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Statistics: Scientific method · Research methods · Experimental design · Undergraduate statistics courses · Statistical tests · Game theory · Decision theory
In statistics, the sign test can be used to test the hypothesis that there is "no difference" between the continuous distributions of two random variables X and Y, in the situation when we can draw paired samples from X and Y. It is a non-parametric test which makes very few assumptions about the nature of the distributions under test - this means that it has very general applicability but may lack the statistical power of other tests such as the paired-samples T-test.
Formally, let p = Pr(X > Y), and then test the null hypothesis H0: p = 0.50. In other words, the null hypothesis states that given a random pair of measurements (xi, yi), then xi and yi are equally likely to be larger than the other.
Method[]
Independent pairs of sample data are collected from the populations {(x1, y1), (x2, y2), . . ., (xn, yn)}. Pairs are omitted for which there is no difference so that there is a possibility of a reduced sample of m pairs.[1]
Then let w be the number of pairs for which yi − xi > 0. Assuming that H0 is true, then W follows a binomial distribution W ~ b(m, 0.5). The "W" is for Frank Wilcoxon who developed the test, then later, the more powerful Wilcoxon signed-rank test.[2]
Significance testing[]
Since the test statistic is expected to follow a binomial distribution, the standard binomial test is used to calculate significance. The normal approximation to the binomial distribution can be used for large sample sizes, m>25.[1]
The left-tail value is computed by Pr(W ≤ w), which is the p-value for the alternative H1: p < 0.50. This alternative means that the X measurements tend to be higher.
The right-tail value is computed by Pr(W ≥ w), which is the p-value for the alternative H1: p > 0.50. This alternative means that the Y measurements tend to be higher.
For a two-sided alternative H1 the p-value is twice the smaller tail-value.
See also[]
References[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mendenhall, W.; Wackerly, D. D. and Scheaffer, R. L. (1989), "15: Nonparametric statistics", Mathematical statistics with applications (Fourth ed.), PWS-Kent, pp. 674-679, ISBN 0-534-92026-8
- ↑ Karas, J. & Savage, I.R. (1967) Publications of Frank Wilcoxon (1892–1965). Biometrics 23(1): 1–10
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