View source for Trifluoperazine

{{BioPsy}}
{{drugbox |
| IUPAC_name = ''10-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-<br/>2-(trifluoromethyl)-10''H''-phenothiazine''
| image = Trifluoperazine.png
| width = 185
| CAS_number = 117-89-5
| ATC_prefix = N05
| ATC_suffix = AB06
| PubChem = 5566
| DrugBank = APRD00173
| C=21 | H=24 | F=3 | N=3 | S=1
| molecular_weight = 407.497
| bioavailability = 
| metabolism = [[Hepatic]]
| elimination_half-life = 10-20 hours
| excretion = 
| pregnancy_category = 
| legal_status = 
| routes_of_administration = oral, [[IM]]
}}

'''Trifluoperazine''' (sold as '''Eskazinyl''', '''Eskazine''', '''Jatroneural''', '''Modalina''', '''Stelazine''', '''Terfluzine''', '''Trifluoperaz''') is a [[typical antipsychotic]] [[medication|drug]] of the [[phenothiazine]] group. It exerts its actions through a central adrenergic-blocking, a [[dopamine]]-blocking, and minimal [[anticholinergic]] blocking. <ref>"Facts and Comparisons" III W. Port Plaza, Suite 300 St. Louis MO. USA 63146-3098 (telephone 314-216-2100 or 1-800-223-0554). (Note this book is currently used by Rite Aid Pharmacies in the USA as a reference aid and it is a loose bound updatable book. The updatable section called "Antipsychotic Agents" is (c)1990</ref>

== Pharmacokinetics ==
Little is known about human pharmacokinetics. One study has the following results:
A study of the pharmacokinetics of trifluoperazine as a single 5-mg dose by mouth in 5 healthy subjects. Peak plasma concentrations of trifluoperazine were reached from 1.5 to 4.5 hours after ingestion and varied widely between subjects, ranging from 0.53 to 3.09 ng per mL. Elimination of trifluoperazine was multiphasic; the mean elimination half-life was estimated to be 5.1 hours over the period from 4.5 to 12 hours after ingestion, while the mean apparent terminal elimination half-life was estimated to be 12.5 hours to 13.6 hours.

== Uses ==
<!--  Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:StelazineAd.png|thumb|250px|left|Historical advertisement for Stelazine from 1989]] -->
The primarary indication of trifluoperazine is [[schizophrenia]]. Its use in  many parts of the world has declined because of highly frequent and severe early and late [[tardive dyskinesia]], a type of  [[extrapyramidal symptom]].  The annual development rate of tardive dyskinesia may be as high as 4%.

Studies suggest that trifluoperazine may be able to reverse addiction to opioids. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/02/060213092323.htm]

== Indications in Canada ==

Indications in Canada for trifluoperazine include:

1. Anxiety states: it controls excessive anxiety, tension and agitation seen in neuroses or associated with somatic conditions.

2. The treatment or prevention of nausea and vomiting of various causes.

3. The management of psychotic disorders, such as acute or chronic catatonic, hebephrenic and paranoid schizophrenia; psychosis due to organic brain damage, toxic psychosis, and the manic phase of manic-depressive illness.

Phillip W. Long, M.D. [http://www.mentalhealth.com/drug/p30-s04.html Trifluoperazine].

Indications may vary in different countries.

== Side effects ==
For further information see: [[phenothiazine]]

Serious side effects include [[akathisia]], [[tardive dyskinesia]] and the potentially fatal [[neuroleptic malignant syndrome]].

A particular severe form of liver damage has been reported, making preexisting liver damage a contraindication.

== Formulations ==
In the past, trifluoperazine was used in fixed combinations with the [[MAO inhibitor]] (antidepressant) [[tranylcypromine]] to attenuate the strong stimulating effects of this antidepressant. This combination was sold under the brand name Jatrosom. Likewise a combination with [[amobarbital]] (strong sedative/hypnotic agent) for the amelioration of [[psychoneurosis]] and [[insomnia]] existed under the brand name Jalonac. Both combinations are not available any longer.

The drug is sold as tablet, liquid and 'Trifluperazine-injectable USP' for deep [[intramuscular|IM]] short-term use.

== Trivia ==

In [[Philip K. Dick]]'s novel [[A Maze of Death]], the character Betty Jo Berm mentions, while describing an assortment of pills that she takes, "... "The blue ones are stelazine, which I use as an [[anti-emetic]]. You understand: I use it for that, but that isn't it's basic purpose. Basically Stelazine is a [[tranquilizer]], in doses of less that twenty milligrams a day. In greater doses it's an anti-[[hallucinogenic]] agent. But I don't take it for that either. Now, the problem with stelazine is that it's a [[vasodilator]]."..."

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2006}}

{{Antipsychotics}}


==References==
{{reflist}}

<!-- Categories -->
[[Category:Phenothiazine derivatives]]
[[Category:Typical antipsychotics]]

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