Vincristine

Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)

Vincristine chemical structure Vincristine
methyl (1R,9R,10S,11R,12R,19R)-11-(acetyloxy)-12-ethyl-4-[(13S,15S,17S)-17-ethyl-17-hydroxy-13-(methoxycarbonyl)-1,11-diazatetracyclo[13.3.1.0^4,12.0^5,10]nonadeca-4(12),5,7,9-tetraen-13-yl]-8-formyl-10-hydroxy-5-methoxy-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.0^1,9.0^2,7.0^16,19]nonadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraene-10-carboxylate IUPAC name
CAS number 57-22-7	ATC code L01CA02
PubChem 5978	DrugBank APRD00495
Chemical formula	{{{chemical_formula}}}
Molecular weight	824.958 g/mol
Bioavailability	n/a
Metabolism	Hepatic
Elimination half-life	19 to 155 hours
Excretion	Mostly biliary, 10% in urine
Pregnancy category	{{{pregnancy_category}}}
Legal status	Rx-only
Routes of administration	Exclusively intravenous

Vincristine (brand name, Oncovin), also known as leurocristine, is a vinca alkaloid from the Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle), formerly Vinca rosea and hence its name. It is a mitotic inhibitor, and is used as a antineoplastic drug in cancer chemotherapy.

Mode of action[]

Tubulin is a structural protein which polymerises to form microtubules. The cell cytoskeleton and mitotic spindle, amongst other things, are made of microtubules. Vincristine binds to tubulin dimers, inhibiting assembly of microtubule structures. Disruption of the microtubules arrests mitosis in metaphase. The vinca alkaloids therefore affect all rapidly dividing cell types including cancer cells, but also intestinal epithelium and bone marrow.

Uses[]

Vincristine is delivered via intravenous infusion for use in various types of chemotherapy regimens. Its main uses are in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma as part of the chemotherapy regimen CHOP, Hodgkin's lymphoma as part of MOPP, COPP, BEACOPP, or the less popular Stanford V chemotherapy regimen, in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and in treatment for nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor, a kidney tumor common in children). Vincristine is occasionally used as an immunosuppressant, for example, in treating thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) or chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).

Side effects[]

The main side-effects of vincristine are peripheral neuropathy, hyponatremia, constipation and hair loss.

Peripheral neuropathy can be severe, and hence a reason to avoid, reduce, or stop the use of vincristine. One of the first symptoms of peripheral neuropathy is foot drop: a person with a family history of foot drop and/or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) may benefit from genetic testing for CMT before taking vincristine.^[1]

Accidental injection of vinca alkaloids into the spinal canal (intrathecal administration) is highly dangerous, with a mortality rate approaching 100%. The medical literature documents cases of ascending paralysis due to massive encephalopathy and spinal nerve demyelination, accompanied by intractable pain, almost uniformly leading to death; a handful of survivors were left with devastating neurological damage with no hope of recovery. Rescue treatments consist of washout of the cerebrospinal fluid and administration of protective medications.^[2] A significant series of inadvertent intrathecal vincristine administration occurred in China in 2007 when batches of cytarabine and methotrexate (both often used intrathecally) manufactured by the company Shanghai Hualian were found to be contaminated with vincristine.^[3]

History[]

Having been used as a folk remedy for centuries, studies in the 1950s revealed that C. roseus contained 70 alkaloids, many of which are biologically active. While initial studies for its use in diabetes mellitus were disappointing, the discovery that it caused myelosuppression (decreased activity of the bone marrow) led to its study in mice with leukemia, whose lifespan was prolonged by the use of a vinca preparation. Treatment of the ground plant with Skelly-B defatting agent and an acid benzene extract led to a fraction termed "fraction A". This fraction was further treated with aluminium oxide, chromatography, trichloromethane, benz-dichloromethane and separation by pH to yield vincristine.^[4]

Vincristine was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in July 1963 as Oncovin. The drug was initially discovered by a team lead by Dr. J.G. Armstrong; it was then marketed by Eli Lilly and Company.

Suppliers[]

Three generic drug makers supply vincristine in the United States - APP, Mayne, and Sicor (Teva).

References[]

↑ Graf WD, Chance PF, Lensch MW, Eng LJ, Lipe HP, Bird TD (1996). Severe vincristine neuropathy in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A. Cancer 77 (7): 1356–62.
↑ Qweider M, Gilsbach JM, Rohde V (2007). Inadvertent intrathecal vincristine administration: a neurosurgical emergency. Case report. J Neurosurg Spine 6 (3): 280–3.
↑ Jake Hooker and Walt Bogdanich, Tainted Drugs Tied to Maker of Abortion Pill, New York Times, January 31, 2008
↑ Johnson IS, Armstrong JG, Gorman M, Burnett JP (Sep 1963). The vinca alkaloids: a new class of oncolytic agents. Cancer Res 23 (8 Part 1): 1390–427.

External links[]

Template:Chemotherapeutic agents

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[1] Graf WD, Chance PF, Lensch MW, Eng LJ, Lipe HP, Bird TD (1996). Severe vincristine neuropathy in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A. Cancer 77 (7): 1356–62.

[2] Qweider M, Gilsbach JM, Rohde V (2007). Inadvertent intrathecal vincristine administration: a neurosurgical emergency. Case report. J Neurosurg Spine 6 (3): 280–3.

[3] Jake Hooker and Walt Bogdanich, Tainted Drugs Tied to Maker of Abortion Pill, New York Times, January 31, 2008

[4] Johnson IS, Armstrong JG, Gorman M, Burnett JP (Sep 1963). The vinca alkaloids: a new class of oncolytic agents. Cancer Res 23 (8 Part 1): 1390–427.

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Vincristine

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