Training

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Industrial & Organisational : Introduction : Personnel : Organizational psychology : Occupations: Work environment: Index : Outline

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Training is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals of improving one's capability, capacity, and performance. It forms the core of apprenticeships and provides the backbone of content at institutes of technology (also known as technical colleges or polytechnics). In addition to the basic training required for a trade, occupation or profession, observers of the labor-market stress the need to continue training beyond initial qualifications: to maintain, upgrade and update skills throughout working life. People within many professions and occupations may refer to this sort of training as professional development.

Compare:

• Education
• Learning

Types of training

• Animal training
• Assertiveness training
• Athletic training
• Biofeedback training
• Childbirth training
• Clinical methods training
• Communication skills training
• Computer training
• Human relations training
• Memory training
• Military training
• Motivation training
• Parent training
• Personnel training
• Self instructional training
• Sensitivity training
• Social skills training
• Toilet training
• Work adjustment training

• Physical training is more mechanistic: planned suites of regimes develop specific skills or muscles with a view to peaking at a particular time. A field of training often used in sports is autogenic training. Another type of training is fartlek training which is a flexible training type which can be adapted to suit almost any athlete.

File:SulfurLake.jpg

Many early American astronauts trained extensively in Iceland's central highlands due to its similarity to an extraterrestrial planet.

• Training & Development is the field concerned with workplace learning to improve performance. Such training can be generally categorized as on-the-job or off-the-job. On-the-job describes training that is given in a normal working situation, using the actual tools, equipment, documents or materials that they will use when fully trained. On-the-job training is usually most effective for vocational work. Off-the-job training takes place away from normal work situation which means that the employee is not regarded as productive worker when training is taking place. An advantage of off-the-job training is that it allows people to get away from work and totally concentrate on the training being given. This type of training is most effective for training concepts and ideas.

• Military training means gaining the physical ability to perform and survive in combat, and learning the many skills needed in a time of war. These include how to use a variety of weapons, outdoor survival skills, and how to survive capture by the enemy, among others. See military education and training.

Training methods have been developed for artificial intelligence as well. Evolutionary algorithms, including genetic programming and other methods of machine learning use a system of feedback based on "fitness functions" to allow computer programs to determine how well a task is being performed. A series of programs, known as a “population” of programs are automatically changed and then automatically tested for “fitness,” i.e. how well they perform the intended task. New programs are automatically generated based on members of the population that perform the best. These new members replace programs that perform the worst. The procedure is repeated until optimum performance is achieved. In robotics, such a system can continue to run in real-time after initial training, allowing robots to adapt to new situations and changes in itself, for example due to wear or damage. Robots have also been developed that can appear to mimic simple human behavior as a starting point for training.

In religious and spiritual use, training means purifying mind, heart, understanding and actions to obtain a variety of spiritual goals such as closeness to God or freedom from suffering. Typical of institutionalized spiritual trainings is the Buddhist Threefold Training.

Training differs from exercise in that exercise may be an occasional activity for fun. Training is specific and done to improve one's capability, capacity, and performance.

Assessment

• Training needs analysis

Training Methodologies

• Instructor-led training

• There are several methods which are possible but only one things counts - what the trainee learns. (Benjamin Rankin)

See also

• Career development
• Career education
• Continuing education
• Learning & Development
• Person analysis
• Training analysis - in psychodynamic education

References

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