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Sex steroids, also known as gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors. Their effects are mediated by slow genomic mechanisms through nuclear receptors as well as by fast nongenomic mechanisms through membrane-associated receptors and signaling cascades. The term sex hormone is nearly always synonymous with sex steroid.
Production[]
Natural sex steroids are made by the gonads (ovaries or testes), by adrenal glands, or by conversion from other sex steroids in other tissue such as liver or fat.
Functions[]
Sex steroids play important roles in inducing the body changes known as primary sex characteristics and secondary sex characteristics.
The development of both primary and secondary sexual characteristics is controlled by sex hormones after the initial fetal stage where the presence or absence of the Y-chromosome and/or the SRY gene determine development.
Synthetic sex steroids[]
There are also many synthetic sex steroids. Synthetic androgens are often referred to as anabolic steroids. Synthetic estrogens and progestins are used in methods of hormonal contraception. Ethinylestradiol is a semi-synthetic estrogen.
Types[]
In many contexts, the two main classes of sex steroids are androgens and estrogens, of which the most important human derivatives are testosterone and estradiol, respectively. Other contexts will include progestagen as a third class of sex steroids, distinct from androgens and estrogens. Progesterone is the most important and only naturally-occurring human progestagen. In general, androgens are considered "male sex hormones", since they have masculinizing effects, while estrogens and progestagens are considered "female sex hormones"[1] although all types are present in each gender, albeit at different levels.
Sex steroids include:
See also[]
- Androgen insensitivity syndrome
- Gonadotropic hormones
- Klinefelter's syndrome
- Lutinizing hormone
- Sex-hormone therapy
References[]
- ↑ Comparative metabolism of female sex steroids in normal and chronically inflamed gingiva of the dog T. M. A. ElAttar11Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A. and Department of Periodontology, The Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden AND A. Hugoson11Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A. and Department of Periodontology, The Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden1Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A. and Department of Periodontology, The Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden
External links[]
Template:Human-repro-stub
Template:Biochemical familiesGeneral: | ||
---|---|---|
Precursors: | Squalene | Lanosterol | |
Common: | Cholesterol | Pregnenolone | 17-Hydroxypregnenolone | DHEA | Androstenedione | Androstanediol | |
Estrogens: | Estradiol | Estriol | Estrone | |
Androgens: | Testosterone | Dihydrotestosterone | Androsterone | |
Progestagens: | Progesterone | 17-Hydroxyprogesterone | Progestins | |
Glucocorticoids: | Cortisol | Prednisone | |
Mineralocorticoids: | Aldosterone | |
Phytosterols: | Stigmasterol | Brassicasterol | |
Ergosterols: | Ergosterol | Ergocalciferol |
Pharmacology: major drug groups | |
---|---|
Gastrointestinal tract/metabolism (A) |
stomach acid (Antacids, H2 antagonists, Proton pump inhibitors) • Antiemetics • Laxatives • Antidiarrhoeals/Antipropulsives • Anti-obesity drugs • Anti-diabetics • Vitamins • Dietary minerals |
Blood and blood forming organs (B) |
Antithrombotics (Antiplatelets, Anticoagulants, Thrombolytics/fibrinolytics) • Antihemorrhagics (Platelets, Coagulants, Antifibrinolytics) |
Cardiovascular system (C) |
cardiac therapy/antianginals (Cardiac glycosides, Antiarrhythmics, Cardiac stimulants) Antihypertensives • Diuretics • Vasodilators • Beta blockers • Calcium channel blockers • renin-angiotensin system (ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Renin inhibitors) Antihyperlipidemics (Statins, Fibrates, Bile acid sequestrants) |
Skin (D) |
Emollients • Cicatrizants • Antipruritics • Antipsoriatics • Medicated dressings |
Genitourinary system (G) |
Hormonal contraception • Fertility agents • SERMs • Sex hormones |
Endocrine system (H) |
Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones • Corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids) • Sex hormones • Thyroid hormones/Antithyroid agents |
Infections and infestations (J, P, QI) |
Antimicrobials: Antibacterials (Antimycobacterials) • Antifungals • Antivirals • Antiparasitics (Antiprotozoals, Anthelmintics, Ectoparasiticides) • IVIG • Vaccines |
Malignant disease (L01-L02) |
Anticancer agents (Antimetabolites, Alkylating, Spindle poisons, Antineoplastic, Topoisomerase inhibitors) |
Immune disease (L03-L04) |
Immunomodulators (Immunostimulants, Immunosuppressants) |
Muscles, bones, and joints (M) |
Anabolic steroids • Anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) • Antirheumatics • Corticosteroids • Muscle relaxants • Bisphosphonates |
Brain and nervous system (N) |
Analgesics • Anesthetics (General, Local) • Anorectics • Anti-ADHD Agents • Antiaddictives • Anticonvulsants • Antidementia Agents • Antidepressants • Antimigraine Agents • Antiparkinson's Agents • Antipsychotics • Anxiolytics • Depressants • Entactogens • Entheogens • Euphoriants • Hallucinogens (Psychedelics, Dissociatives, Deliriants) • Hypnotics/Sedatives • Mood Stabilizers • Neuroprotectives • Nootropics • Neurotoxins • Orexigenics • Serenics • Stimulants • Wakefulness-Promoting Agents |
Respiratory system (R) |
Decongestants • Bronchodilators • Cough medicines • H1 antagonists |
Sensory organs (S) | |
Other ATC (V) |
Antidotes • Contrast media • Radiopharmaceuticals • Dressings |
Sex hormones and related agents (primarily G03, also L02, H01C) - human endogenous in CAPS
| |
---|---|
Progestogens: (receptor) |
PROGESTERONE, Desogestrel, Drospirenone, Dydrogesterone, Ethisterone, Etonogestrel, Ethynodiol diacetate, Gestodene, Gestonorone, Levonorgestrel, Lynestrenol, Medroxyprogesterone, Megestrol, Norelgestromin,
Norethisterone, Norethynodrel, Norgestimate, Norgestrel, Norgestrienone, Tibolone |
Androgens: (receptor) |
TESTOSTERONE, Androstanolone, Fluoxymesterone, Mesterolone, Methyltestosterone, (see also anabolic steroids) Antiandrogens: Bicalutamide, Cyproterone, Flutamide, Nilutamide, Spironolactone |
Estrogens: (receptor) |
ESTRADIOL, ESTRIOL, ESTRONE, Chlorotrianisene, Dienestrol, Diethylstilbestrol, Ethinylestradiol, Fosfestrol, Mestranol, Polyestradiol phosphate Selective estrogen receptor modulator: Bazedoxifene, Clomifene, Fulvestrant, Raloxifene, Tamoxifen, Toremifene Aromatase inhibitor: Aminogluthetimide, Anastrozole, Exemestane, Formestane, Letrozole, Vorozole |
Gonadotropins: (FSHR/LHCGR) |
ovulation stim.: Clomifene, Urofollitropin Antigonadotropins: Danazol, Gestrinone |
GnRH: (receptor) |
agonist: Buserelin, Goserelin, Histrelin, Leuprorelin, Nafarelin, Triptorelin antagonist: Abarelix, Cetrorelix, Ganirelix |
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