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Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
Vasodilator drugs are drugs that produce vasodilation
Compounds may be grouped as endogenous and exogenous.
Endogenous[]
Vasodilators [1] | Receptor (↑ = opens. ↓ = closes) [1] |
Transduction (↑ = increases. ↓ = decreases) [1] |
---|---|---|
EDHF | ? | hyperpolarization --> ↓VDCC --> ↓intracellular Ca2+ |
depolarization | ↑Voltage-gated K+ channel | |
interstitial K+ | directly | |
nitric oxide | ↑NO receptor | ↑cGMP --> ↑PKG activity -->
|
β2 adrenergic agonists | β-2 adrenergic receptor | ↑Gs activity --> ↑AC activity --> ↑cAMP --> ↑PKA activity --> phosphorylation of MLCK --> ↓MLCK activity --> dephosphorylation of MLC |
histamine | Histamine H1 receptor | |
prostacyclin | IP receptor | |
Prostaglandin D2 | DP receptor | |
Prostaglandin E2 | EP receptor | |
VIP | VIP receptor | ↑Gs activity --> ↑AC activity --> ↑cAMP --> ↑PKA activity -->
|
(extracellular) adenosine | A1, A2a and A2b adenosine receptors | ↑ATP-sensitive K+ channel --> hyperpolarization --> close VDCC --> ↓intracellular Ca2+ |
↑P2Y receptor | activate Gq --> ↑PLC activity --> ↑intracellular Ca2+ --> ↑NOS activity --> ↑NO --> (see nitric oxide) | |
L-Arginine | imidazoline and α-2 receptor? | Gi --> ↓cAMP --> activation of Na+/K+-ATPase[2] --> ↓intracellular Na2+ --> ↑Na+/Ca2+ exchanger activity --> ↓intracellular Ca2+ |
Bradykinin | Bradykinin receptor | |
Substance P | ||
Niacin (nicotinic acid) | ||
Platelet activating factor (PAF) | ||
CO2 | - | ↓interstitial pH --> ?[3] |
(probably) interstitial lactic acid | - | |
muscle work | - |
|
Exogenous vasodilators[]
- Absence of high levels of environmental noise
- Absence of high levels of illumination
- Adenocard - Adenosine agonist, primarily used as an anti-arrhythmic.
- Alpha blockers (block the vasoconstricting effect of adrenaline).
- Amyl nitrite and other nitrites are often used recreationally as a vasodilator, causing lightheadedness and a euphoric feeling.
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - a weak vasodilator.
- Ethanol
- Histamine-inducers
- Complement proteins C3a, C4a and C5a work by triggering histamine release from mast cells and basophil granulocytes.
- Nitric oxide inducers
- Glyceryl trinitrate (commonly known as Nitroglycerin)
- Isosorbide mononitrate & Isosorbide dinitrate
- Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN)
- Sodium nitroprusside
- PDE5 inhibitors: these agents indirectly increase the effects of nitric oxide
- Sildenafil (Viagra)
- Tadalafil
- Vardenafil
- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) - the major active chemical in marijuana. Its mild vasodilating effects redden the eyes of cannabis smokers.
- Theobromine.
- Papaverine an alkaloid found in the opium poppy papaver somniferum
See also[]
- Antihypertensive drugs
- Blood pressure
- Channel blockers
- Heart rate effecting drugs
- Nicotinic acid
- Vasoconstrictor drugs
- Verapamil
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Unless else specified in box, then ref is: Walter F., PhD. Boron. Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch, Elsevier/Saunders. Page 479
- ↑ Regulation of Na+-K+-ATPase by cAMP-dependent protein kinase anchored on membrane via its anchoring protein Kinji Kurihara, Nobuo Nakanishi, and Takao Ueha. Departments of 1 Oral Physiology and 2 Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
- ↑ Modin A, Björne H, Herulf M, Alving K, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO (2001). Nitrite-derived nitric oxide: a possible mediator of 'acidic-metabolic' vasodilation. Acta Physiol. Scand. 171 (1): 9–16.