Psychology Wiki

Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |

Cognitive Psychology: Attention · Decision making · Learning · Judgement · Memory · Motivation · Perception · Reasoning · Thinking  - Cognitive processes Cognition - Outline Index



Spatial imagery is imagery of spatial relationships. If I ask you to imagine the room in which you spend most of your time awake if you produce a picture of this in your mind it is spatial imagery, particularly if it is a three dimensional mental representation. This idea is related to that of cognitive maps,  cognitive control


See also[]

References[]

  • Achariyakosol, V. (1982). The interactive effects of presentation formats of rotated figures and cognitive style on visual transformation problem solving: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Adair, J. C., & Barrett, A. M. (2007). Rehabilitating mental representations: A genuinely "blind" study: Neurology Vol 68(6) Feb 2007, 400-401.
  • Adeyemo, S. A. (2004). Imagery questionnaire and spatial thinking test: A technique of assessing individual differences in cognitive style: Psychology and Education: An Interdisciplinary Journal Vol 41(2) 2004, 27-37.
  • Aicken, M. D., Wilson, A. D., Williams, J. H. G., & Mon-Williams, M. (2007). Methodological issues in measures of imitative reaction times: Brain and Cognition Vol 63(3) Apr 2007, 304-308.
  • Aleman, A., de Haan, E. H. F., & Kahn, R. S. (2005). Object versus spatial visual mental imagery in patients with schizophrenia: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Vol 30(1) Jan 2005, 53-56.
  • Aleman, A., van Lee, L., Mantione, M. H. M., Verkoijen, I. G., & de Haan, E. H. F. (2001). Visual imagery without visual experience: Evidence from congenitally totally blind people: Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research Vol 12(11) Aug 2001, 2601-2604.
  • Alivisatos, B., & Petrides, M. (1997). Functional activation of the human brain during mental rotation: Neuropsychologia Vol 35(2) Feb 1997, 111-118.
  • Allen, G. L. (2000). Principles and practices for communicating route knowledge: Applied Cognitive Psychology Vol 14(4) Jul-Aug 2000, 333-359.
  • Alonso, D. L. (1998). The effects of individual differences in spatial visualization ability on dual-task performance. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Amorim, M.-A., Lang, W., Lindinger, G., Mayer, D., Deecke, L., & Berthoz, A. (2000). Modulation of spatial orientation processing by mental imagery instructions: A MEG study of representational momentum: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Vol 12(4) Jul 2000, 569-582.
  • Amorim, M.-A., Loomis, J. M., & Fukusima, S. S. (1998). Reproduction of object shape is more accurate without the continued availability of visual information: Perception Vol 27(1) 1998, 69-86.
  • Anderson, B. L. (2003). Perceptual organization and White's illusion: Perception Vol 32(3) 2003, 269-284.
  • Anderson, T. J., Jenkins, I. H., Brooks, D. J., Hawken, M. B., & et al. (1994). Cortical control of saccades and fixation in man: A PET study: Brain: A Journal of Neurology Vol 117(5) Oct 1994, 1073-1084.
  • Anooshian, L. J., Hartman, S. R., & Scharf, J. S. (1982). Determinants of young children's search strategies in a large-scale environment: Developmental Psychology Vol 18(4) Jul 1982, 608-616.
  • Anooshian, L. J., Wilson, K., & D'Acosta, A. A. (1984). The use of kinetic imagery by children and adults: Psychology & Human Development Vol 1(1) 1984, 11-17.
  • Appelman, R. L. (1994). The effects of congruency between structural and contextual dominance in image processing. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Arthur, E. J. (1997). Orientation specificity in the mental representation of three dimensional environments. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Atherton, T. J. (2002). Energy and phase orientation mechanisms: A computational model: Spatial Vision Vol 15(4) 2002, 415-441.
  • Atick, J. J., Griffin, P. A., & Redlich, A. N. (1996). Statistical approach to shape from shading: Reconstruction of three-dimensional face surfaces from single two-dimensional images: Neural Computation Vol 8(6) Aug 1996, 1321-1340.
  • Attneave, F., & Curlee, T. E. (1983). Locational representation in imagery: A moving spot task: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance Vol 9(1) Feb 1983, 20-30.
  • Axia, G., & Nicolini, C. (1984). Strategies of spatial decentering in different ages: Ricerche di Psicologia Vol 8(1) 1984, 203-215.
  • Baddeley, R. (1997). The correlational structure of natural images and the calibration of spatial representations: Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal Vol 21(3) Jul-Sep 1997, 351-372.
  • Baguley, T., & Payne, S. J. (2000). Long-term memory for spatial and temporal mental models includes construction processes and model structure: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology Vol 53A(2) May 2000, 479-512.
  • Barisnikov, K. (1997). The spatial cognition of mentally retarded persons: Vierteljahresschrift fur Heilpadagogik und ihre Nachbargebiete Vol 66(1) Mar 1997, 53-62.
  • Baron, R. J. (1985). Visual memories and mental images: International Journal of Man-Machine Studies Vol 23(3) Sep 1985, 275-311.
  • Battista, M. T. (1990). Spatial visualization and gender differences in high school geometry: Journal for Research in Mathematics Education Vol 21(1) Jan 1990, 47-60.
  • Beitel, D. A., Gibbs, R. W., Jr., & Sanders, P. (2001). The embodied approach to the polysemy of the spatial preposition on. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Ben-Chaim, D., Lappan, G., & Houang, R. T. (1986). Development and analysis of a spatial visualization test for middle school boys and girls: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 63(2, Pt 1) Oct 1986, 659-669.
  • Bennardo, G. (2002). Map drawing in Tonga, Polynesia: Accessing mental representations of space: Field Methods Vol 14(4) Nov 2002, 390-417.
  • Ben-Tovim, D. I., & Walker, M. K. (1997). Recall of the visual body image using a novel boundary detection task: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 85(2) Oct 1997, 625-630.
  • Bentum, K. (1998). Conceptual and spatial representations in memory: International Journal of Cognitive Technology Vol 3(1) Spr 1998, 39-44.
  • Bertamini, M., Spooner, A., & Hecht, H. (2003). Naive optics: Predicting and perceiving reflections in mirrors: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance Vol 29(5) Oct 2003, 982-1002.
  • Beschin, N., Cocchini, G., Della Sala, S., & Logie, R. H. (1997). What the eyes perceive, the brain ignores: A case of pure unilateral representational neglect: Cortex Vol 33(1) Mar 1997, 3-26.
  • Beugnon, G., & Lachaud, J.-P. (1992). Spatial representation in insects: In the beginning there was the image: Psychologie Francaise Vol 37(1) 1992, 21-28.
  • Biederman, I. (1987). Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding: Psychological Review Vol 94(2) Apr 1987, 115-147.
  • Biederman, I. (1989). "Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding": Clarification: Psychological Review Vol 96(1) Jan 1989, 2.
  • Biederman, I. (2000). Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Bisiach, E., & Berti, A. (1989). Unilateral misrepresentation of distributed information: Paradoxes and puzzles. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Blades, M., Spencer, C., Plester, B., & Desmond, K. (2004). Young Children's Recognition and Representation of Urban Landscapes From Aerial Photographs and in Toy Play. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Blajenkova, O., Kozhevnikov, M., & Motes, M. A. (2006). Object-spatial imagery: A new self-report imagery questionnaire: Applied Cognitive Psychology Vol 20(2) Mar 2006, 239-263.
  • Blanco, F., & Travieso, D. (2003). Haptic exploration and mental estimation of distances on a fictitious island: From mind's eye to mind's hand: Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness Vol 97(5) May 2003, 298-300.
  • Blaser, A. D. (2000). A study of people's sketching habits in GIS: Spatial Cognition and Computation Vol 2(4) 2000, 393-419.
  • Blough, P. M., & Slavin, L. K. (1987). Reaction time assessments of gender differences in visual-spatial performance: Perception & Psychophysics Vol 41(3) Mar 1987, 276-281.
  • Bondi, L. (2005). Traversing Boundaries: Response to Commentaries by Dieter Nitzgen and Sue Einhorn: Group Analysis Vol 38(1) Mar 2005, 157-158.
  • Bondi, L. (2005). Troubling Space, Making Space, Doing Space: Group Analysis Vol 38(1) Mar 2005, 137-149.
  • Boroditsky, L. (2000). Metaphoric structuring: Understanding time through spatial metaphors: Cognition Vol 75(1) Apr 2000, 1-28.
  • Botella, J., Barriopedro, M., & Suero, M. (2001). A model of the formation of illusory conjunctions in the time domain: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance Vol 27(6) Dec 2001, 1452-1467.
  • Bovet, M., & Voelin, D. (2003). Effects of mental imagery on operatoire reasoning: Auxiliary or structuring effects? : Enfance Vol 55(2) Apr-Jun 2003, 175-195.
  • Bradmetz, J. (1995). Intraindividual changes in children's intellectual development: A statistical approach with neuromimetic networks: Archives de Psychologie Vol 63(244) Mar 1995, 3-16.
  • Braine, L. G. (1995). The body as spatial framework: It doesn't come "naturally." Jerusalem, Israel: Magnes Press.
  • Brambring, M., & Laufenberg, W. (1979). Construction and complexity of tactual maps for the blind: Psychological Research Vol 40(3) 1979, 315-327.
  • Brandimonte, M. A. (1999). Imagery and language: What description-based images cannot tell us about the nature of visual mental images: Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition Vol 18(4) Aug 1999, 477-486.
  • Brandimonte, M. A., Hitch, G. J., & Bishop, D. V. (1992). Manipulation of visual mental images in children and adults: Journal of Experimental Child Psychology Vol 53(3) Jun 1992, 300-312.
  • Branoff, T. J. (1998). The effects of adding coordinate axes to a mental rotations task in measuring spatial visualization ability: An information-processing approach relating to teaching methods of undergraduate technical graphics education. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Bredart, S. (1987). Two ways of coping with indeterminate spatial discourse: Psychologica Belgica 27(2) 1987, 143-151.
  • Brehaut, J. C., & Tipper, S. P. (1996). Representational momentum and memory for luminance: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance Vol 22(2) Apr 1996, 480-501.
  • Brie, R. J. (1984). Spatial imagery processing: Learning numeration concepts in mathematics utilizing place value models: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Briggs, R. (1973). Urban Cognitive Distance. New Brunswick, NJ: AldineTransaction.
  • Bromme, R., & Stahl, E. (1998). Spatial metaphors and writing hypertexts: Studying school lessons: Zeitschrift fur Padagogische Psychologie/ German Journal of Educational Psychology Vol 12(2-3) Aug 1998, 156-166.
  • Brosgole, L., & Mallozzi, J. S. (1993). Tactile facilitation of figure reversal in mental imagery: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 31(6) Nov 1993, 553-556.
  • Brous, C. W. (1983). Spatial visualization and skill in various athletic activities: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Brown, H. D., Kosslyn, S. M., & Dror, I. E. (1998). Aging and scanning of imagined and perceived visual images: Experimental Aging Research Vol 24(2) Apr-Jun 1998, 181-194.
  • Brown, M. E., & Gallimore, J. J. (1995). Visualization of three-dimensional structure during computer-aided design: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction Vol 7(1) Jan-Mar 1995, 37-56.
  • Bruce, P. R. (1984). Adult age differences in spatial memory: The effects of mediation, distinctiveness, and repeated experience: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Bruce, P. R., & Herman, J. F. (1983). Spatial knowledge of young and elderly adults: Scene recognition from familiar and novel perspectives: Experimental Aging Research Vol 9(3) Fal 1983, 169-173.
  • Brugger, P. (2002). Reflective mirrors: Perspective-taking in autoscopic phenomena: Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Vol 7(3) Aug 2002, 179-194.
  • Bryant, D. J. (1992). A spatial representation system in humans: Psycoloquy Vol 3 May 1992, No Pagination Specified.
  • Bryant, D. J., & Tversky, B. (1999). Mental representations of perspective and spatial relations from diagrams and models: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 25(1) Jan 1999, 137-156.
  • Bryant, D. J., Tversky, B., & Franklin, N. (1992). Internal and external spatial frameworks for representing described scenes: Journal of Memory and Language Vol 31(1) Feb 1992, 74-98.
  • Bryden, M. P., George, J., & Inch, R. (1990). Sex differences and the role of figural complexity in determining the rate of mental rotation: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 70(2) Apr 1990, 467-477.
  • Buhl, H. M. (1996). First encounter, mental representation and verbal localizations: The point of view as a part of spatial representations: Sprache & Kognition Vol 15(4) 1996, 203-216.
  • Buneo, C. A., & Andersen, R. A. (2006). The posterior parietal cortex: Sensorimotor interface for the planning and online control of visually guided movements: Neuropsychologia Vol 44(13) 2006, 2594-2606.
  • Burin, D. I., Delgado, A. R., & Prieto, G. (2000). Solution strategies and gender differences in spatial visualization tasks: Psicologica International Journal of Methodology and Experimental Psychology Vol 21(3) 2000, 275-286.
  • Burnod, Y. (1999). Scanning visual mental images: A window on the brain? : Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition Vol 18(4) Aug 1999, 487-494.
  • Busey, T. A. (1998). Physical and psychological representations of faces: Evidence from morphing: Psychological Science Vol 9(6) Nov 1998, 476-483.
  • Byrne, P., & Becker, S. (2004). Modeling Mental Navigation in Scenes with Multiple Objects: Neural Computation Vol 16(9) Sep 2004, 1851-1872.
  • Campbell, J. (1993). The role of physical objects in spatial thinking. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Carlson, L. A., & Covey, E. S. (2005). How far is near? Inferring distance from spatial descriptions: Language and Cognitive Processes Vol 20(5) Oct 2005, 617-631.
  • Carota, A., Di Pietro, M., Ptak, R., Poglia, D., & Schnider, A. (2004). Defective Spatial Imagery with Pure Gerstmann's Syndrome: European Neurology Vol 52(1) Jul 2004, 1-6.
  • Carpenter, M., & Proffitt, D. R. (2001). Comparing viewer and array mental rotations in different planes: Memory & Cognition Vol 29(3) Apr 2001, 441-448.
  • Carreiras, M., & Codina, B. (1990). Cognitive maps in persons with visual deficiencies and normal vision: Psicologica International Journal of Methodology and Experimental Psychology Vol 11(2) 1990, 153-165.
  • Carreiras, M., & Codina, B. (1994). Internal spatial representation of the blind from verbal descriptions: Cognitiva Vol 6(2) 1994, 145-158.
  • Carreiras, M., & Codina, B. (1997). Constructing spatial mental models from verbal descriptions: Psicothema Vol 9(2) Jul 1997, 337-346.
  • Carreiras, M., & Santamaria, C. (1997). Reasoning about relations: Spatial and nonspatial problems: Thinking & Reasoning Vol 3(3) 1997, 191-208.
  • Casasola, M. (2005). Can Language Do the Driving? The Effect of Linguistic Input on Infants' Categorization of Support Spatial Relations: Developmental Psychology Vol 41(1) Jan 2005, 183-192.
  • Casey, M. B., Winner, E., Benbow, C., Hayes, R., & et al. (1993). Skill at image generation: Handedness interacts with strategy preference for individuals majoring in spatial fields: Cognitive Neuropsychology Vol 10(1) Feb 1993, 57-77.
  • Cattaneo, Z., Vecchi, T., Monegato, M., Pece, A., & Cornoldi, C. (2007). Effects of late visual impairment on mental representations activated by visual and tactile stimuli: Brain Research Vol 1148 May 2007, 170-176.
  • Cavanna, A. E., & Trimble, M. R. (2006). The precuneus: A review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates: Brain: A Journal of Neurology Vol 129(3) Mar 2006, 564-583.
  • Cave, K. R., Pinker, S., Giorgi, L., Thomas, C. E., & et al. (1994). The representation of location in visual images: Cognitive Psychology Vol 26(1) Feb 1994, 1-32.
  • Chabanne, V., Peruch, P., Denis, M., & Thinus-Blanc, C. (2003). Mental Scanning of Images Constructed From Visual Experience or Verbal Descriptions: The Impact of Survey Versus Route Perspective: Imagination, Cognition and Personality Vol 23(2-3) 2003-2004, 163-171.
  • Chappell, M. F. (1991). African-American fifth-graders' visual-imagery constructions of tiling patterns and area measurement concepts: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Charlton, J. P. (1996). The functionality of visuo-spatial imagery in the solution of three-term series problems: Journal of Mental Imagery Vol 20(3-4) Fal-Win 1996, 69-86.
  • Chatterjee, A., Southwood, M. H., & Basilico, D. (1999). Verbs, events and spatial representations: Neuropsychologia Vol 37(4) Apr 1999, 395-402.
  • Chien, S.-c. (1986). The effectiveness of animated and interactive microcomputer graphics on children's development of spatial visualization ability/mental rotation skills: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Chokron, S., Colliot, P., & Bartolomeo, P. (2004). The role of vision in spatial representation: Cortex Vol 40(2) Apr 2004, 281-290.
  • Christou, C., Koenderink, J. J., & van Doorn, A. J. (1996). Surface gradients, contours and the perception of surface attitude in images of complex scenes: Perception Vol 25(6) 1996, 701-713.
  • Christou, C. G., & Bulthoff, H. H. (1999). View dependence in scene recognition after active learning: Memory & Cognition Vol 27(6) Nov 1999, 996-1007.
  • Chun, L. (2002). A cognitive approach to Up/Down metaphors in English and Shang/Xia metaphors in Chinese. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Clements, D. H., & Battista, M. T. (1992). Geometry and spatial reasoning. New York, NY, England: Macmillan Publishing Co, Inc.
  • Cochran, E. L., Pick, A. D., & Pick, H. L. (1983). Task-specific strategies of mental "rotation" of facial representations: Memory & Cognition Vol 11(1) Jan 1983, 41-48.
  • Cohen, M. E. (1981). The effects of environmental interaction on the structure and process of cognitive mapping: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Cohen, R. (1982). The role of activity in the construction of spatial representations: New Directions for Child Development No 15 Mar 1982, 41-50.
  • Cohen, R., & Weatherford, D. L. (1981). The effect of barriers on spatial representations: Child Development Vol 52(3) Sep 1981, 1087-1090.
  • Cohen, S., & Cohen, R. (1982). Distance estimates of children as a function of type of activity in the environment: Child Development Vol 53(3) Jun 1982, 834-837.
  • Colle, H. A., & Reid, G. B. (2003). Spatial Orientation in 3-D Desktop Displays: Using Rooms for Organizing Information: Human Factors Vol 45(3) Fal 2003, 424-435.
  • Collier, G. H. (1985). Mental models of movement: Predicting the results of spatial transformation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Collins, C. E., Xu, X., Khaytin, I., Kaskan, P. M., Casagrande, V. A., & Kaas, J. H. (2005). Optical imaging of visually evoked responses in the middle temporal area after deactivation of primary visual cortex in adult primates: PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol 102(15) Apr 2005, 5594-5599.
  • Cooper, L. A., & Munger, M. P. (1993). Extrapolating and remembering positions along cognitive trajectories: Use and limitations of analogies to physical motion. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Cooper, L. A., & Shepard, R. N. (1984). Turning something over in the mind: Scientific American Vol 251(6) Dec 1984, 106-114.
  • Cooper, L. A., & Shepard, R. N. (1990). Turning something over in the mind. New York, NY: W H Freeman/Times Books/ Henry Holt & Co.
  • Cooper, M., & Sweller, J. (1989). Secondary school students' representations of solids: Journal for Research in Mathematics Education Vol 20(2) Mar 1989, 202-212.
  • Corballis, M. C. (1988). Recognition of disoriented shapes: Psychological Review Vol 95(1) Jan 1988, 115-123.
  • Corballis, M. C., & McLaren, R. (1982). Interaction between perceived and imagined rotation: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance Vol 8(2) Apr 1982, 215-224.
  • Corballis, M. C., & Sergent, J. (1989). Hemispheric specialization for mental rotation: Cortex Vol 25(1) Mar 1989, 15-25.
  • Cornoldi, C., Bertuccelli, B., Rocchi, P., & Sbrana, B. (1993). Processing capacity limitations in pictorial and spatial representations in the totally congenitally blind: Cortex Vol 29(4) Dec 1993, 675-689.
  • Coslett, H. B. (1997). Neglect in vision and visual imagery: A double dissociation: Brain: A Journal of Neurology Vol 120(7) Jul 1997, 1163-1171.
  • Courbois, Y. (2002). Proposition for a theoritical framework for the study of visual cognition in mental retardation: Revue Francophone de la Deficience Intellectuelle Vol 13(2) Dec 2002, 101-113.
  • Courbois, Y., & Lejeune, L. (2000). Experimental study to generate mental images in mentally retarded adolescents: Revue Francophone de la Deficience Intellectuelle Vol 11(1) Jun 2000, 73-84.
  • Coventry, K.-R., & Guijarro-Fuentes, P. (2004). Spatial prepositions in Spanish and English: The relative importance of space and function: Cognitiva Vol 16(1) 2004, 73-93.
  • Cramond, B. L. (1983). Predicting mathematics achievement of gifted adolescent females: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Creem, S. H., Downs, T. H., Wraga, M., Proffitt, D. R., & Downs, J. H., III. (2001). An fMRI study of imagined self-rotation: Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 1(3) Sep 2001, 239-249.
  • Creem-Regehr, S. H. (2003). Updating space during imagined self- and array translations: Memory & Cognition Vol 31(6) Sep 2003, 941-952.
  • Cunningham, J. P. (1980). Trees as memory representations for simple visual patterns: Memory & Cognition Vol 8(6) Nov 1980, 593-605.
  • Cunningham, K. W. (1998). Artificial neural networks and the extraction of spatial information from raster imagery. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Curl, S. S. (1994). An investigation of database usability: Lessons for user interface design. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Currie, C. B., McConkie, G. W., Carlson-Radvansky, L. A., & Irwin, D. E. (2000). The role of the saccade target object in the perception of a visually stable world: Perception & Psychophysics Vol 62(4) May 2000, 673-683.
  • Dahmen, W., Hartje, W., Bussing, A., & Sturm, W. (1982). Disorders of calculation in aphasic patients--spatial and verbal components: Neuropsychologia Vol 20(2) 1982, 145-153.
  • Damos, D. L. (1990). Using the fold point to analyze mental rotation data: A second look: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 28(1) Jan 1990, 23-26.
  • Daugman, J. G. (1994). An information-theoretic view of analog representation in striate cortex. River Edge, NJ: World Scientific Publishing Co.
  • David, A. S., & Cutting, J. C. (1992). Categorical-semantic and spatial-imagery judgements of non-verbal stimuli in the cerebral hemispheres: Cortex Vol 28(1) Mar 1992, 39-51.
  • Davison, S. A. (1998). The utility of mental models and visualization in training. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • De Beni, R., Mo, A., & Cornoldi, C. (1997). Learning from texts or lectures: Loci mnemonics can interfere with reading but not with listening: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology Vol 9(4) Dec 1997, 401-415.
  • de Lange, F. P., Roelofs, K., & Toni, I. (2007). Increased self-monitoring during imagined movements in conversion paralysis: Neuropsychologia Vol 45(9) 2007, 2051-2058.
  • de Vega, M. (1994). Characters and their perspectives in narratives describing spatial environments: Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung Vol 56(2) Feb 1994, 116-126.
  • Dean, A. L., & Scherzer, E. (1982). A comparison of reaction time and drawing measures of mental rotation: Journal of Experimental Child Psychology Vol 34(1) Aug 1982, 20-37.
  • Decety, J., & Jeannerod, M. (1995). Mentally simulated movements in virtual reality: Does Fitts's law hold in motor imagery? : Behavioural Brain Research Vol 72(1-2) Dec 1995, 127-134.
  • Degerman, R., & Mather, R. S. (1972). Spatial representation of noun phrases: Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior Vol 11(1) Feb 1972, 66-72.
  • Denhiere, G., & Denis, M. (1989). The processing of texts describing spatial configurations. Oxford, England: North-Holland.
  • Denis, M. (1997). The description of routes: A cognitive approach to the production of spatial discourse: Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition Vol 16(4) Aug 1997, 409-458.
  • Denis, M., & Cocude, M. (1989). Scanning visual images generated from verbal descriptions: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology Vol 1(4) Dec 1989, 293-307.
  • Denis, M., & Cocude, M. (1992). Structural properties of visual images constructed from poorly or well-structured verbal descriptions: Memory & Cognition Vol 20(5) Sep 1992, 497-506.
  • Denis, M., Daniel, M.-P., Fontaine, S., & Pazzaglia, F. (2001). Language, spatial cognition, and navigation. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Denison, M. J. (1986). Absorption, empathy and imagery: The interactions of psychological and interpersonal skills: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Diaz, J. (2000). Construction of categories for analyzing the spatial representation of an imaginary plane: Revista Intercontinental de Psicologia y Educacion Vol 2(2) Jul-Dec 2000, 21-27.
  • Dodds, A. G. (1983). Mental rotation and visual imagery: Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness Vol 77(1) Jan 1983, 16-18.
  • Dohnanyiova, M., Ostatnikova, D., & Laznibatova, J. (2001). Spatial imagery, testosterone and anthropometric characteristics in intellectually gifted and control children: Homeostasis in Health and Disease Vol 41(1-2) Nov 2001, 53-55.
  • Dore, F. Y., & Goulet, S. (1992). Cognition in carnivorous mammals: Cats and dogs: Psychologie Francaise Vol 37(1) 1992, 65-72.
  • Dorval, M., & Pepin, M. (1986). Effect of playing a video game on a measure of spatial visualization: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 62(1) Feb 1986, 159-162.
  • Downs, R. M., & Stea, D. (1973). Image & environment: Cognitive mapping and spatial behavior. New Brunswick, NJ: AldineTransaction.
  • Duesbury, R. T., & O'Neil, H. F., Jr. (1996). Effect of type of practice in a computer-aided design environment in visualizing three-dimensional objects from two-dimensional orthographic projections: Journal of Applied Psychology Vol 81(3) Jun 1996, 249-260.
  • Dulin, D. (2007). Effects of the use of raised line drawings on blind people's cognition: European Journal of Special Needs Education Vol 22(3) Aug 2007, 341-353.
  • Dulin, D., & Hatwell, Y. (2006). The Effects of Visual Experience and Training in Raised-Line Materials on the Mental Spatial Imagery of Blind Persons: Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness Vol 100(7) Jul 2006, 414-424.
  • Dunayeva, Z. M. (1980). Formation of spatial imagery in developmentally backward children: Defektologiya No 4 1980, 27-34.
  • Duncan, E. M., & Bourg, T. (1983). An examination of the effects of encoding and decision processes on the rate of mental rotation: Journal of Mental Imagery Vol 7(2) Fal 1983, 33-55.
  • Dutke, S. (1994). Mental models in memory for verbal descriptions of spatial arrangements: Temporal aspects of model construction and use: Zeitschrift fur Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie Vol 41(4) 1994, 523-548.
  • Dutke, S. (1999). The crossover effect of the propositional text representation and the mental model: Towards the role of individual differences in spatial imagery ability: Zeitschrift fur Experimentelle Psychologie Vol 46(3) 1999, 164-176.
  • Eardley, A. F., & Pring, L. (2003). Spatial Processing, Mental Imagery and Creativity in Individuals With and Without Sight: Cognitive Processing Vol 4(Suppl) 2003, 34.
  • Eardley, A. F., & Pring, L. (2007). Spatial processing, mental imagery, and creativity in individuals with and without sight: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology Vol 19(1) Jan 2007, 37-58.
  • Easton, R. D., & Bentzen, B. L. (1987). Memory for verbally presented routes: A comparison of strategies used by blind and sighted people: Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness Vol 81(3) Mar 1987, 100-105.
  • Eberts, R. E. (1984). Internalizing the system dynamics for a second order system: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Egenhofer, M. J., & Rodriguez, M. A. (1999). Relation algebras over containers and surfaces: An ontological study of a room space: Spatial Cognition and Computation Vol 1(2) 1999, 155-180.
  • Ehrlich, K., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1982). Spatial descriptions and referential continuity: Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior Vol 21(3) Jun 1982, 296-306.
  • Eilan, N. (1993). Molyneux's question and the idea of an external world. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Eilan, N., McCarthy, R. A., & Brewer, B. (1993). Spatial representation: Problems in philosophy and psychology. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Einhorn, S. (2005). A Place in Space: Some Thoughts on Liz Bondi's Article Troubling Space, Making Space, Doing Space: Group Analysis Vol 38(1) Mar 2005, 153-157.
  • Eley, M. G. (1983). Representing the cross-sectional shapes of contour-mapped landforms: Human Learning: Journal of Practical Research & Applications Vol 2(4) Oct-Dec 1983, 279-294.
  • Eley, M. G. (1993). The differential susceptibility of topographic map interpretation to influence from training: Applied Cognitive Psychology Vol 7(1) Feb 1993, 23-42.
  • Ellis, C. D. (1999). The effectiveness of qualitative spatial representation in supporting spatial awareness and spatial decision-making. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Emmorey, K., Klima, E., & Hickok, G. (1998). Mental rotation within linguistic and non-linguistic domains in users of American sign language: Cognition Vol 68(3) Sep 1998, 221-246.
  • Emmorey, K., & Kosslyn, S. M. (1996). Enhanced image generation abilities in deaf signers: A right hemisphere effect: Brain and Cognition Vol 32(1) Oct 1996, 28-44.
  • Emmorey, K., Kosslyn, S. M., & Bellugi, U. (1993). Visual imagery and visual-spatial language: Enhanced imagery abilities in deaf and hearing ASL signers: Cognition Vol 46(2) Feb 1993, 139-181.
  • Ernest, C. H. (1973). Spatial-imagery ability and the recognition of verbal and nonverbal stimuli: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Ernest, C. H. (1977). Imagery ability and cognition: A critical review: Journal of Mental Imagery Vol 1(2) Fal 1977, 181-215.
  • Ernest, C. H. (1991). Ability differences and prose learning: Intelligence Vol 15(4) Oct-Dec 1991, 455-477.
  • Ernest, C. H. (1998). Spatial ability and lateralization in the haptic modality: Brain and Cognition Vol 36(1) Feb 1998, 1-20.
  • Eslinger, O. W. (2003). Mental imagery ability in high- and low-performance collegiate basketball players. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Estes, D. (1998). Young children's awareness of their mental activity: The case of mental rotation: Child Development Vol 69(5) Oct 1998, 1345-1360.
  • Fabre, N. (1988). Space in the "waking-dream": Potential space and analytical space: Perspectives Psychiatriques Vol 27(12) 1988, 123-126.
  • Farah, M. J. (1988). Is visual imagery really visual? Overlooked evidence from neuropsychology: Psychological Review Vol 95(3) Jul 1988, 307-317.
  • Farah, M. J. (1988). The neuropsychology of mental imagery: Converging evidence from brain-damaged and normal subjects. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Farah, M. J., & Hammond, K. M. (1988). Mental rotation and orientation-invariant object recognition: Dissociable processes: Cognition Vol 29(1) Jun 1988, 29-46.
  • Farah, M. J., Hammond, K. M., Levine, D. N., & Calvanio, R. (1988). Visual and spatial mental imagery: Dissociable systems of representation: Cognitive Psychology Vol 20(4) Oct 1988, 439-462.
  • Feigenbaum, J. D., & Rolls, E. T. (1991). Allocentric and egocentric spatial information processing in the hippocampal formation of the behaving primate: Psychobiology Vol 19(1) Mar 1991, 21-40.
  • Fenk, A. (1994). Spatial metaphors and logical pictures. Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland/Elsevier Science Publishers.
  • Figueroa, J., Kazen, M., & Miron, M. A. (1984). The manipulation of images in reconstructive memory tasks: Revista Latinoamericana de Psicologia Vol 16(2) 1984, 247-252.
  • Finke, R. A., & Kurtzman, H. S. (1981). Mapping the visual field in mental imagery: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Vol 110(4) Dec 1981, 501-517.
  • Finke, R. A., & Pinker, S. (1982). Spontaneous imagery scanning in mental extrapolation: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 8(2) Mar 1982, 142-147.
  • Finke, R. A., & Pinker, S. (1983). Directional scanning of remembered visual patterns: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 9(3) Jul 1983, 398-410.
  • Fiore, S. M., & Schooler, J. W. (2002). How did you get here from there? Verbal overshadowing of spatial mental models: Applied Cognitive Psychology Vol 16(8) Dec 2002, 897-909.
  • Fize, D., Fabre-Thorpe, M., Richard, G., Doyon, B., & Thorpe, S. J. (2005). Rapid categorization of foveal and extrafoveal natural images: Associated ERPs and effects of lateralization: Brain and Cognition Vol 59(2) Nov 2005, 145-158.
  • Flaherty, M., & Connolly, M. (1995). Space perception, coordination and a knowledge of kanji in Japanese and non-Japanese: Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient Vol 38(4) Dec 1995, 229-237.
  • Fletcher, J. F. (1982). Spatial representation in blind schoolchildren: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Foley, J. E., & Cohen, A. J. (1982). Representation of the vertical dimension in cognitive maps: EDRA: Environmental Design Research Association No 13 1982, 100-104.
  • Foley, J. E., & Cohen, A. J. (1984). Mental mapping of a megastructure: Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Vol 38(3) Sep 1984, 440-453.
  • Formisano, M. (1982). The mental representation of space: A review: Eta Evolutiva No 12 Jun 1982, 81-89.
  • Fortenbaugh, F. C., Hicks, J. C., Hao, L., & Turano, K. A. (2006). High-speed navigators: Using more than what meets the eye: Journal of Vision Vol 6(5) 2006, 565-579.
  • Foulkes, D., & Hollifield, M. (1989). Responses to picture-plane and depth mental-rotation stimuli in children and adults: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 27(4) Jul 1989, 327-330.
  • Foulkes, D., Sullivan, B., Hollifield, M., & Bradley, L. (1989). Mental rotation, age, and conservation: Journal of Genetic Psychology Vol 150(4) Dec 1989, 449-451.
  • Francescato, D., & Mebane, W. (1973). How Citizens View Two Great Cities: Milan and Rome. New Brunswick, NJ: AldineTransaction.
  • Francis-Rusk, D. S. (1986). The architecture of being: Spatial imagery in the fiction of Jose Donoso: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Frank, A. U., & Raubal, M. (1999). Formal specification of image schemata - a step towards interoperability in geographic information systems: Spatial Cognition and Computation Vol 1(1) 1999, 67-101.
  • Frankiln, N. J. (1990). Constraints on memory search imposed by spatial features of described scenes: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Franklin, N., Tversky, B., & Coon, V. (1992). Switching points of view in spatial mental models: Memory & Cognition Vol 20(5) Sep 1992, 507-518.
  • French, C. C., & Painter, J. (1991). Spatial processing of images and hemisphere function: Cortex Vol 27(4) Dec 1991, 511-520.
  • French, P. L. (1979). Linguistic marking, strategy, and affect in syllogistic reasoning: Journal of Psycholinguistic Research Vol 8(5) Sep 1979, 425-449.
  • Freyd, J. J., & Finke, R. A. (1984). Representational momentum: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 10(1) Jan 1984, 126-132.
  • Friederici, A. D., & Levelt, W. J. (1990). Spatial reference in weightlessness: Perceptual factors and mental representations: Perception & Psychophysics Vol 47(3) Mar 1990, 253-266.
  • Fukuda, Y. (1991). Developmental change of operations in visual image: Comparison between three mountain task and mental rotation task: Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology Vol 39(3) Sep 1991, 348-354.
  • Gaddes, W. H. (1967). A New Test of Dynamic Visual Retention: Perceptual and Motor Skills 25(2) 1967, 393-396.
  • Gaddes, W. H., McKenzie, A., & Barnsley, R. (1968). Psychometric Intelligence and Spatial Imagery in Two Northwest Indian and Two White Groups of Children: Journal of Social Psychology 75(1) 1968, 35-42.
  • Gagliardi, A. (1982). The role of cerebral hemispheric specialization in an operation of geometric transformation: Giornale Italiano di Psicologia Vol 9(2) Aug 1982, 273-289.
  • Gagoshidze, T. S., & Khomskaya, E. D. (1985). Mental manipulation with objects and images in patients before and after stereotaxic surgery on the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus: Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S S Korsakova Vol 85(12) 1985, 1842-1846.
  • Galluscio, E. H., & Paradzinski, P. (1995). Task-specific conjugate lateral eye movements: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 81(3, Pt 1) Dec 1995, 755-762.
  • Garrard, S. W. (1982). Sex differences, spatial visualization ability and the effects of induced and imposed imagery on problem solving performance: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Garro, L. C. (1983). Imagery's role in cognition: Integrating imagery theory with an individual differences approach: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Geary, D. C. (1987). Internal and external validation of cognitive arithmetic component processes: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Geminiani, G., & Bottini, G. (1992). Mental representation and temporary recovery from unilateral neglect after vestibular stimulation: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry Vol 55(4) Apr 1992, 332-333.
  • Gentner, D., Imai, M., & Boroditsky, L. (2002). As time goes by: Evidence for two systems in processing space time metaphors: Language and Cognitive Processes Vol 17(5) Oct 2002, 537-565.
  • Georgeson, M. A., & Freeman, T. C. A. (1997). Perceived location of bars and edges in one-dimensional images: Computational models and human vision: Vision Research Vol 37(1) Jan 1997, 127-142.
  • Gibbs, R. W., Jr., & Bogdonovich, J. (1999). Mental imagery in interpreting poetic metaphor: Metaphor and Symbol Vol 14(1) 1999, 37-44.
  • Gibson, B. M. (2001). Cognitive maps not used by humans (Homo sapiens) during a dynamic navigational task: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 115(4) Dec 2001, 397-402.
  • Giusberti, F., & Chiappelli, M. (1995). Familiar and unfamiliar routes: Equivalence between imagery and perception: Ricerche di Psicologia Vol 19(2) 1995, 115-129.
  • Giusberti, F., Iachini, T., & Pavani, F. (1998). Moving around objects and recognizing them: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 86(1) Feb 1998, 267-276.
  • Glenberg, A. M., & McDaniel, M. A. (1992). Mental models, pictures, and text: Integration of spatial and verbal information: Memory & Cognition Vol 20(5) Sep 1992, 458-460.
  • Glicksohn, J. (1994). Rotation, orientation, and cognitive mapping: American Journal of Psychology Vol 107(1) Spr 1994, 39-51.
  • Gluck, J., Dunser, A., Steinbugl, K., & Kaufmann, H. (2007). Warning: Subtle aspects of strategy assessment may affect correlations among spatial tests: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 104(1) Feb 2007, 123-140.
  • Goldberg, J. H. (1986). Characteristics of temporal processing within mental image rotation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Golomb, C. (1993). Art and the young child: Another look at the developmental question: Visual Arts Research Vol 19(1)[37] Spr 1993, 1-15.
  • Gostev, A. A. (1982). Individual differences of spatial imagery in human-operator's activities: Psikologicheskii Zhurnal Vol 3(1) Jan-Feb 1982, 101-109.
  • Gould, P. R. (1973). On Mental Maps. New Brunswick, NJ: AldineTransaction.
  • Grabowski, J., & Weiss, P. (1996). Factors that determine the interpretation of dimensional spatial expressions: Experiments in five languages: Sprache & Kognition Vol 15(4) 1996, 234-250.
  • Grant, J., & Semmes, P. (1983). A rationale for LOGO for hearing-impaired preschoolers: American Annals of the Deaf Vol 128(5) Sep 1983, 564-569.
  • Greenberg, D. L. (2005). An investigation of autobiographical memory using multiple methods. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Greenberg, D. L., & Rubin, D. C. (2003). The neuropsychology of autobiographical memory: Cortex Vol 39(4-5) Sep-Dec 2003, 687-728.
  • Greene, G. M. (1987). A test of imagery mediation and control process deficit theoretical explanations of poor math fact memory in low achieving fourth grade students: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Greenfield, P. M., Brannon, G., & Lohr, D. (1994). Two-dimensional representation of movement through three-dimensional space: The role of video game expertise: Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology Vol 15(1) Jan-Mar 1994, 87-103.
  • Grobecker, B. (2000). Imagery and fractions in students classified as learning disabled: Learning Disability Quarterly Vol 23(2) Spr 2000, 157-168.
  • Grobecker, B., & De Lisi, R. (2000). An investigation of spatial-geometrical understanding in students with learning disabilities: Learning Disability Quarterly Vol 23(1) Win 2000, 7-22.
  • Gromko, J. E. (2004). Predictors of music sight-reading ability in high school wind players: Journal of Research in Music Education Vol 52(1) Spr 2004, 6-15.
  • Grossi, L. T. (1979). The organization of Euclidean geometry and spatial imagery abilities in familially retarded and nonretarded children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Grush, R. (2004). The emulation theory of representation: Motor control, imagery, and perception: Behavioral and Brain Sciences Vol 27(3) Jun 2004, 377-396.
  • Gutman, E. G. (1986). Imagery ability and stimulus modality as mediators of belief strength and accuracy of recall: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Gyselinck, V., De Beni, R., Pazzaglia, F., Meneghetti, C., & Mondoloni, A. (2007). Working memory components and imagery instructions in the elaboration of a spatial mental model: Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung Vol 71(3) May 2007, 373-382.
  • Haenggi, D., Kintsch, W., & Gernsbacher, M. A. (1995). Spatial situation models and text comprehension: Discourse Processes Vol 19(2) Mar-Apr 1995, 173-199.
  • Hagen, M. A., & Giorgi, R. (1993). Where's the camera? : Ecological Psychology Vol 5(1) 1993, 65-84.
  • Hahnel, A., & Rinck, M. (1999). Strategic focusing of attention during narrative reading: Zeitschrift fur Experimentelle Psychologie Vol 46(3) 1999, 177-192.
  • Halligan, P. W., Fink, G. R., Marshall, J. C., & Vallar, G. (2003). Spatial cognition: Evidence from visual neglect: Trends in Cognitive Sciences Vol 7(3) Mar 2003, 125-133.
  • Halligan, P. W., Marshall, J. C., & Wade, D. T. (1992). Contrapositioning in a case of visual neglect: Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Vol 2(2) 1992, 125-135.
  • Hampson, P. J., & Duffy, C. (1984). Verbal and spatial interference effects in congenitally blind and sighted subjects: Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Vol 38(3) Sep 1984, 411-420.
  • Hampson, R. E., Byrd, D. R., Konstantopoulos, J. K., & Bunn, T. (1996). Hippocampal place fields: Relationship between degree of field overlap and cross-correlations within ensembles of hippocampal neurons: Hippocampus Vol 6(3) 1996, 281-293.
  • Hane, A. C. (1996). Swimming upstream and succeeding: Academic mothers' use of spatial metaphors in descriptions of self. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Hanson, K. M. (1986). Experience dependent recovery of visual-spatial functioning and mental rotation ability in alcoholics: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Hart, R. A., & Moore, G. T. (1973). The Development of Spatial Cognition: A Review. New Brunswick, NJ: AldineTransaction.
  • Hartung, B., Schrater, P. R., Bulthoff, H. H., Kersten, D., & Franz, V. H. (2005). Is prior knowledge of object geometry used in visually guided reaching? : Journal of Vision Vol 5(6) 2005, 504-514.
  • Hassan, M. M., & Abed, A. S. (1999). Differences in spatial visualization as a function of scores on hemisphericity of mathematics teachers: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 88(2) Apr 1999, 387-390.
  • Hasson, U., Nir, Y., Levy, I., Fuhrmann, G., & Malach, R. (2004). Intersubject Synchronization of Cortical Activity During Natural Vision: Science Vol 303(5664) Mar 2004, 1634-1640.
  • Hatakeyama, T. (1981). Individual differences in imagery ability and mental rotation: Tohoku Psychologica Folia Vol 40(1-4) 1981, 6-23.
  • Hatakeyama, T. (1989). Mental rotation and cognitive levels in young children: Japanese Psychological Research Vol 31(3) 1989, 116-126.
  • Hecht, H. (1993). Judging rolling wheels: Dynamic and kinematic aspects of rotation-translation coupling: Perception Vol 22(8) 1993, 917-928.
  • Hegarty, M., & Just, M. A. (1993). Constructing mental models of machines from text and diagrams: Journal of Memory and Language Vol 32(6) Dec 1993, 717-742.
  • Hegarty, M., & Waller, D. (2004). A dissociation between mental rotation and perspective-taking spatial abilities: Intelligence Vol 32(2) 2004, 175-191.
  • Hegarty, M., & Waller, D. A. (2005). Individual Differences in Spatial Abilities. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Heil, M., Rosler, F., & Hennighausen, E. (1993). Imagery-perception interaction depends on the shape of the image: A reply to Farah (1989): Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance Vol 19(6) Dec 1993, 1313-1320.
  • Henderson, M., & Over, R. (1993). Information processing by tree fellers: Signal detection analysis: Perception Vol 22(9) 1993, 1085-1092.
  • Herman, J. F., & Bruce, P. R. (1983). Adults' mental rotation of spatial information: Effects of age, sex and cerebral laterality: Experimental Aging Research Vol 9(2) Sum 1983, 83-85.
  • Herman, J. F., Roth, S. F., Miranda, C., & Getz, M. (1982). Children's memory for spatial locations: The influence of recall perspective and type of environment: Journal of Experimental Child Psychology Vol 34(2) Oct 1982, 257-273.
  • Hock, H. S., & Schmelzkopf, K. F. (1980). The abstraction of schematic representations from photographs of real-world scenes: Memory & Cognition Vol 8(6) Nov 1980, 543-554.
  • Hohlfeld, A., Sangals, J., & Sommer, W. (2004). Effects of Additional Tasks on Language Perception: An Event-Related Brain Potential Investigation: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 30(5) Sep 2004, 1012-1025.
  • Hole, G. J. (1996). Decay and interference effects in visuospatial short-term memory: Perception Vol 25(1) 1996, 53-64.
  • Hollard, V. D., & Delius, J. D. (1982). Rotational invariance in visual pattern recognition by pigeons and humans: Science Vol 218(4574) Nov 1982, 804-806.
  • Hollyfield, R. L. (1982). Individual differences in spatial problem solving by the blind: EDRA: Environmental Design Research Association No 13 1982, 370-380.
  • Horan, P. F. (1981). Spatial performances as a function of direct or indirect access to imaginal processing: Is sex a significant factor? : Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Hoshi, Y., Oda, I., Wada, Y., Ito, Y., Yamashita, Y., Oda, M., et al. (2000). Visuospatial imagery is a fruitful strategy for the digit span backward task: A study with near-infrared optical tomography: Cognitive Brain Research Vol 9(3) Jun 2000, 339-342.
  • Housner, L., & Hoffman, S. J. (1981). Imagery ability in recall of distance and location information: Journal of Motor Behavior Vol 13(3) Sep 1981, 207-223.
  • Hubbard, T. L., & Baird, J. C. (1993). The effects of size, clutter, and complexity on vanishing-point distances in visual imagery: Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung Vol 55(3) Aug 1993, 223-236.
  • Hult, R. E., & Brous, C. W. (1986). Spatial visualization: Athletic skills and sex differences: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 63(1) Aug 1986, 163-168.
  • Hunt, J. M. (1984). Orval Hobart Mowrer (1907-1982): American Psychologist Vol 39(8) Aug 1984, 912-914.
  • Hunt, M. E. (1984). Environmental learning without being there: Environment and Behavior Vol 16(3) May 1984, 307-334.
  • Huttenlocher, J., Higgins, E. T., & Clark, H. H. (1971). Adjectives, comparatives, and syllogisms: Psychological Review Vol 78(6) Nov 1971, 487-504.
  • Iachini, T., Poderico, C., Ruggiero, G., & Iavarone, A. (2005). Age differences in mental scanning of locomotor maps: Disability and Rehabilitation: An International, Multidisciplinary Journal Vol 27(13) Jul 2005, 741-752.
  • Idris, N. (1999). Spatial visualization, field dependence/independence, Van Hiele level, and achievement in geometry: The influence of selected activities for middle school students. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Ikeda, M., & Ishiguchi, A. (1998). The detection of mirror-symmetry structure projected on a frontal plane with the central projection method: Japanese Journal of Psychology Vol 69(3) Aug 1998, 188-197.
  • Ivanitsky, G. A., Nikolaev, A. R., & Ivanitsky, A. M. (1997). The use of artificial neural networks for recognition of types of thinking by EEG: Aviakosmicheskaya i Ecologicheskaya Meditsina Vol 31(6) 1997, 23-28.
  • Iverson, J. M. (1999). How to get to the cafeteria: Gesture and speech in blind and sighted children's spatial descriptions: Developmental Psychology Vol 35(4) Jul 1999, 1132-1142.
  • Iwaki, T., Tamaki, M., Hayashi, M., & Hori, T. (1998). An exploratory study of effects of smoking on mental rotation and mental paper-folding task: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 87(3, Pt 2) Dec 1998, 1171-1182.
  • Jahn, G. (2004). Three Turtles in Danger: Spontaneous Construction of Causally Relevant Spatial Situation Models: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 30(5) Sep 2004, 969-987.
  • Jankovic, I. N. (1984). Constructing spatial representations: The psychophysics of inferred distance: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Jessen, F., Heun, R., Erb, M., Granath, D. O., Klose, U., Papassotiropoulos, A., et al. (2000). The concreteness effect: Evidence for dual coding and context availability: Brain and Language Vol 74(1) Aug 2000, 103-112.
  • Jiang, Y., Costello, P., Fang, F., Huang, M., He, S., & Purves, D. (2006). A gender- and sexual orientation-dependent spatial attentional effect of invisible images: PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol 103(45) Nov 2006, 17048-17052.
  • Joh, H. (1984). Development of transformation ability of coordinate system in spatial representation: Japanese Journal of Psychology Vol 55(4) Oct 1984, 242-245.
  • Johnson, A. M. (1990). A study of humor and the right hemisphere: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 70(3, Pt 1) Jun 1990, 995-1002.
  • Johnson, M. (1993). A cognitive model for the perception and translation of a three-dimensional object/array onto a two-dimensional surface: Visual Arts Research Vol 19(1)[37] Spr 1993, 85-99.
  • Johnson, W., & Bouchard, T. J., Jr. (2005). Constructive replication of the visual-perceptual-image rotation model in Thurstone's (1941) battery of 60 tests of mental ability: Intelligence Vol 33(4) Jul-Aug 2005, 417-430.
  • Johnson, W., & Bouchard, T. J., Jr. (2005). The structure of human intelligence: It is verbal, perceptual, and image rotation (VPR), not fluid and crystallized: Intelligence Vol 33(4) Jul-Aug 2005, 393-416.
  • Johnston, J. R., & Weismer, S. E. (1983). Mental rotation abilities in language-disordered children: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research Vol 26(3) Sep 1983, 397-403.
  • Jolicoeur, P., & Kosslyn, S. M. (1985). Demand characteristics in image scanning experiments: Journal of Mental Imagery Vol 9(2) Sum 1985, 41-49.
  • Jones, C. M. (1994). Construction of a mental model from objects, features, and locations. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Joseph, C. A., Joseph, C. R., & Beasley, C. (1982). Effects on free recall and recognition of transforming visually presented words and pictures into trace or imagery form: Journal of General Psychology Vol 106(1) Jan 1982, 21-26.
  • Julstrom, B. A., & Baron, R. J. (1985). A model of mental imagery: International Journal of Man-Machine Studies Vol 23(3) Sep 1985, 313-334.
  • Junghofer, M., Sabatinelli, D., Bradley, M. M., Schupp, H. T., Elbert, T. R., & Lang, P. J. (2006). Fleeting images: Rapid affect discrimination in the visual cortex: Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research Vol 17(2) Feb 2006, 225-229.
  • Juurmaa, J., & Lehtinen-Railo, S. (1994). Visual experience and access to spatial knowledge: Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness Vol 88(2) Mar-Apr 1994, 157-170.
  • Kahan, T. L. (1996). Memory source confusions: Effects of character rotation and sensory modality: American Journal of Psychology 109(3) Fal 1996, 431-449.
  • Kail, R., & Park, Y.-s. (1990). Impact of practice on speed of mental rotation: Journal of Experimental Child Psychology Vol 49(2) Apr 1990, 227-244.
  • Kallai, J., Karadi, K., Koczan, G., Revesz, G., & Hartman, M. (2000). Relation of allocentric and egocentric spatial references to spatial sensations and self-reported anxiety: Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle Vol 55(1) 2000, 3-17.
  • Kanamori, N., & Yagi, A. (2002). The difference between flipping strategy and spinning strategy in mental rotation: Perception Vol 31(12) 2002, 1459-1466.
  • Kaplounovitch, I. Y. (1986). Development of spatial thinking structures: Voprosy Psychologii No 2 Mar-Apr 1986, 56-66.
  • Kaushall, P., & Parsons, L. M. (1981). Optical information and practice in the discrimination of 3-D mirror-reflected objects: Perception Vol 10(5) 1981, 545-562.
  • Kawamichi, H., Kikuchi, Y., Noriuchi, M., Senoo, A., & Ueno, S. (2007). Distinct neural correlates underlying two- and three-dimensional mental rotations using three-dimensional objects: Brain Research Vol 1144 May 2007, 117-126.
  • Kay, S. I. (1996). Spatial ability in female artists' performance. Cresskill, NJ, England: Hampton Press, Inc.
  • Kebeck, G., & May, M. (1991). Invariance toward transformations: A comparison of spatial perception and spatial imagery: Zeitschrift fur Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie Vol 38(2) 1991, 226-247.
  • Kelly, M. H., & Freyd, J. J. (1987). Explorations of representational momentum: Cognitive Psychology Vol 19(3) Jul 1987, 369-401.
  • Kerns, K. A., & Berenbaum, S. A. (1991). Sex differences in spatial ability in children: Behavior Genetics Vol 21(4) Jul 1991, 383-396.
  • Kerr, N. H. (1983). The role of vision in "visual imagery" experiments: Evidence from the congenitally blind: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Vol 112(2) Jun 1983, 265-277.
  • Kerr, N. H. (1993). Rate of imagery processing in two versus three dimensions: Memory & Cognition Vol 21(4) Jul 1993, 467-476.
  • Kerr, N. H., Corbitt, R., & Jurkovic, G. J. (1980). Mental rotation: Is it stage related? : Journal of Mental Imagery Vol 4(2) Fal 1980, 49-56.
  • Kerzel, D., & Hecht, H. (1997). The limits of perceptual robustness in perspective distortion: Zeitschrift fur Experimentelle Psychologie Vol 44(3) 1997, 394-430.
  • Kirasic, K. C., Allen, G. L., & Siegel, A. W. (1984). Expression of configurational knowledge of large-scale environments: Students' performance of cognitive tasks: Environment and Behavior Vol 16(6) Nov 1984, 687-712.
  • Kitchin, R. M., & Jacobson, R. D. (1997). Techniques to collect and analyze the cognitive map knowledge of persons with visual impairment or blindness: Issues of validity: Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness Vol 91(4) Jul-Aug 1997, 360-376.
  • Kito, T., & Lee, B. (2004). Interpersonal perception in Japanese and British observers: Perception Vol 33(8) 2004, 957-974.
  • Klatzky, R. L., Loomis, J. M., Golledge, R. G., Cicinelli, J. G., & et al. (1990). Acquisition of route and survey knowledge in the absence of vision: Journal of Motor Behavior Vol 22(1) Mar 1990, 19-43.
  • Klein, I., Dubois, J., Mangin, J.-F., Kherif, F., Flandin, G., Poline, J.-B., et al. (2004). Retinotopic organization of visual mental images as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging: Cognitive Brain Research Vol 22(1) Dec 2004, 26-31.
  • Klopfenstein, R. W., & Carlson, C. R. (1987). Theory of shape-invariant imaging systems. Westport, CT: Ablex Publishing.
  • Klopfer, D. S. (1985). Constructing mental representations of objects from successive views: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance Vol 11(5) Oct 1985, 566-582.
  • Knauff, M., Fangmeier, T., Ruff, C. C., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2003). Reasoning, models and images: Behavoiral measures and cortical activity: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Vol 15(4) May 2003, 559-573.
  • Knauff, M., Mulack, T., Kassubek, J., Salih, H. R., & Greenlee, M. W. (2002). Spatial imagery in deductive reasoning: A functional MRI study: Cognitive Brain Research Vol 13(2) Apr 2002, 203-212.
  • Knauff, M., & Schlieder, C. (2004). Spatial inference: No difference between mental images and mental models: Behavioral and Brain Sciences Vol 27(4) Aug 2004, 589-590.
  • Koenig, O., Kosslyn, S. M., & Wolff, P. (1991). Mental imagery and dyslexia: A deficit in processing multipart visual objects? : Brain and Language Vol 41(3) Oct 1991, 381-394.
  • Kogon, M. M., Jasiukaitis, P., Berardi, A., Gupta, M., Kosslyn, S. M., & Spiegel, D. (1998). Imagery and hypnotizability revisited: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis Vol 46(4) Oct 1998, 363-370.
  • Konefal, J., Duncan, R., Meub, W., & Winfield, D. (2006). Time Perspective as a Potential Tool for Psychotherapeutic Intervention: Psychological Reports Vol 99(1) Aug 2006, 111-120.
  • Konsin, M. C. (1981). Spatial visualization and mathematical problem solving: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Koriat, A., & Norman, J. (1985). Mental rotation and visual familiarity: Perception & Psychophysics Vol 37(5) May 1985, 429-439.
  • Koriat, A., & Norman, J. (1988). Frames and images: Sequential effects in mental rotation: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 14(1) Jan 1988, 93-111.
  • Koslow, R. E. (1987). Sex-related differences and visual-spatial mental imagery as factors affecting symbolic motor skill acquisition: Sex Roles Vol 17(9-10) Nov 1987, 521-527.
  • Kosslyn, S. M., Ball, T. M., & Reiser, B. J. (2004). Visual Images Preserve Metric Spatial Information: Evidence from Studies of Image Scanning. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., & Thompson, W. L. (2003). Mental imagery: Against the nihilistic hypothesis: Comment: Trends in Cognitive Sciences Vol 7(3) Mar 2003, 109-111.
  • Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., Wraga, M., & Alpert, N. M. (2001). Imagining rotation by endogenous versus exogenous forces: Distinct neural mechanisms: Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research Vol 12(11) Aug 2001, 2519-2525.
  • Kozhevnikov, M., Hegarty, M., & Mayer, R. E. (2002). Revising the visualizer-verbalizer dimension: Evidence for two types of visualizers: Cognition and Instruction Vol 20(1) Mar 2002, 47-78.
  • Kozhevnikov, M., Kosslyn, S., & Shephard, J. (2005). Spatial versus object visualizers: A new characterization of visual cognitive style: Memory & Cognition Vol 33(4) Jun 2005, 710-726.
  • Krebs, W. K., & Sinai, M. J. (2002). Psychophysical assessments of image-sensor fused imagery: Human Factors Vol 44(2) Sum 2002, 257-271.
  • Krikorian, R., & Rafales, L. (1982). Emotional stimulation, defensive orientation, and hemispheric activation: Brain and Cognition Vol 1(4) Oct 1982, 371-380.
  • Kubovy, M., & Podgorny, P. (1981). Does pattern matching require the normalization of size and orientation? : Perception & Psychophysics Vol 30(1) Jul 1981, 24-28.
  • Kuipers, B. (1982). The "Map in the Head" metaphor: Environment and Behavior Vol 14(2) Mar 1982, 202-220.
  • Kwon, O. N., Kim, S. H., & Kim, Y. (2002). Enhancing spatial visualization through virtual reality (VR) on the Web: Software design and impact analysis: Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching Vol 21(1) 2002, 17-31.
  • la Pierre, S. D. (1987). A preliminary investigation of the spatial manipulation of abstract mental imagery and its measurement: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Laakso, A. (1999). The significance of spatial representation. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • lachini, T., & Giusberti, F. (2004). Metric properties of spatial images generated from locomotion: The effect of absolute size on mental scanning: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology Vol 16(4) Jul 2004, 573-596.
  • Lamm, C., Bauer, H., Vitouch, O., Durec, S., Gronister, R., & Gstattner, R. (2001). Restriction of task processing time affects cortical activity during processing of a cognitive task: An event-related slow cortical potential study: Cognitive Brain Research Vol 10(3) Jan 2001, 275-282.
  • Lamm, C., Fischmeister, F. P. S., & Bauer, H. (2005). Individual differences in brain activity during visuo-spatial processing assessed by slow cortical potentials and LORETA: Cognitive Brain Research Vol 25(3) Dec 2005, 900-912.
  • Lanca, M., & Bryant, D. J. (2001). Euclidean metric representations of haptically explored triangles: American Journal of Psychology Vol 114(3) Fal 2001, 377-409.
  • Landau, B., Gleitman, H., & Spelke, E. (1981). Spatial knowledge and geometric representation in a child blind from birth: Science Vol 213(4513) Sep 1981, 1275-1278.
  • Landau, B., & Jackendoff, R. (1993). "What" and "where" in spatial language and spatial cognition: Behavioral and Brain Sciences Vol 16(2) Jun 1993, 217-265.
  • Langston, W. E. (1994). The use of spatial metaphors when thinking about nonspatial domains. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Lappin, J. S. (1995). Visible information about structure from motion. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Launay, M. (1983). Spatial complexity and representation in human maze learning: Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition Vol 3(2) Jun 1983, 147-157.
  • Laznibatova, J., Ostatnikova, D., & Dohnanyiova, M. (1998). The influence of testosterone on children's spatial imagination: Psychologia a Patopsychologia Dietata Vol 33(1) 1998, 3-12.
  • Laznibatova, J., Ostatnikova, D., Dohnanyiova, M., & Pastor, K. (2001). Examination of the relationship between spatial imagery and testosterone level in gifted children: Ceskoslovenska Psychologie Vol 45(3) 2001, 193-207.
  • Lederman, S. J., Klatzky, R. L., Chataway, C., & Summers, C. D. (1990). Visual mediation and the haptic recognition of two-dimensional pictures of common objects: Perception & Psychophysics Vol 47(1) Jan 1990, 54-64.
  • Lederman, S. J., Klatzky, R. L., Collins, A., & Wardell, J. (1987). Exploring environments by hand or foot: Time-based heuristics for encoding distance in movement space: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 13(4) Oct 1987, 606-614.
  • Lee, B. N. (1982). Using elaborated instances to facilitate concept classification: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Lee, M., Vaughn, B. E., & Kopp, C. B. (1983). Role of self-control in the performance of very young children on a delayed-response memory-for-location task: Developmental Psychology Vol 19(1) Jan 1983, 40-44.
  • Lee, Y., Baylor, A. L., & Nelson, D. W. (2005). Supporting Problem-Solving Performance Through the Construction of Knowledge Maps: Journal of Interactive Learning Research Vol 16(2) 2005, 117-131.
  • Lennon, P. A. (1996). Interactions and enhancement of spatial visualization, spatial orientation, flexibility of closure, and achievement in undergraduate microbiology. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Leonard, B., & McNaughton, B. L. (1990). Spatial representation in the rat: Conceptual, behavioral, and neurophysiological perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Levine, M., Jankovic, I. N., & Palij, M. (1982). Principles of spatial problem solving: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Vol 111(2) Jun 1982, 157-175.
  • Levine, M. N., Allen, R. M., Alker, L. N., & Fitzgibbon, W. (1974). Clinical profile for the Leiter International Performance Scale: Psychological Service Center Journal Vol 14 1974, 45-50.
  • Levine, W. H., & Klin, C. M. (2001). Tracking of spatial information in narratives: Memory & Cognition Vol 29(2) Mar 2001, 327-335.
  • Levinson, S. C. (1996). Frames of reference and Molyneux's question: Crosslinguistic evidence. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Liben, L. S. (1999). Developing an understanding of external spatial representations. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Liben, L. S. (2006). Appreciating the Meaning and Aesthetics of Spatial-Graphic Representations During Childhood. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Liddell, S. K., & Vogt-Svendsen, M. (2007). Constructing spatial conceptualizations from limited input: Evidence from Norwegian Sign Language. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Lindberg, E., & Garling, T. (1983). Acquisition of different types of locational information in cognitive maps: Automatic or effortful processing? : Psychological Research Vol 45(1) Aug 1983, 19-38.
  • Liu, Z., Kersten, D., & Knill, D. C. (1999). Dissociating stimulus information from internal representation--a case study in object recognition: Vision Research Vol 39(3) Feb 1999, 603-612.
  • Loarer, E., & Savoyant, A. (1991). Visual imagery in locomotor movement without vision. Oxford, England: North-Holland.
  • Logie, R. H., & Baddeley, A. D. (1990). Imagery and working memory. Florence, KY: Taylor & Frances/Routledge.
  • Logie, R. H., & Della Sala, S. (2005). Disorders of Visuospatial Working Memory. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Logie, R. H., & Marchetti, C. (1991). Visuo-spatial working memory: Visual, spatial or central executive? Oxford, England: North-Holland.
  • Logothetis, N. K., & Pauls, J. (1995). Psychophysical and physiological evidence for viewer-centered object representations in the primate: Cerebral Cortex Vol 5(3) May-Jun 1995, 270-288.
  • Loomis, J. M., Lippa, Y., Klatzky, R. L., & Golledge, R. G. (2002). Spatial updating of locations specified by 3-D sound and spatial language: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 28(2) Mar 2002, 335-345.
  • Lorenz, C., & Neisser, U. (1985). Factors of imagery and event recall: Memory & Cognition Vol 13(6) Nov 1985, 494-500.
  • Luo, J., Crandall, D., Singhal, A., Boutell, M., & Gray, R. T. (2003). Psychophysical study of image orientation perception: Spatial Vision Vol 16(5) 2003, 429-457.
  • Lust, J. M., Gueze, R. H., Wijers, A. A., & Wilson, P. H. (2006). An EEG study of mental rotation-related negativity in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: Child: Care, Health and Development Vol 32(6) Nov 2006, 649-663.
  • Luzzatti, C., Vecchi, T., Agazzi, D., Cesa-Bianchi, M., & Vergani, C. (1998). A neurological dissociation between preserved visual and impaired spatial processing in mental imagery: Cortex Vol 34(3) Jun 1998, 461-469.
  • Lynch, K. (1973). Some References to Orientation. New Brunswick, NJ: AldineTransaction.
  • Magliano, J. P., Miller, J., & Zwaan, R. A. (2001). Indexing space and time in film understanding: Applied Cognitive Psychology Vol 15(5) Sep 2001, 533-545.
  • Magnussen, S., Spillmann, L., Sturzel, F., & Werner, J. S. (2004). Unveiling the foveal blue scotoma through an afterimage: Vision Research Vol 44(4) Feb 2004, 377-383.
  • Maki, R. H., & Marek, M. N. (1997). Egocentric spatial framework effects from single and multiple points of view: Memory & Cognition Vol 25(5) Sep 1997, 677-690.
  • Malmstrom, F. V., Perez, W. A., Fulero, S. M., & Weber, R. J. (1992). Measuring the speed of mental images: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 30(3) May 1992, 229-232.
  • Mammarella, I. C., Pazzaglia, F., & Cornoldi, C. (2006). The assessment of imagery and visuo-spatial working memory functions in children and adults. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Mandler, G., Simon, H. A., Jing, Q., Engelkamp, J., Marks, D. F., Wender, K. F., et al. (1989). Theoretical issues and knowledge representation. Oxford, England: North-Holland.
  • Mandler, J. M. (1996). Preverbal representation and language. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Mani, K., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1982). The mental representation of spatial descriptions: Memory & Cognition Vol 10(2) Mar 1982, 181-187.
  • Mankin, R. W., & Weber, R. J. (1982). Mental image and mind's eye transformations of cutaneous drawings: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 20(2) Aug 1982, 65-68.
  • Mansfield, T. C. (1998). Prominence: From sensation to language. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Mantione, M., van Lee, L., Verkoijen, I., de Haan, E. H. E., & Aleman, A. (2003). Visual mental imagery in congenitally totally blind people: Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie en haar Grensgebieden Vol 58(1) Feb 2003, 9-14.
  • Marchant, B., & Malloy, T. E. (1984). Auditory, tactile, and visual imagery in PA learning by congenitally blind, deaf, and normal adults: Journal of Mental Imagery Vol 8(2) Sum 1984, 19-32.
  • Marco, P. (2000). The generation of spatial mental models of routes: The role of visuospatial abilities: Ricerche di Psicologia Vol 24(3-4) 2000, 81-104.
  • Marino, M. F., & McKeever, W. F. (1989). Spatial processing laterality and spatial visualization ability: Relations to sex and familial sinistrality variables: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 27(2) Mar 1989, 135-137.
  • Marra, R. M., & Jonassen, D. H. (2002). Transfer effects of semantic networks on expert systems: Mindtools at work: Journal of Educational Computing Research Vol 26(1) 2002, 1-23.
  • Marsh, G. G., & Philwin, B. (1987). Unilateral neglect and constructional apraxia in a right-handed artist with a left posterior lesion: Cortex Vol 23(1) Mar 1987, 149-155.
  • Martin, R. C., Meador, K. J., Loring, D. W., Bowers, D., & et al. (1990). The contribution of an imagery code to verbal memory: Cortex Vol 26(3) Sep 1990, 443-450.
  • Masendorf, F. (1994). Strategies for promoting inductive reasoning and spatial representation in children with learning disabilities: A multisample configural frequency analysis (CFA): Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht Vol 41(1) 1994, 14-21.
  • Mast, F. W., Merfeld, D. M., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2006). Visual mental imagery during caloric vestibular stimulation: Neuropsychologia Vol 44(1) 2006, 101-109.
  • Masters, M. P. (1989). Visual half field studies of mental rotation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • May, M. (1996). Cognitive and embodied modes of spatial imagery: Psychologische Beitrage Vol 38(3-4) 1996, 418-434.
  • May, M. (2003). Ambient Environmental Stimulation in Imagery and Cognition: Imagination, Cognition and Personality Vol 23(2-3) 2003-2004, 155-161.
  • May, M., Peruch, P., & Savoyant, A. (1995). Navigating in a virtual environment with map-acquired knowledge: Encoding and alignment effects: Ecological Psychology Vol 7(1) 1995, 21-36.
  • Mazard, A., Tzourio-Mazoyer, N., Crivello, F., Mazoyer, B., & Mellet, E. (2004). A PET meta-analysis of object and spatial mental imagery: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology Vol 16(5) Sep 2004, 673-695.
  • McCabe, D. P., Ben-Tovim, D. I., Walker, M. K., & Pomeroy, D. (2001). Does the body image exist in three dimensions? The study of visual mental representation of a body and a nonbody object: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 92(1) Feb 2001, 223-233.
  • McCollam, K. M. (1998). The modifiability of age differences in spatial visualization. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • McCormick, E. P., Wickens, C. D., Banks, R., & Yeh, M. (1998). Frame of reference effects on scientific visualization subtasks: Human Factors Vol 40(3) Sep 1998, 443-451.
  • McGillicuddy-de Lisi, A. V., & de Lisi, R. (1981). Children's strategies in imagining spatio-geometrical transformations: International Journal of Behavioral Development Vol 4(2) Jun 1981, 201-222.
  • McGuinness, C. (1992). Spatial models in the mind: Irish Journal of Psychology Vol 13(4) 1992, 524-535.
  • McLeay, H., & Piggins, D. (1998). Mental unknotting: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 86(2) Apr 1998, 707-719.
  • McNamara, T. P., Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (1984). The mental representation of knowledge acquired from maps: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 10(4) Oct 1984, 723-732.
  • Mecklinger, A., & Pfeifer, E. (1996). Event-related potentials reveal topographical and temporal distinct neuronal activation patterns for spatial and object working memory: Cognitive Brain Research Vol 4(3) Oct 1996, 211-224.
  • Meex, B. (2001). The spatial and non-spatial senses of the German preposition uber. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Mellet, E., Tzourio, N., Crivello, F., Joliot, M., Denis, M., & Mazoyer, B. (1996). Functional anatomy of spatial mental imagery generated from verbal instructions: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 16(20) Oct 1996, 6504-6512.
  • Meltzoff, A. N. (1993). Molyneux's babies: Cross-modal perception, imitation and the mind of the preverbal infant. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Merickel, M. L. (1991). A study of the relationship between perceived realism and the ability of children to create, manipulate and utilize mental images in solving problems: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Mewhort, D. J., & Leppmann, K. P. (1985). Information persistence: Testing spatial and identity information with a voice probe: Psychological Research Vol 47(1) Apr 1985, 51-58.
  • Michimata, C. (1997). Hemispheric processing of categorical and coordinate spatial relations in vision and visual imagery: Brain and Cognition Vol 33(3) Apr 1997, 370-387.
  • Millar, S. (1990). Imagery and blindness. Florence, KY: Taylor & Frances/Routledge.
  • Miller, S., & Ittyerah, M. (1992). Movement imagery in young and congenitally blind children: Mental practice without visuo-spatial information: International Journal of Behavioral Development Vol 15(1) Mar 1992, 125-146.
  • Millis, K. K., & Cohen, R. (1994). Spatial representations and updating situation models: Reading Research Quarterly Vol 29(4) Oct-Dec 1994, 368-380.
  • Mims, R. M. (1981). Transitive inference: Use of verbal and/or visual quantitative information in the construction of linear orders: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Minsky, M. (1988). A framework for representing knowledge. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
  • Montangero, J., & Parrat-Dayan, S. (1992). Image description and the diachronic point of view in children: Does a developed diachronic perspective result from synthesis ability? : Archives de Psychologie Vol 60(235) Dec 1992, 317-330.
  • Montello, D. R., Hegarty, M., Richardson, A. E., & Waller, D. (2004). Spatial Memory of Real Environments, Virtual Environments, and Maps. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Moore, C., Pure, K., & Furrow, D. (1990). Children's understanding of the modal expression of speaker certainty and uncertainty and its relation to the development of a representational theory of mind: Child Development Vol 61(3) Jun 1990, 722-730.
  • Morgan, A. H., MacDonald, H., & Hilgard, E. R. (1974). EEG alpha: Lateral asymmetry related to task, and hypnotizability: Psychophysiology Vol 11(3) May 1974, 275-282.
  • Morra, S., Pascual-Leone, J., Johnson, J., & Baillargeon, R. (1991). Understanding spatial descriptions: Test of a mental-capacity model. Oxford, England: North-Holland.
  • Morrison, J. B. (2001). Does animation facilitate learning? An evaluation of the congruence and equivalence hypotheses. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Morrison, J. B., & Tversky, B. (2005). Bodies and their parts: Memory & Cognition Vol 33(4) Jun 2005, 696-709.
  • Morrison, P. R., & White, K. D. (1984). Imagery control: What is really being measured? : Journal of Mental Imagery Vol 8(2) Sum 1984, 13-18.
  • Morrow, D., Leirer, V., Altieri, P., & Fitzsimmons, C. (1994). Age differences in creating spatial models from narratives: Language and Cognitive Processes Vol 9(2) May 1994, 203-220.
  • Morrow, D. G., Stine-Morrow, E. A. L., Leirer, V. O., Andrassy, J. M., & Kahn, J. (1997). The role of reader age and focus of attention in creating situation models from narratives: Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences Vol 52B(2) Mar 1997, P73-P80.
  • Morss, J. R. (1987). The construction of perspectives: Piaget's alternative to spatial egocentrism: International Journal of Behavioral Development Vol 10(3) Sep 1987, 263-279.
  • Morton, N., & Morris, R. G. (1995). Image transformation dissociated from visuospatial working memory: Cognitive Neuropsychology Vol 12(7) 1995, 767-791.
  • Moses, V. (2003). Guest editorial: Perception Vol 32(7) 2003, 773-775.
  • Mou, W., Biocca, F., Owen, C. B., Tang, A., Xiao, F., & Lim, L. (2004). Frames of Reference in Mobile Augmented Reality Displays: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Vol 10(4) Dec 2004, 238-244.
  • Mou, W., Yang, S., & Zhang, K. (1999). Direction effect and attention effect in searching imagined space: Acta Psychologica Sinica Vol 31(3) 1999, 291-298.
  • Murakoshi, S. (1987). Cognitive map and spatial behavior: Japanese Psychological Review Vol 30(2) 1987, 188-207.
  • Nadelsticher Mitrani, A., Islas Estrada, C., Andrade Palos, P., Diaz-Loving, R., & et al. (1985). Measurement of the concepts of right and left using Osgood's semantic differential technique: Revista Mexicana de Psicologia Vol 2(2) Jul-Dec 1985, 113-125.
  • Namba, K. (1989). Effect of images on the organization of space: Tohoku Psychologica Folia Vol 48(1-4) 1989, 78-85.
  • Natsopoulos, D., & Syngollitou, E. (1985). Underlying presuppositions in solving two-term series problems: International Journal of Psychology Vol 20(3) Jun 1985, 291-317.
  • Nelson, E. S. (1996). Cognitive maps: An examination of mental representations and the influence of the encoding process. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Newbern, D., Dansereau, D. F., & Patterson, M. E. (1997). Spatial-semantic display processing: The role of spatial structure on recall: Contemporary Educational Psychology Vol 22(3) Jul 1997, 319-337.
  • Newcombe, N. S., & Learmonth, A. E. (2005). Development of Spatial Competence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Niall, K. K. (1997). "Mental rotation", pictured rotation, and tandem rotation in depth: Acta Psychologica Vol 95(1) Jun 1997, 31-83.
  • Nieding, G., & Ohler, P. (1999). The effect of protagonists' movements on spatial mental models in narrative text comprehension by children: Sprache & Kognition Vol 18(3-4) Dec 1999, 146-158.
  • Nikolaev, P. P. (1998). Models of constant visual perception. IV. Cooperation between procedures of spatial and color analysis of images at the early stages of visual processing. Part 1. Color priority and the segmentation problem: Sensory Systems Vol 12(3) Jul-Sept 1998, 267-284.
  • Nishida, S. y. (2004). Motion-Based Analysis of Spatial Patterns by the Human Visual System: Current Biology Vol 14(10) May 2004, 830-839.
  • Nitzgen, D. (2005). Mind The Gap: Commentary on 'Troubling Space, Making Space, Doing Space' by Liz Bondi: Group Analysis Vol 38(1) Mar 2005, 150-153.
  • No authorship, i. (1910). Review of The Distribution and Functions of Mental Imagery: Journal of Educational Psychology Vol 1(4) Mar 1910, 216-218.
  • No authorship, i. (1991). Review of The Semiotics of French Gestures: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 36 (8), Aug, 1991.
  • Noordzij, M. L., Zuidhoek, S., & Postma, A. (2007). The influence of visual experience on visual and spatial imagery: Perception Vol 36(1) 2007, 101-112.
  • Noritake, A., Watanabe, J., Ando, H., Terao, M., & Yagi, A. (2005). Spatial independency in perceived lengths of saccade-induced images: Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient Vol 48(2) Jun 2005, 146-153.
  • Notebaert, W., Gevers, W., Verguts, T., & Fias, W. (2006). Shared Spatial Representations for Numbers and Space: The Reversal of the SNARC and the Simon Effects: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance Vol 32(5) Oct 2006, 1197-1207.
  • O'Craven, K. M., Downing, P. E., & Kanwisher, N. (1999). fMRI evidence for objects as the units of attentional selection: Nature Vol 401(6753) Oct 1999, 584-587.
  • Ogden, J. A. (1985). Contralesional neglect of constructed visual images in right and left brain-damaged patients: Neuropsychologia Vol 23(2) 1985, 273-277.
  • Ogden, J. A., & Barker, K. (2001). Imagery used in autobiographical recall in early and late blind adults: Journal of Mental Imagery Vol 25(3-4) Fal-Win 2001, 153-175.
  • Ohshima, T. (1982). Active mental exploration of unseen patterns: Japanese Psychological Research Vol 24(4) 1982, 200-210.
  • Okabayashi, H. (1984). Spatial memory: Recall of map information: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • O'Keefe, J. (1993). Kant and the sea-horse: An essay in the neurophilosophy of space. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Olivier, G., & de Mendoza, J. L. J. (2000). Motor dimension of visual mental image transformation processes: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 90(3,Pt1) Jun 2000, 1008-1026.
  • Olivier, G., & de Mendoza, J. L. J. (2001). Generation of oculomotor images during tasks requiring visual recognition of polygons: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 92(3, Pt 2) Jun 2001, 1233-1247.
  • O'Mara, S. M. (1993). Spatial representation, spatial navigation and the hippocampus: Irish Journal of Psychology Vol 14(3) 1993, 343-360.
  • Optican, L. M. (1995). A field theory of saccade generation: Temporal-to-spatial transform in the superior colliculus: Vision Research Vol 35(23-24) Dec 1995, 3313-3320.
  • Overby, L. Y. (1990). A comparison of novice and experienced dancers' imagery ability: Journal of Mental Imagery Vol 14(3-4) Fal-Win 1990, 173-184.
  • Ozel, S., Larue, J., & Molinaro, C. (2004). Relation between sport and spatial imagery: Comparison of three groups of participants: Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied Vol 138(1) Jan 2004, 49-63.
  • Ozel, S., Molinaro, C., & Larue, J. (2001). Influence of sport on gender differences in spatial imagery: Homeostasis in Health and Disease Vol 41(5) 2001, 169-175.
  • Pailhous, J. (1972). Influence of the presentation order of spatial information on the formation of the image: Le Travail Humain Vol 35(1) 1972, 69-84.
  • Pani, J. R. (1993). Limits on the comprehension of rotational motion: Mental imagery of rotations with oblique components: Perception Vol 22(7) 1993, 785-808.
  • Pani, J. R., Jeffres, J. A., Shippey, G. T., & Schwartz, K. J. (1996). Imagining projective transformations: Aligned orientations in spatial organization: Cognitive Psychology Vol 31(2) Oct 1996, 125-167.
  • Pani, J. R., William, C. T., & Shippey, G. T. (1995). Determinants of the perception of rotational motion: Orientation of the motion to the object and to the environment: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance Vol 21(6) Dec 1995, 1441-1456.
  • Pani, J. R., William, C. T., & Shippey, G. T. (1998). Orientation in physical reasoning: Determining the edge that would be formed by two surfaces: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance Vol 24(1) Feb 1998, 283-300.
  • Pani, J. R., Zhou, H.-g., & Friend, S. M. (1997). Perceiving and imagining Plato's solids: The generalized cylinder in spatial organization of 3D structures: Visual Cognition Vol 4(3) Sep 1997, 225-264.
  • Parameswaran, G., & Krishna, G. (1996). Differences in map representation by Indian and American adolescents: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 82(3, Pt 2) Jun 1996, 1232-1234.
  • Parkhurst, D. J., & Niebur, E. (2002). Variable-resolution displays: A theoretical, practical, and behavioral evaluation: Human Factors Vol 44(4) Win 2002, 611-629.
  • Parsons, L. M. (1983). Mental rotation paths in the visual discrimination of left and right parts of the human body: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Parsons, L. M. (1987). Imagined spatial transformation of one's body: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Vol 116(2) Jun 1987, 172-191.
  • Parsons, L. M. (1988). Serial search and comparison of features of imagined and perceived objects: Memory & Cognition Vol 16(1) Jan 1988, 23-35.
  • Parsons, L. M. (1995). Inability to reason about an object's orientation using an axis and angle of rotation: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance Vol 21(6) Dec 1995, 1259-1277.
  • Parthasarathy, V., Stone, M., & Prince, J. L. (2005). Spatiotemporal Visualization of the Tongue Surface using Ultrasound and Kriging (SURFACES): Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics Vol 19(6-7) Sep-Nov 2005, 529-544.
  • Paterson, M. (2006). 'Seeing with the hands': Blindness, touch and the Enlightenment spatial imaginary: British Journal of Visual Impairment Vol 24(2) May 2006, 52-59.
  • Patterson, M. E. (1994). A conceptual analysis of spatial-semantic display processing. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Payne, S. J. (1993). Memory for mental models of spatial descriptions: An episodic-construction-trace hypothesis: Memory & Cognition Vol 21(5) Sep 1993, 591-603.
  • Pazzaglia, F., Cornoldi, C., & Longoni, A. M. (1994). Limits of memory and the specificity of representations in the memory of survey and route descriptions: Giornale Italiano di Psicologia Vol 21(2) Apr 1994, 267-286.
  • Pazzaglia, F., & De Beni, R. (2006). Are people with high and low mental rotation abilities differently susceptible to the alignment effect? : Perception Vol 35(3) 2006, 369-383.
  • Pearson, R. C. (1992). The effect of an introductory filmmaking course on the development of spatial visualization and abstract reasoning in university students: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Pellegrino, J. W., Alderton, D. L., & Shute, V. J. (1984). Understanding spatial ability: Educational Psychologist Vol 19(4) Fal 1984, 239-253.
  • Perdue, R. R. (1987). The influence of awareness on spatial behavior in recreational boating: Leisure Sciences Vol 9(1) 1987, 15-25.
  • Perner, J., Kohlmann, R., & Wimmer, H. (1984). Young children's recognition and use of the vertical and horizontal in drawings: Child Development Vol 55(4) Aug 1984, 1637-1645.
  • Perrig, W. J. (1982). Characteristics of sentence information and visual imagery: Zeitschrift fur Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie Vol 29(4) 1982, 613-627.
  • Peruch, P., Chabanne, V., Nesa, M.-P., Thinus-Blanc, C., & Denis, M. (2006). Comparing distances in mental images constructed from visual experience or verbal descriptions: The impact of survey versus route perspective: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 59(11) Nov 2006, 1950-1967.
  • Peruch, P., & Savoyant, A. (1991). Conflicting spatial frames of reference in a locating task. Oxford, England: North-Holland.
  • Peterson, L. R., Holsten, J., & Spevak, P. (1975). Spatial coding of auditory signals: Memory & Cognition Vol 3(3) May 1975, 243-246.
  • Pfurtscheller, G., Nauper, C., Flotzinger, D., & Pregenzer, M. (1997). EEG-based discrimination between imagination of right and left hand movement: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 103(6) Dec 1997, 642-651.
  • Pick, H. L., Jr. (1993). Organization of spatial knowledge in children. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Platt, J. E., & Cohen, S. (1981). Mental rotation task performance as a function of age and training: Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied Vol 108(2) Jul 1981, 173-178.
  • Plumert, J. M., & Hawkins, A. M. (2001). Biases in young children's communication about spatial relations: Containment versus proximity: Child Development Vol 72(1) Jan-Feb 2001, 22-36.
  • Podgorny, P., & Shepard, R. N. (1983). Distribution of visual attention over space: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance Vol 9(3) Jun 1983, 380-393.
  • Polivanova, N. I. (1990). Visual image regulation in joint problem-solving: Soviet Psychology Vol 28(5) Sep-Oct 1990, 54-68.
  • Polivka, J. S. (1989). Visual models in family diagnosis: Clinical Gerontologist Vol 9(1) 1989, 45-52.
  • Popivanov, D., Janyan, A., Andonova, E., & Stamenov, M. (2003). Common Dynamic Properties of Biosignals During Cognition: Self-Similarity and Chaotic Dynamics of Both Response Times and EEG During Movement Imagery: Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences Vol 7(4) Oct 2003, 315-328.
  • Poucet, B., & Thinus-Blanc, C. (1992). Spatial cognition and neural organization: Psychologie Francaise Vol 37(1) 1992, 47-54.
  • Power, R. P. (1981). The dominance of touch by vision: Occurs with familiar objects: Perception Vol 10(1) 1981, 29-33.
  • Presson, C. C., & Montello, D. R. (1994). Updating after rotational and translational body movements: Coordinate structure of perspective space: Perception Vol 23(12) 1994, 1447-1455.
  • Pylyshyn, Z. (1998). Visual indexes in spatial vision imagery. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Pylyshyn, Z. (2003). Return of the mental image: Are there really pictures in the brain? : Trends in Cognitive Sciences Vol 7(3) Mar 2003, 113-118.
  • Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1988). The imagery debate: Analogue media versus tacit knowledge. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
  • Pylyshyn, Z. W. (2002). Mental imagery: In search of a theory: Behavioral and Brain Sciences Vol 25(2) Apr 2002, 157-238.
  • Pylyshyn, Z. W. (2003). Explaining mental imagery: Now you see it, now you don't: Reply: Trends in Cognitive Sciences Vol 7(3) Mar 2003, 111-112.
  • Pylyshyn, Z. W. (2004). From reifying mental pictures to reifying spatial models: Behavioral and Brain Sciences Vol 27(4) Aug 2004, 590-591.
  • Rabant-Lacote, C. (1988). Observation on phobic space: Psychologie Medicale Vol 20(4) Mar 1988, 581-585.
  • Ramendik, D. M. (1995). On peculiarities of human perception of flat images of three-dimensional space: Sensory Systems Vol 9(2-3) Apr-Sep 1995, 108-109.
  • Rapp, D. N. (2003). Navigating spatial language: Journal of Mathematical Psychology Vol 47(3) Jun 2003, 371-376.
  • Ray, S. D. (2003). Children's ability to imagine what they read: Generating visual imagery from verbal descriptions. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Ray, W. J., Newcombe, N., Semon, J., & Cole, P. M. (1981). Spatial abilities, sex differences and EEG functioning: Neuropsychologia Vol 19(5) 1981, 719-722.
  • Read, M. A. (2003). Use of Color in Child Care Environments: Application of Color for Wayfinding and Space Definition in Alabama Child Care Environments: Early Childhood Education Journal Vol 30(4) Sum 2003, 233-239.
  • Rebeko, T. A. (1994). Changes in the hierarchy of perceptive signs in the task of geometric figures identification: Psikhologicheskiy Zhurnal Vol 15(5) Sep-Oct 1994, 78-91.
  • Recarte, M. A., & Nunes, L. M. (2000). Effects of verbal and spatial-imagery tasks on eye fixations while driving: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Vol 6(1) Mar 2000, 31-43.
  • Reddy, P., & Bell, R. C. (2006). The joint spatial representation of constructs and elements. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Reisberg, D., & Heuer, F. (2005). Visuospatial Images. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Restchikova, T. N., & Myamlin, V. V. (1987). On lateralization of human visual-spatial function: Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti Vol 37(1) Jan-Feb 1987, 154-156.
  • Riddoch, M. J., Humphreys, G. W., Blott, W., Hardy, E., & Smith, A. D. (2003). Visual and Spatial Short-term Memory in Integrative Agnosia: Cognitive Neuropsychology Vol 20(7) Oct 2003, 641-671.
  • Rieser, J. J. (1989). Access to knowledge of spatial structure at novel points of observation: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 15(6) Nov 1989, 1157-1165.
  • Rinck, M. (2005). Spatial Situation Models. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Rinck, M., Bower, G. H., & Wolf, K. (1998). Distance effects in surface structures and situation models: Scientific Studies of Reading Vol 2(3) 1998, 221-246.
  • Rinck, M., & Denis, M. (2004). The Metrics of Spatial Distance Traversed During Mental Imagery: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 30(6) Nov 2004, 1211-1218.
  • Robbins, R., & McKone, E. (2003). Can holistic processing be learned for inverted faces? : Cognition Vol 88(1) May 2003, 79-107.
  • Robin, F., & Denis, M. (1991). Description of perceived or imagined spatial networks. Oxford, England: North-Holland.
  • Robinson, A., & Robinson, M. E. (1983). Mental mapping and the co-ordination of perspectives in young children: Research in Education No 30 Nov 1983, 39-51.
  • Rode, G., Perenin, M. T., & Boisson, D. (1995). Representational hemineglect in mental evocation of the map of France: Revue Neurologique Vol 151(3) Mar 1995, 161-164.
  • Roder, B., & Rosler, F. (1998). Visual input does not facilitate the scanning of spatial images: Journal of Mental Imagery Vol 22(3-4) Fal-Win 1998, 165-182.
  • Rogushin, V. K. (1982). A model for studying ray paths in mirrors and lenses by the visually handicapped: Defektologiya No 2 1982, 71-73.
  • Rohaly, A. M., & Buchsbaum, G. (1989). Global spatiochromatic mechanism accounting for luminance variations in contrast sensitivity functions: Journal of the Optical Society of America, A, Optics, Image & Science Vol 6(2) Feb 1989, 312-317.
  • Roncato, S., Rumiati, R., & Massimi, M. (1982). Reference systems in the execution and perception of rotational movements: Giornale Italiano di Psicologia Vol 9(2) Aug 1982, 291-307.
  • Ronsaville, D. S. (1986). Sex differences in processing spatial rotations as related to brain organization and strategy: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Rosler, F., Heil, M., Bajric, J., Pauls, A. C., & et al. (1995). Patterns of cerebral activation while mental images are rotated and changed in size: Psychophysiology Vol 32(2) Mar 1995, 135-149.
  • Rossano, M. J., Adam, G. E., Booker, J. C., & Middleton, S. E. (1996). Semantic and visual factors affecting the representation of map information: Perception Vol 25(6) 1996, 677-700.
  • Rossano, M. J., Warren, D. H., & Kenan, A. (1995). Orientation specificity: How general is it? : American Journal of Psychology Vol 108(3) Fal 1995, 359-380.
  • Rosser, R. A., Ensing, S. S., Gilder, P. J., & Lane, S. (1984). An information-processing analysis of children's accuracy in predicting the appearance of rotated stimuli: Child Development Vol 55(6) Dec 1984, 2204-2211.
  • Rosser, R. A., Ensing, S. S., & Mazzeo, J. (1985). The role of stimulus salience in young children's ability to discriminate two-dimensional rotations: Reflections on a paradigm: Contemporary Educational Psychology Vol 10(2) Apr 1985, 95-103.
  • Rosser, R. A., Stevens, S., Gilder, P., Mazzeo, J., & et al. (1989). Children's solution strategies and mental rotation: Evidence for a developmental shift: Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs Vol 115(2) May 1989, 183-204.
  • Rotenberg, V. S. (1985). Sleep dreams, cerebral dominance and creation: A new approach to the problem: Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science Vol 20(2) Apr-Jun 1985, 53-58.
  • Roth, J. D., & Kosslyn, S. M. (1988). Construction of the third dimension in mental imagery: Cognitive Psychology Vol 20(3) Jul 1988, 344-361.
  • Rothenberg, A. (1986). Artistic creation as stimulated by superimposed versus combined-composite visual images: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 50(2) Feb 1986, 370-381.
  • Roumes, C., Plantier, J., Menu, J.-P., & Thorpe, S. (1997). The effects of spatial frequency on binocular fusion: From elementary to complex images: Human Factors Vol 39(3) Sep 1997, 359-373.
  • Royan, J. (2007). The visuospatial sketch pad (VSSP): Investigating the dissociation of visual and spatial imagery and storage and their roles in reading. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Rubin, D. C. (2006). The Basic-Systems Model of Episodic Memory: Perspectives on Psychological Science Vol 1(4) Dec 2006, 277-311.
  • Ruiz-Soler, M., & Beltran, F. S. (2006). Face perception: An integrative review of the role of spatial frequencies: Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung Vol 70(4) Jul 2006, 273-292.
  • Russell, T. L. (1989). Sex differences in mental rotation ability and the effects of two training methods: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Saade, C., & Werner, S. (2000). Flexibility of mental respresentation of spatial information depending on the perspective during learning: Zeitschrift fur Experimentelle Psychologie Vol 47(3) 2000, 180-194.
  • Saarinen, T. F. (1973). Student Views of the World. New Brunswick, NJ: AldineTransaction.
  • Sachter, J. E. (1991). Different styles of exploration and construction of 3-D spatial knowledge in a 3-D computer graphics microworld. Westport, CT: Ablex Publishing.
  • Saiki, J. (1990). The process of constructing mental models from spatial descriptions: Japanese Journal of Psychology Vol 60(6) Feb 1990, 341-347.
  • Saint-Martin, F. (1992). Aesthetics and visual semiotics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sakurai, K. (1983). Perspective preference in Necker cube perception: Tohoku Psychologica Folia Vol 42(1-4) 1983, 2320.
  • Salthouse, T. A., Babcock, R. L., Mitchell, D. R., Palmon, R., & et al. (1990). Sources of individual differences in spatial visualization ability: Intelligence Vol 14(2) Apr-Jun 1990, 187-230.
  • Sandberg, E. H. (1995). Development of spatial representation: The emergence of hierarchical organization. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Sanders, B., Soares, M. P., & D'Aquila, J. M. (1982). The sex difference on one test of spatial visualization: A nontrivial difference: Child Development Vol 53(4) Aug 1982, 1106-1110.
  • Sanocki, T. (2003). Representation and perception of scenic layout: Cognitive Psychology Vol 47(1) Aug 2003, 43-86.
  • Sardone, L., Bosco, A., Scalisi, T. G., & Longoni, A. M. (1995). The effects of study time on mental representations of spatial information acquired from texts: Ricerche di Psicologia Vol 19(2) 1995, 131-163.
  • Sarrazin, J.-C., Giraudo, M.-D., Pailhous, J., & Bootsma, R. J. (2004). Dynamics of Balancing Space and Time in Memory: Tau and Kappa Effects Revisited: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance Vol 30(3) Jun 2004, 411-430.
  • Satlow, E. (2001). Functional spatial representation: A foundational characteristics approach. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Savich, P. A. (1984). Anticipatory imagery ability in normal and language-disabled children: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research Vol 27(4) Dec 1984, 494-501.
  • Schicke, T., Muckli, L., Beer, A. L., Wibral, M., Singer, W., Goebel, R., et al. (2006). Tight covariation of BOLD signal changes and slow ERPs in the parietal cortex in a parametric spatial imagery task with haptic acquisition: European Journal of Neuroscience Vol 23(7) Apr 2006, 1910-1918.
  • Schinkel, N., Pawelzik, K. R., & Ernst, U. A. (2005). Robust integration and detection of noisy contours in a probabilistic neural model: Neurocomputing: An International Journal Vol 65-66 Jun 2005, 211-217.
  • Schneider, L. F.-M. (1996). Which way do we go? mental representations of navigational directions. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Schneider, W. X. (1999). Visual-spatial working memory, attention, and scene representation: A neuro-cognitive theory: Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung Vol 62(2-3) 1999, 220-236.
  • Schubert, T. W. (2005). Your Highness: Vertical Positions as Perceptual Symbols of Power: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 89(1) Jul 2005, 1-21.
  • Schwartz, D. L. (1999). Physical imagery: Kinematic versus dynamic models: Cognitive Psychology Vol 38(3) May 1999, 433-464.
  • Schwartz, D. L., & Black, J. B. (1996). Analog imagery in mental model reasoning: Depictive models: Cognitive Psychology Vol 30(2) Apr 1996, 154-219.
  • Schweizer, K., & Janzen, G. (1996). How does encountering space influence spatial cognition? Mental representation of point of view sequences when perceiving spatial layouts: Sprache & Kognition Vol 15(4) 1996, 217-233.
  • Seddon, G. M., el Farra, A. O., & Jusoh, I. (1984). Factors in the use of lap-dissolve presentation methods for teaching the visualisation of spatial transformations: British Educational Research Journal Vol 10(2) 1984, 189-197.
  • Seddon, G. M., & Eniaiyeju, P. A. (1986). The understanding of pictorial depth cues, and the ability to visualise the rotation of three-dimensional structures in diagrams: Research in Science & Technological Education Vol 4(1) 1986, 29-37.
  • Seddon, G. M., & Shubber, K. E. (1984). The effects of presentation mode and colour in teaching the visualisation of rotation in diagrams of molecular structures: Research in Science & Technological Education Vol 2(2) 1984, 167-176.
  • Seddon, G. M., & Shubber, K. E. (1985). The effects of colour in teaching the visualisation of rotations in diagrams of three-dimensional structures: British Educational Research Journal Vol 11(3) 1985, 227-239.
  • Seddon, G. M., & Shubber, K. E. (1985). Learning the visualisation of three-dimensional spatial relationships in diagrams at different ages in Bahrain: Research in Science & Technological Education Vol 3(2) 1985, 97-108.
  • Seddon, G. M., Tariq, R. H., & dos Santos Veiga, J. (1984). The transferability of two pictorial scientific tasks between different spatial dimensions: British Journal of Educational Psychology Vol 54(3) Nov 1984, 276-283.
  • Seel, N. M., & Dorr, G. (1994). The supplantation of mental images through graphics: Instructional effects on spatial visualization skills of adults. Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland/Elsevier Science Publishers.
  • Sekiyama, K. (2006). Dynamic spatial cognition: Components, functions, and modifiability of body schema: Japanese Psychological Research Vol 48(3) Sep 2006, 141-157.
  • Seron, X., Pesenti, M., Noel, M.-P., Deloche, G., & et al. (1992). Images of numbers: or "When 98 is upper left and 6 sky blue." Cognition Vol 44(1-2) Aug 1992, 159-196.
  • Shah, P., & Miyake, A. (1996). The separability of working memory resources for spatial thinking and language processing: An individual differences approach: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Vol 125(1) Mar 1996, 4-27.
  • Shah, P., & Miyake, A. (2005). The Cambridge Handbook of Visuospatial Thinking. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Shanks, R. (2004). Wachs Visual Blocks Test: Standardizing a Probe of Visual Thinking: Journal of Behavioral Optometry Vol 15(6) Dec 2004, 144-157.
  • Sharps, M. J. (1990). A developmental approach to visual cognition in the elderly. Oxford, England: North-Holland.
  • Sharps, M. J., Welton, A. L., & Price, J. L. (1993). Gender and task in the determination of spatial cognitive performance: Psychology of Women Quarterly Vol 17(1) Mar 1993, 71-83.
  • Shaver, P., Pierson, L., & Lang, S. (1974). Converging evidence for the functional significance of imagery in problem solving: Cognition: International Journal of Cognitive Psychology Vol 3(4) 1974-1975, 359-375.
  • Shaver, P. R. (1971). Interference with spatial imagery during problem solving: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Shepard, R. N., & Cooper, L. A. (1986). Mental images and their transformations. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Shepard, R. N., & Metzler, J. (1988). Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
  • Sherman, R. C., Oliver, C., & Titus, W. (1980). Verifying environmental relationships: Memory & Cognition Vol 8(6) Nov 1980, 555-562.
  • Shevelev, I. A. (1997). Temporal signal processing in the visual cortex: Human Physiology Vol 23(2) Mar-Apr 1997, 186-196.
  • Shieh, W. (1986). Spatial visualization, attitudes toward mathematics, and mathematics achievement among Chinese-American, Hispanic-American, and Caucasian seventh and eighth grade students: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Shiomi, K., & Nakashima, H. (1989). The development of the ability of mental rotation in children and its relationship with mental abilities: Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology Vol 37(1) Mar 1989, 55-60.
  • Sholl, M. J., & Bartels, G. P. (2002). The role of self-to-object updating in orientation-free performance on spatial-memory tasks: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 28(3) May 2002, 422-436.
  • Sholl, M. J., & Easton, R. D. (1986). Effect of referent object familiarity on verbal learning in the sighted and the blind: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 12(2) Apr 1986, 190-200.
  • Sholl, M. J., & Egeth, H. E. (1982). Cognitive correlates of map-reading ability: Intelligence Vol 6(2) Apr-Jun 1982, 215-230.
  • Siegel, R. M., Duann, J.-R., Jung, T.-P., & Sejnowski, T. (2007). Spatiotemporal dynamics of the functional architecture for gain fields in inferior parietal lobule of behaving monkey: Cerebral Cortex Vol 17(2) Feb 2007, 378-390.
  • Sirigu, A., & Duhamel, J. R. (2001). Motor and visual imagery as two complementary but neurally dissociable mental processes: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Vol 13(7) Oct 2001, 910-919.
  • Smith, G. G. (1999). Computers, computer games, active control and spatial visualization strategy. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Smith, G. G., & Olkun, S. (2005). Why Interactivity Works: Interactive Priming Of Mental Rotation: Journal of Educational Computing Research Vol 32(2) 2005, 93-111.
  • Smythies, J. R. (1989). The mind-brain problem. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia.
  • Snodgrass, L. L. (1991). The importance of mental imagery in map reading. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
  • Souvignier, E. (1998). Effects of cognitive training programs on visualization and inductive reasoning on problem-solving abilities: Zeitschrift fur Experimentelle Psychologie Vol 45(1) 1998, 20-28.
  • Spector, A. N. (1978). An analysis of urban spatial imagery: I & II: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Speltz, A. (1987). The Voyage Out and Virginia Woolf's struggle for autonomy: Imagery of separation and dependency: The Annual of Psychoanalysis Vol 15 1987, 311-334.
  • Stea, D., & Blaut, J. M. (1973). Some Preliminary Observations on Spatial Learning in School Children. New Brunswick, NJ: AldineTransaction.
  • Stone, H. F. (1982). Visualization effects of three-dimensional art forms on high school students: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Stumpf, H., & Fay, E. (1981). Development and testing of a new type of problem for the assessment of spatial imagination: Diagnostica Vol 27(2) 1981, 157-174.
  • Suarez, R. R. (1982). Hemispheric dominance shifts in processing a varying complexity spatial task: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Sutton, L. P. (1986). A study of the relationship between field dependence-independence and the process of visual reversal among high school students: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Tamborini, R., & Skalski, P. (2006). The Role of Presence in the Experience of Electronic Games. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Taylor, H. A., & Tversky, B. (1992). Spatial mental models derived from survey and route descriptions: Journal of Memory and Language Vol 31(2) Apr 1992, 261-292.
  • Thoma, V., Hummel, J. E., & Davidoff, J. (2004). Evidence for Holistic Representations of Ignored Images and Analytic Representations of Attended Images: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance Vol 30(2) Apr 2004, 257-267.
  • Thomson, M. E. (1982). The assessment of children with specific reading difficulties (dyslexia) using the British Ability Scales: British Journal of Psychology Vol 73(4) Nov 1982, 461-478.
  • Tlauka, M., & McKenna, F. P. (1998). Mental imagery yields stimulus-response compatibility: Acta Psychologica Vol 98(1) Mar 1998, 67-79.
  • Tomasino, B., Rumiati, R. I., & Umilta, C. A. (2003). Selective deficit of motor imagery as tapped by a left-right decision of visually presented hands: Brain and Cognition Vol 53(2) Nov 2003, 376-380.
  • Tomasino, B., Toraldo, A., & Rumiati, R. (2003). Dissociation between the mental rotation of visual images and motor images in unilateral brain-damaged patients: Brain and Cognition Vol 51(3) Apr 2003, 368-371.
  • Toraldo, A., & Bottini, G. (2006). Omission vs. shift of details in spatial representations. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Trojano, L., Conson, M., Maffei, R., & Grossi, D. (2006). Categorical and coordinate spatial processing in the imagery domain investigated by rTMS: Neuropsychologia Vol 44(9) 2006, 1569-1574.
  • Trojano, L., Grossi, D., Linden, D. E. J., Formisano, E., Goebel, R., Cirillo, S., et al. (2002). Coordinate and categorical judgements in spatial imagery. An fMRI study: Neuropsychologia Vol 40(10) 2002, 1666-1674.
  • Trojano, L., Grossi, D., Linden, D. E. J., Formisano, E., Hacker, H., Zanella, F. E., et al. (2000). Matching two imagined clocks: The functional anatomy of spatial analysis in the absence of visual stimulation: Cerebral Cortex Vol 10(5) May 2000, 473-481.
  • Trojano, L., Linden, D. E. J., Formisano, E., Goebel, R., Sack, A. T., & Di Salle, F. (2004). What clocks tell us about the neural correlates of spatial imagery: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology Vol 16(5) Sep 2004, 653-672.
  • Tsugawa, H., & Hasegawa, K. (1992). A study of the imagery ability and the function to retain digits of experts in abacus-derived mental calculation: Japanese Journal of Hypnosis Vol 37(2) 1992, 1-6.
  • Tsur, R. (1998). Light, fire, prison: A cognitive analysis of religious imagery in poetry: PsyART Vol 2 1998, No Pagination Specified.
  • Tudor, L. G. (1992). "Mental rotation" with three-dimensional, novel figures: Rotation or landmark strategy? : Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Tversky, B. (1991). Spatial mental models. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Tversky, B. (2003). Structures of mental spaces: How people think about space: Environment and Behavior Vol 35(1) Jan 2003, 66-80.
  • Tversky, B. (2005). Functional Significance of Visuospatial Representations. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tversky, B., Kim, J., & Cohen, A. (1999). Mental models of spatial relations and transformations from language. Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland/Elsevier Science Publishers.
  • Uhl, F., Goldenberg, G., Lang, W., Lindinger, G., & et al. (1990). Cerebral correlates of imagining colours, faces and a map: II. Negative cortical DC potentials: Neuropsychologia Vol 28(1) 1990, 81-93.
  • Unuma, H. (1993). Formation and transformation of spatial image in maze exploration task: Effects of pattern structure, frame of reference, and motor action: Japanese Journal of Psychonomic Science Vol 11(2) Mar 1993, 75-86.
  • van der Zee, E., Rypkema, J., & Busser, B. (1996). The heuristic power of conceptual semantics: An investigation of spatial knowledge. North York, ON, England: Captus Press, Inc.
  • Vanlierde, A., & Wanet-Defalque, M.-C. (2004). Abilities and strategies of blind and sighted subjects in visuo-spatial imagery: Acta Psychologica Vol 116(2) Jun 2004, 205-222.
  • Vasilyeva, M. (2000). Development of understanding of the relational correspondence between spaces. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Vecchi, T. (1998). Visuo-spatial imagery in congenitally totally blind people: Memory Vol 6(1) Jan 1998, 91-102.
  • Vecera, S. P., & Farah, M. J. (1997). Is visual image segmentation a bottom-up or an interactive process? : Perception & Psychophysics Vol 59(8) Nov 1997, 1280-1296.
  • Vega, M. d., Cocude, M., Denis, M., Rodrigo, M. J., & Zimmer, H. D. (2001). The interface between language and visuo-spatial representations. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Vetter, T., Hurlbert, A., & Poggio, T. (1995). View-based models of 3D object recognition: Invariance to imaging transformations: Cerebral Cortex Vol 5(3) May-Jun 1995, 261-269.
  • Vicari, S., Bellucci, S., & Carlesimo, G. A. (2006). Evidence from two genetic syndromes for the independence of spatial and visual working memory: Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology Vol 48(2) Feb 2006, 126-131.
  • Viera, C. T. (1985). Spatial and linguistic processes in the development of transitive reasoning: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Vincow, M. A. (1998). Frame of reference and navigation through document visualizations. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • von Wartburg, R., Wurtz, P., Pflugshaupt, T., Nyffeler, T., Luthi, M., & Muri, R. M. (2007). Size matters: Saccades during scene perception: Perception Vol 36(3) 2007, 355-365.
  • Voyer, D., & Bryden, M. P. (1990). Gender, level of spatial ability, and lateralization of mental rotation: Brain and Cognition Vol 13(1) May 1990, 18-29.
  • Waber, D. P., Carlson, D., & Mann, M. (1982). Developmental and differential aspects of mental rotation in early adolescence: Child Development Vol 53(6) Dec 1982, 1614-1621.
  • Waggett, J. L., & Lane, D. M. (1990). Sex differences in the personality and cognitive correlates of spatial ability: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 58(6) Jun 1990, 1037-1039.
  • Walker, E., Wade, S., & Waldman, I. (1982). The effect of lateral visual fixation on response latency to verbal and spatial questions: Brain and Cognition Vol 1(4) Oct 1982, 399-404.
  • Wallace, P. A., & Firestone, I. J. (1979). Modes of exploration and environmental learning by preschool children: EDRA: Environmental Design Research Association No 10 1979, 284-289.
  • Wang, R. F. (2005). Dissociation between Verbal and Pointing Responding in Perspective Change Problems. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Watanabe, T. (2003). Geometrical property of navigation: Japanese Journal of Psychology Vol 74(3) Aug 2003, 227-234.
  • Watson, M. E. (1995). Object and spatial subsystems in mental imagery: Behavioral investigations. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Watson, M. E., & Rubin, D. C. (1996). Spatial Imagery Preserves Temporal Order: Memory Vol 4(5) Sep 1996, 515-534.
  • Weltner, J. S., & Dym, B. (1980). Shall we dance? Spatialization of couple and therapist-patient relationships: Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes Vol 43(3) Aug 1980, 259-262.
  • Wesp, R., Hesse, J., Keutmann, D., & Wheaton, K. (2001). Gestures maintain spatial imagery: American Journal of Psychology Vol 114(4) Win 2001, 591-600.
  • Wickens, C. D., Merwin, D. H., & Lin, E. L. (1994). Implications of graphics enhancements for the visualization of scientific data: Dimensional integrality, stereopsis, motion, and mesh: Human Factors Vol 36(1) Mar 1994, 44-61.
  • Widell, G. (1998). Images in practice: Vistas, time and causality in organizations: Scandinavian Journal of Management Vol 14(4) Dec 1998, 331-349.
  • Wijers, A. A., Otten, L. J., Feenstra, S., Mulder, G., & et al. (1989). Brain potentials during selective attention, memory search, and mental rotation: Psychophysiology Vol 26(4) Jul 1989, 452-467.
  • Williams, J., Thomas, P. R., Maruff, P., Butson, M., & Wilson, P. H. (2006). Motor, visual and egocentric transformations in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: Child: Care, Health and Development Vol 32(6) Nov 2006, 633-647.
  • Wilson, M. L. (1995). The role of imagery vividness in reality monitoring. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Wilson, P. S. (1981). The map reasoning development of pupils in years three, five and seven as revealed in free recall sketch maps: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Wolf, K., Hasebrook, J., & Rinck, M. (1999). Wall or no wall? The representation of spatial changes in situation models: Zeitschrift fur Experimentelle Psychologie Vol 46(3) 1999, 152-163.
  • Xu, F. (1989). A preliminary study on the development of spatial representation in children: Acta Psychologica Sinica Vol 21(1) 1989, 68-75.
  • Yoakum, C. S. (1909). The function of images: Psychological Bulletin Vol 6(5) May 1909, 178.
  • Young, J. G. (1983). Negative spaces: Journal of Creative Behavior Vol 16(4) 1983, 256-264.
  • Yu, Y., & Choe, Y. (2006). A Neural Model of the Scintillating Grid Illusion: Disinhibition and Self-Inhibition in Early Vision: Neural Computation Vol 18(3) Mar 2006, 521-544.
  • Yuen, T., Bradshaw, J. L., Sheppard, D., Lee, P., & Georgiou-Karistianis, N. (2005). Inhibition of return in children with Tourette's syndrome and comorbid forms: A preliminary study: Child Neuropsychology Vol 11(5) Oct 2005, 393-411.
  • Zabbini, A. (1985). Egocentrism in children: A "state" of the child or an artifact of research? An annotated bibliography: Eta Evolutiva No 22 Oct 1985, 118-124.
  • Zacks, J., Rypma, B., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Tversky, B., & Glover, G. H. (1999). Imagined transformations of bodies: An fMRI investigation: Neuropsychologia Vol 37(9) Aug 1999, 1029-1040.
  • Zacks, J. M., Mires, J., Tversky, B., & Hazeltine, E. (2000). Mental spatial transformations of objects and perspective: Spatial Cognition and Computation Vol 2(4) 2000, 315-332.
  • Zacks, J. M., & Tversky, B. (2005). Multiple systems for spatial imagery: Transformations of objects and bodies: Spatial Cognition and Computation Vol 5(4) 2005, 271-306.
  • Zhao, Y., & Lin, Z. (1993). A study of sex differences in college students' spatial thinking: Psychological Science (China) Vol 16(2) Sum 1993, 80-83.
  • Zwaan, R. A., Radvansky, G. A., Hilliard, A. E., & Curiel, J. M. (1998). Constructing multidimensional situation models during reading: Scientific Studies of Reading Vol 2(3) 1998, 199-220.