of confidence judgments and feeling of knowing judgments: Japanese Journal of Psychology Vol 73(3) Aug 2002, 243-250.
  • Tarvydas, V. M., Leahy, M. J., Saunders, J. L., Chan, F., Thielsen, V. A., & Murray, G. (2001). Beliefs about the ethics of practice among CRCs: A national survey: Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling Vol 32(2) Sum 2001, 9-18.
  • Tavani, C. M., & Losh, S. C. (2003). Motivation, self-confidence, and expectations as predictors of the academic performances among our high school students: Child Study Journal Vol 33(3) 2003, 141-151.
  • Teigen, K. H., & Jorgensen, M. (2005). When 90% Confidence Intervals are 50% Certain: On the Credibility of Credible Intervals: Applied Cognitive Psychology Vol 19(4) May 2005, 455-475.
  • Templin, D. P. (1996). The effect of highlight videos upon the confidence levels and game performance of female intercollegiate basketball players. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Tenenbaum, G., & Becker, B. (2005). Is Self-Confidence a Bias Factor in Higher-Order Catastrophe Models? An Exploratory Analysis--A Critique: Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology Vol 27(3) Sep 2005, 375-381.
  • Tenenbaum, G., Levy-Kolker, N., Sade, S., Liebermann, D. G., & Lidor, R. (1996). Anticipation and confidence of decisions related to skilled performance: International Journal of Sport Psychology Vol 27(3) Jul-Sep 1996, 293-307.
  • Tenney, E. R., MacCoun, R. J., Spellman, B. A., & Hastie, R. (2007). Calibration Trumps Confidence as a Basis for Witness Credibility: Psychological Science Vol 18(1) Jan 2007, 46-50.
  • Terrance, C., Thayer, A., & Kehn, A. (2006). Undermining Eyewitness Confidence Inflation: Effecting Change Through Expert Testimony: Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice Vol 6(1) 2006, 73-82.
  • Tevendale, H. D., DuBois, D. L., Lopez, C., & Prindiville, S. L. (1997). Self-esteem stability and early adolescent adjustment: An exploratory study: Journal of Early Adolescence Vol 17(2) May 1997, 216-237.
  • Thelwall, M. (2001). Understanding and assessment methodology in an introductory statistics course: Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching Vol 20(3) 2001, 251-263.
  • Thomas, D. A. (2000). Adult achievement goal orientations and perceived ability: Impact on task choice, persistence and strategy use. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Thomas, J. P., & McFadyen, R. G. (1995). The confidence heuristic: A game-theoretic analysis: Journal of Economic Psychology Vol 16(1) Mar 1995, 97-113.
  • Thomas, O., Maynard, I., & Hanton, S. (2004). Temporal Aspects of Competitive Anxiety and Self-Confidence as a Function of Anxiety Perceptions: The Sport Psychologist Vol 18(2) Jun 2004, 172-187.
  • Thorndike, E. L. (1934). Primitive forms of belief and knowledge: Psychological Review Vol 41(5) Sep 1934, 403-411.
  • Tolin, D. F., Abramowitz, J. S., Brigidi, B. D., Amir, N., Street, G. P., & Foa, E. B. (2001). Memory and memory confidence in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Behaviour Research and Therapy Vol 39(8) Aug 2001, 913-927.
  • Tormala, Z. L., Rucker, D. D., & Seger, C. R. (2008). When increased confidence yields increased thought: A confidence-matching hypothesis: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Vol 44(1) Jan 2008, 141-147.
  • Treadwell, J. R., & Nelson, T. O. (1996). Availability of information and the aggregation of confidence in prior decisions: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 68(1) Oct 1996, 13-27.
  • Trickey, S., & Topping, K. J. (2006). Collaborative Philosophical Enquiry for School Children: Socio-Emotional Effects at 11 to 12 Years: School Psychology International Vol 27(5) Dec 2006, 599-614.
  • Trudnowski, J. A. (1993). Relationships among spatial skills, athletic participation, and confidence in the learning of mathematics of high school females: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Tsui, L. (1998). The effects of gender, education, and personal skills self-confidence on income in business management: Sex Roles Vol 38(5-6) Mar 1998, 363-373.
  • Tuckman, B. W. (2003). A performance comparison of motivational self-believers and self-doubters in competitive and individualistic goal situations: Personality and Individual Differences Vol 34(5) Apr 2003, 845-854.
  • Tunney, R. J. (2005). Sources of confidence judgments in implicit cognition: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Vol 12(2) Apr 2005, 367-373.
  • Turk, D. C., & Winter, F. (2006). Gaining Self-Confidence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Usher, E. L. (2007). Tracing the origins of confidence: A mixed methods exploration of the sources of self-efficacy beliefs in mathematics. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Vallesi, A., & Shallice, T. (2006). Prefrontal involvement in source memory: An electrophysiological investigation of accounts concerning confidence and accuracy: Brain Research Vol 1124(1) Dec 2006, 111-125.
  • Van Boven, L., Kruger, J., Savitsky, K., & Gilovich, T. (2000). When social worlds collide: Overconfidence in the multiple audience problem: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Vol 26(5) May 2000, 619-628.
  • van Heuvelen, M. J. G., Hochstenbach, J., de Greef, M. H. G., Brouwer, W. H., Mulder, T., & Scherder, E. (2005). Is the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale suitable for Dutch older persons living in the community? : Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie Vol 36(4) Sep 2005, 146-154.
  • van Knippenberg, B., van Eijbergen, R., & Wilke, H. (1999). The Use of Hard and Soft Influence Tactics in Cooperative Task Groups: Group Processes & Intergroup Relations Vol 2(3) Jul 1999, 231-244.
  • Van Orden, K. A., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2006). The Inner and Outer Turmoil of Excessive Reassurance Seeking: From Self-Doubts to Social Rejection. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Van Yperen, N. W. (2007). Performing well in an evaluative situation: The roles of perceived competence and task-irrelevant interfering thoughts: Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal Vol 20(4) Dec 2007, 409-419.
  • Vance, M. L. (1994). A study of perceptual changes on the part of students with respect to their decisions to pursue graduate studies. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Vancouver, J. B., Thompson, C. M., Tischner, E. C., & Putka, D. J. (2002). Two studies examining the negative effect of self-efficacy on performance: Journal of Applied Psychology Vol 87(3) Jun 2002, 506-516.
  • Vanek, E. P., Snyder, C. W., Hull, A. L., & Hekelman, F. P. (1996). The relationship between teachers' confidence and use of clinical teaching skills in ambulatory care settings: Teaching and Learning in Medicine Vol 8(3) 1996, 137-141.
  • Vaughn, L. A. (1999). Effects of uncertainty on use of the availability of heuristic for self-efficacy judgments: European Journal of Social Psychology Vol 29(2-3) Mar-May 1999, 407-410.
  • Vazquez, M. D. (1998). Silencing the self, relationship satisfaction and marianismo: An analysis of depression of Latinas. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Vealey, R. S., Hayashi, S. W., Garner-Holman, M., & Giacobbi, P. (1998). Sources of sport-confidence: Conceptualization and instrument development: Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology Vol 20(1) Mar 1998, 54-80.
  • Velasco, C. S., & Corral, E. L. (2005). Information integration of framing, perspective and confidence in a negotiation situation: Revista Mexicana de Psicologia Vol 22(2) Dec 2005, 455-467.
  • Verlhiac, J.-F. (1999). Non diagnostic information and the effects of context evaluation in the moderation of false consensus: Swiss Journal of Psychology/Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Psychologie/Revue Suisse de Psychologie Vol 58(1) Mar 1999, 12-21.
  • Vlahos, A. J. (1998). Interpersonal, individual, and situational factors associated with burnout in student-athletes. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Voight, M. R., Callaghan, J. L., & Ryska, T. A. (2000). Relationship between goal orientations, self-confidence and multidimensional trait anxiety among Mexican-American female youth athletes: Journal of Sport Behavior Vol 23(3) Sep 2000, 271-288.
  • Vrij, A., & Baxter, M. (1999). Accuracy and confidence in detecting truth and lies in elaborations and denials: Truth bias, lie bias and individual differences: Expert Evidence Vol 7(1) 1999, 25-36.
  • Vrij, A., & Bush, N. (2000). Differences in suggestibility between 5-6 and 10-11 year olds: The relationship with self confidence: Psychology, Crime & Law Vol 6(2) 2000, 127-138.
  • Waggoner, C. H. (1996). Psychological, social, and cultural disassociation in homeless men. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Walker, L. O., & Cheng, C.-Y. (2007). Maternal Empathy, Self-Confidence, and Stress as Antecedents of Preschool Children's Behavior Problems: Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing Vol 12(2) Apr 2007, 93-104.
  • Waller, B. N. (2004). Neglected psychological elements of free will: Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology Vol 11(2) Jun 2004, 111-118.
  • Wallsten, S. M., Bintrim, K., Denman, D. W., Parrish, J. M., & Hughes, G. (2006). The Effect of Tai Chi Chuan on Confidence and Lower Extremity Strength and Balance in Residents Living Independently at a Continuing Care Retirement Community: Journal of Applied Gerontology Vol 25(1) Feb 2006, 82-95.
  • Wallsten, T. S. (1996). An analysis of judgment research analyses: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 65(3) Mar 1996, 220-226.
  • Wang, J. (2000). An investigation into the motivational design qualities of Web-based instructional materials. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Wang, Y., & Li, Y. (2003). The effect of group counseling on improvement of self-confidence of college students: Chinese Mental Health Journal Vol 17(4) Apr 2003, 235.
  • Want, J., & Kleitman, S. (2006). Imposter phenomenon and self-handicapping: Links with parenting styles and self-confidence: Personality and Individual Differences Vol 40(5) Apr 2006, 961-971.
  • Ward, D. S. (1997). The effects of an individual audio mastery rehearsal tape on self-confidence and anxiety of intercollegiate varsity swimmers. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Warren, P. L. (2005). First-time mothers: Social support and confidence in infant care: JAN Journal of Advanced Nursing Vol 50(5) Jun 2005, 479-488.
  • Watley, D. J. (1965). Performance and characteristics of the confident student: Personnel & Guidance Journal 43(6) 1965, 591-596.
  • Watson, T. S. (1993). Self-efficacy and substance abuse: A study of situational confidence: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Watten, V. P., & Watten, R. G. (1999). Psychological profiles in patients with medically refractory epilepsy: Seizure Vol 8(5) Aug 1999, 304-309.
  • Webb, J. M., Pridemore, D. R., Stock, W. A., & Kulhavy, R. W. (1997). Remembering responses and cognitive estimates of knowing: The effects of instructions, retrieval sequences, and feedback: Contemporary Educational Psychology Vol 22(2) Apr 1997, 147-164.
  • Webb, R. A. (1985). To parents with love: A guide to parenting. Huntsville, AL: Humankind Information Systems.
  • Weber, J. E., Ash, S. R., & Weber, P. S. (1998). Side effects of incidental computer use: Increased confidence: Psychological Reports Vol 83(1) Aug 1998, 211-214.
  • Webster, R. L., & Ellis, T. S. (1996). Men's and women's self-confidence in performing financial analysis: Psychological Reports Vol 79(3, Pt 2) Dec 1996, 1251-1254.
  • Webster, R. L., & Ellis, T. S. (1999). Self-confidence among younger and older women performing financial analysis: Psychological Reports Vol 84(1) Feb 1999, 231-235.
  • Webster, R. L., & Ellis, T. S. (2001). Self-confidence in financial analysis: A study of younger and older male professional analysts: Psychological Reports Vol 88(3) Jun 2001, 701-706.
  • Weglicki, L. S. (2000). The development and testing of an instrument to measure maternal confidence in African-American pregnant teens. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Weissman, D. E., Ambuel, B., Norton, A. J., Wang-Cheng, R., & Schiedermayer, D. (1998). A survey of competencies and concerns in end-of-life care for physician trainees: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Vol 15(2) Feb 1998, 82-90.
  • Wells, G. L., Olson, E. A., & Charman, S. D. (2002). The confidence of eyewitnesses in their identifications from lineups: Current Directions in Psychological Science Vol 11(5) Oct 2002, 151-154.
  • Wener, A. E., & Rehm, L. P. (1977). Depressive affect: A test of behavioral hypotheses. Reply to Buchwald: Journal of Abnormal Psychology Vol 86(5) Oct 1977, 555-556.
  • Werneck De Almeida, E. S. (1999). Social integration and academic confidence of elementary Hispanic English language learners: A qualitative investigation of the impact of teachers' beliefs and behaviors. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (1997). The domain specificity and generality of overconfidence: Individual differences in performance estimation bias: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Vol 4(3) Sep 1997, 387-392.
  • Westwood, M. J., Mak, A., Barker, M., & Ishiyama, F. I. (2000). Group procedures and applications for developing sociocultural competencies among immigrants: International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling Vol 22(4) Dec 2000, 317-330.
  • Wheatcroft, J. M., Wagstaff, G. F., & Kebbell, M. R. (2004). The influence of courtroom questioning style on actual and perceived eyewitness confidence and accuracy: Legal and Criminological Psychology Vol 9(1) Feb 2004, 83-101.
  • White, D. W. (2006). The influence of the collaborative videotape assessment process on preservice technology education teachers' confidence, lesson plan preparation and teaching experiences. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Whitecotton, S. M. (1993). Decision aid reliance as a determinant of accuracy in earnings forecasting judgments: The impact of contextual and decision maker characteristics: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Whitney, B. J. (2001). Confidence and the elite athlete: A qualitative investigation. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Whittle, S. R., & Murdoch Eaton, D. G. (2001). Attitudes towards transferable skills in medical undergraduates: Medical Education Vol 35(2) Feb 2001, 148-153.
  • Wiener, K. K. K., Oei, T. P. S., & Creed, P. A. (1999). Predicting job seeking frequency and psychological well-being in the unemployed: Journal of Employment Counseling Vol 36(2) Jun 1999, 67-81.
  • Wiggins, M. S. (1996). Facilitative and debilitative anxiety: Pre-performance symptoms, expectations, and temporal patterns in athletes. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Williams, E. L., & Hammer, L. D. (1995). Breastfeeding attitudes and knowledge of pediatricians-in-training: American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 11(1) Jan-Feb 1995, 26-33.
  • Williams, J. M., & Krane, V. (1992). Coping styles and self-reported measures of state anxiety and self-confidence: Journal of Applied Sport Psychology Vol 4(2) Sep 1992, 134-143.
  • Williams, K., Gill, D. L., Butki, B., & Kim, B. J. (2000). A home-based intervention to improve balance, gait and self-confidence in older women: Activities, Adaptation & Aging Vol 24(3) 2000, 57-70.
  • Wilson, R. C. (2000). Sources of sport-confidence of senior adult, college, and high school athletes. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Wilson, R. C., Sullivan, P. J., Myers, N. D., & Feltz, D. L. (2004). Sources of sport confidence of master athletes: Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology Vol 26(3) Sep 2004, 369-384.
  • Winkel, F. W., & McCormack, R. J. (1997). Victim precipitation: Some fresh evidence on nonverbally mediated perceptions of vulnerability: Psychology, Crime & Law Vol 3(3) 1997, 219-225.
  • Winman, A., Juslin, P., & Bjorkman, M. (1998). The confidence-hindsight mirror effect in judgment: An accuracy-assessment model for the knew-it-all-along phenomenon: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 24(2) Mar 1998, 415-431.
  • Winterholler, S. F. (2006). Competence and confidence: Self-assessment of accuracy on cognitive tasks. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Winters, R. K. (1999). The effect of a specific training program (laser device assisted) for golf putting aim on putting confidence. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Wisborg, T., & Brattebo, G. (2001). Confidence and experience in emergency medicine procedures: Norwegian general practitioners: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care Vol 19(2) Jun 2001, 99-100.
  • Wise, J. B. (2007). Testing a theory that explains how self-efficacy beliefs are formed: Predicting self-efficacy appraisals across recreation activities: Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology Vol 26(7) Sep 2007, 841-848.
  • Wise, M. A. (2000). Individual operator compliance with a decision-support system. (individual differences). Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Wolf, K. N. (1997). Predicting positive self-efficacy in group problem solving: Human Resource Development Quarterly Vol 8(2) Sum 1997, 155-169.
  • Wolfe, J. B. (2005). An application of vocational interest and confidence measures to work-bound youth. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Wolfson, S., & Neave, N. (2007). Coping under pressure: Cognitive strategies for maintaining confidence among soccer referees: Journal of Sport Behavior Vol 30(2) Jun 2007, 232-247.
  • Wongwiwatthananukit, S. (2003). Development and validation of an instrument to assess the self-confidence of students enrolled in the advanced pharmacy practice experience component of the doctor of pharmacy curriculum. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Wood, J., Moffoot, A. P. R., & O'Carroll, R. E. (1998). "Depressive realism" revisited: Depressed patients are realistic when they are wrong but are unrealistic when they are right: Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Vol 3(2) May 1998, 119-126.
  • Woodman, T., & Hardy, L. (2005). Tenenbaum and Becker's Critique: Much Ado About Nothing: Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology Vol 27(3) Sep 2005, 382-392.
  • Wu, C.-h., & Yao, G. (2007). Relations among self-certainty, sense of control and quality of life: International Journal of Psychology Vol 42(5) Oct 2007, 342-352.
  • Xiao-bing, Y., & Hong-yun, L. (2005). Collective Training on College Students' Psychological Quality in Starting an Undertaking: Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol 13(3) Aug 2005, 358-359.
  • Xie, A. (2001). Integrative training on self-confidence and mental health of college students: Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol 9(3) 2001, 198-199, 197.
  • Xue-Lian, W., Neng-Feng, X., & De-Hui, Y. (2005). Intercourse Vexation among Medical Students: Chinese Mental Health Journal Vol 19(4) Apr 2005, 247-250.
  • Yamamiya, Y., Cash, T. F., & Thompson, J. K. (2006). Sexual experiences among college women: The differential effects of general versus contextual body images on sexuality: Sex Roles Vol 55(5-6) Sep 2006, 421-427.
  • Yamasaki, S., Arakawa, H., Seino, K., Furukawa, S.-I., Kasai, K., Kato, N., et al. (2005). "Jumping to Conclusions" Bias, Schizophrenia, Delusions, Data-gathering, Confidence: Seishin Igaku (Clinical Psychiatry) Vol 47(4) Apr 2005, 359-364.
  • Yang, B., & Lester, D. (2002). PC anxiety: Reliability and validity of a brief scale: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 95(2) Oct 2002, 670.
  • Yang, G. (1995). An investigation of relationships among self-confidence, self-efficacy, competitive anxiety, and sport performance. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Yarab, P. E., Sensibaugh, C. C., & Allgeier, E. R. (1997). Over-confidence and under-performance: Men's perceived accuracy and actual performance in a course: Psychological Reports Vol 81(1) Aug 1997, 76-78.
  • Yares, A. S. (2005). Effects of diagnosis training software on the diagnostic fluency and self-confidence of school psychology graduate trainees. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Yates, J. F., Lee, J.-W., & Bush, J. G. (1997). General knowledge overconfidence: Cross-national variations, response style, and "reality." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 70(2) May 1997, 87-94.
  • Yates, J. F., Lee, J.-W., & Shinotsuka, H. (1996). Beliefs about overconfidence, including its cross-national variation: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol 65(2) Feb 1996, 138-147.
  • Yogo, M., Hama, H., Tsuda, K., Suzuki, Y., & et al. (1990). Effects of use of cosmetics on women's psychological well-being: Japanese Journal of Health Psychology Vol 3(1) Jun 1990, 28-32.
  • Yoon, G., Chang, G.-y., Park, Y.-c., & Kim, D.-h. (1997). Level of juvenile delinquency and possible self: Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology Vol 10(1) 1997, 155-166.
  • Youell, T. (2007). Merleau-Ponty, Mirror Neurons and 'Me': The process of 'becoming', in The Child's Relations with Others: Existential Analysis Vol 18(1) Jan 2007, 170-183.
  • Ytterberg, S. R., Harris, I. B., Allen, S. S., Anderson, D. C., Kofron, P. M., Kvasnicka, J. H., et al. (1998). Clinical confidence and skills of medical students: Use of an OSCE to enhance confidence in clinical skills: Academic Medicine Vol 73(Suppl 10) Oct 1998, S103-S105.
  • Zahr, L. K. (1993). The confidence of Latina mothers in the care of their low birth weight infants: Research in Nursing & Health Vol 16(5) Oct 1993, 335-342.
  • Zakay, D., & Tuvia, R. (1998). Choice latency times as determinants of post-decisional confidence: Acta Psychologica Vol 98(1) Mar 1998, 103-115.
  • Zarnoth, P., & Sniezek, J. A. (1997). The social influence of confidence in group decision making: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Vol 33(4) Jul 1997, 345-366.
  • Zarow, G. J. (2000). People make bad choices with high confidence. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Zhuo-Sheng, C., & Bu-Xin, H. (2006). The Influence of the Term of Imprisonment on Prisoners' Personality: Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol 14(3) Jun 2006, 312-314.
  • Ziegler, A., Dresel, M., & Schober, B. (2000). Predictors of self-confidence among girls and boys attending college preparatory schools prior to initial chemistry instruction: Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht Vol 47(1) 2000, 66-75.
  • Ziegler, A., & Heller, K. A. (2000). Conditions for self-confidence among boys and girls achieving highly in chemistry: Journal of Secondary Gifted Education Vol 11(3) Spr 2000, 144-151.
  • Zorkina, Y., & Nalbone, D. P. (2003). Effect of induced level of confidence on college students performance on a cognitive test: Current Research in Social Psychology Vol 8(11) 2003, 148-162.
  • Zumbach, J., Reimann, P., & Koch, S. (2001). Influence of passive versus active information access to hypertextual infortmation resources on cognitive and emotional parameters: Journal of Educational Computing Research Vol 25(3) 2001, 301-318.
  • Zvolensky, M. J., Bonn-Miller, M. O., Feldner, M. T., Leen-Feldner, E., McLeish, A. C., & Gregor, K. (2006). Anxiety sensitivity: Concurrent associations with negative affect smoking motives and abstinence self-confidence among young adult smokers: Addictive Behaviors Vol 31(3) Mar 2006, 429-439.
This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).