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Brain: Wernicke's area
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Approximate location of Wernicke's area highlighted in grey
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MeSH [1]

Wernicke's area (/ˈvɛərnɨkə/ or /ˈvɛərnɨki/; Template:IPA-de) is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex linked, since the late nineteenth century, to speech (the other is Broca's area). It is involved in the understanding of written and spoken language. It is traditionally considered to consist of the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in the dominant cerebral hemisphere[citation needed] (which is the left hemisphere in about 97% of people).

Location[]

The Wernicke's area is classically located in , the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in the left (or dominant[citation needed]) cerebral hemisphere. This area encircles the auditory cortex on the Sylvian fissure (part of the brain where the temporal lobe and parietal lobe meet). This area is neuroanatomically described as the posterior part of Brodmann area 22.

However, there is an absence of consistent definitions as to the location.[1] Some identify it with the unimodal auditory association in the superior temporal gyrus anterior to the primary auditory cortex (the anterior part of BA 22).[2] This is the site most consistently implicated in auditory word recognition by functional brain imaging experiments.[3] Others include also adjacent parts of the heteromodal cortex in BA 39 and BA40 in the parietal lobe.[4]

While previously thought to connect Wernicke's area and Broca's area, new research demonstrates that the arcuate fasciculus instead connects to posterior receptive areas with premotor/motor areas, and not to Broca's area.[5] Consistent with the word recognition site identified in brain imaging, the uncinate fasciculus connects anterior superior temporal regions with Broca's area.[6]

Wernicke and aphasia[]

Wernicke's area is named after Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist and psychiatrist who, in 1874, hypothesized a link between the left posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus and the reflexive mimicking of words and their syllables that associated the sensory and motor images of spoken words.[7] He did this on the basis of the location of brain injuries that caused aphasia. Receptive aphasia in which such abilities are preserved is also known as Wernicke's aphasia. In this condition there is a major impairment of language comprehension, while speech retains a natural-sounding rhythm and a relatively normal syntax. Language as a result is largely meaningless (a condition sometimes called fluent or jargon aphasia).

While neuroimaging and lesion evidence generally support the idea that malfunction of or damage to Wernicke's area is common in people with receptive aphasia, this is not always so. Some people may use the right hemisphere for language, and isolated damage of Wernicke's area cortex (sparing white matter and other areas) may not cause severe receptive aphasia.[1][8] Even when patients with Wernicke's area lesions have comprehension deficits, these are usually not restricted to language processing alone. For example, one study found that patients with posterior lesions also had trouble understanding nonverbal sounds like animal and machine noises.[9] In fact, for Wernicke's area, the impairments in nonverbal sounds were statistically stronger than for verbal sounds.

Right homologous area[]

Research using Transcranial magnetic stimulation suggests that the area corresponding to the Wernicke’s area in the non-dominant cerebral hemisphere has a role in processing and resolution of subordinate meanings of ambiguous words—such as (‘‘river’’) when given the ambiguous word (‘‘bank’’). In contrast, the Wernicke's area in the dominant hemisphere processes dominant word meanings (‘‘teller’’ given ‘‘bank’’).[10]

Modern views[]

Neuroimaging suggests the functions earlier attributed to the Wernicke's area occur more broadly in the temporal lobe and indeed happen also in the Broca's area.

There are some suggestions that middle and inferior temporal gyri and basal temporal cortex reflect lexical processing ... there is consensus that the STG from rostral to caudal fields and the STS constitute the neural tissue in which many of the critical computations for speech recognition are executed ... aspects of Broca’s area (Brodmann areas 44 and 45) are also regularly implicated in speech processing.

... the range of areas implicated in speech processing go well beyond the classical language areas typically mentioned for speech; the vast majority of textbooks still state that this aspect of perception and language processing occurs in Wernicke’s area (the posterior third of the STG).[11]

Support for a broad range of speech processing areas was furthered by a recent study done at University of Rochester in which American Sign Language native speakers were subject to MRIs while interpreting sentences that identified a relationship using either syntax (relationship is determined by the word order) or inflection (relationship is determined by physical motion of "moving hands through space or signing on one side of the body"). Distinct areas of the brain were activated with the frontal cortex (associated with ability to put information into sequences) being more active in the syntax condition and the temporal lobes (associated with dividing information into its constituent parts) being more active in the inflection condition. However, these areas are not mutually exclusive and show a large amount of overlap. These findings imply that while speech processing is a very complex process, the brain may be using fairly basic, preexisting computational methods.[12]


See also[]

References[]

  1. 1.0 1.1 Bogen JE, Bogen GM (1976). Wernicke's region—Where is it?. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 280: 834–43.
  2. Démonet JF, Chollet F, Ramsay S, et al. (December 1992). The anatomy of phonological and semantic processing in normal subjects. Brain 115 (Pt 6): 1753–68.
  3. DeWitt I, Rauschecker JP (February 2012). Phoneme and word recognition in the auditory ventral stream. Proceedings of the National Academies of Science of the USA Early edition.
  4. Mesulam MM (June 1998). From sensation to cognition. Brain 121 (Pt 6): 1013–52.
  5. Bernal B, Ardila A (September 2009). The role of the arcuate fasciculus in conduction aphasia. Brain 132 (Pt 9): 2309–16.
  6. Saur D, Kreher BW, Schnell S, Kummerer D, Kellmeyer P, Vry M, Umarova R, Musso M, Glauche V, Abel S, Huber W, Rijntjes M, Hennig J, Weiller C (November 2008). Ventral and dorsal pathways for language. Proceedings of the National Academies of Science of the USA 105 (46): 18035–18040.
  7. Wernicke K. (1995). "The aphasia symptom-complex: A psychological study on an anatomical basis (1875)" Paul Eling Reader in the History of Aphasia: From sasi(Franz Gall to), 69–89, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub Co.
  8. Dronkers NF., Redfern B B., Knight R T. (2000). "The neural architecture of language disorders" Bizzi, Emilio; Gazzaniga, Michael S. The New cognitive neurosciences, 2nd, 949–58, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
  9. PMID 12615649 (PMID 12615649)
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  10. Harpaz Y, Levkovitz Y, Lavidor M (October 2009). Lexical ambiguity resolution in Wernicke's area and its right homologue. Cortex 45 (9): 1097–103.
  11. Poeppel D, Idsardi WJ, van Wassenhove V (March 2008). Speech perception at the interface of neurobiology and linguistics. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 363 (1493): 1071–86.
  12. Newman AJ, Supalla T, Hauser P, Newport EL, Bravelier D (2010). Dissociating neural subsystems for grammar by contrasting word order and inflection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 16 (107): 7539.

External links[]

Telencephalon (cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres) - edit

primary sulci/fissures: medial longitudinal, lateral, central, parietoöccipital, calcarine, cingulate

frontal lobe: precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex, 4), precentral sulcus, superior frontal gyrus (6, 8), middle frontal gyrus (46), inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area, 44-pars opercularis, 45-pars triangularis), prefrontal cortex (orbitofrontal cortex, 9, 10, 11, 12, 47)

parietal lobe: postcentral sulcus, postcentral gyrus (1, 2, 3, 43), superior parietal lobule (5), inferior parietal lobule (39-angular gyrus, 40), precuneus (7), intraparietal sulcus

occipital lobe: primary visual cortex (17), cuneus, lingual gyrus, 18, 19 (18 and 19 span whole lobe)

temporal lobe: transverse temporal gyrus (41-42-primary auditory cortex), superior temporal gyrus (38, 22-Wernicke's area), middle temporal gyrus (21), inferior temporal gyrus (20), fusiform gyrus (36, 37)

limbic lobe/fornicate gyrus: cingulate cortex/cingulate gyrus, anterior cingulate (24, 32, 33), posterior cingulate (23, 31),
isthmus (26, 29, 30), parahippocampal gyrus (piriform cortex, 25, 27, 35), entorhinal cortex (28, 34)

subcortical/insular cortex: rhinencephalon, olfactory bulb, corpus callosum, lateral ventricles, septum pellucidum, ependyma, internal capsule, corona radiata, external capsule

hippocampal formation: dentate gyrus, hippocampus, subiculum

basal ganglia: striatum (caudate nucleus, putamen), lentiform nucleus (putamen, globus pallidus), claustrum, extreme capsule, amygdala, nucleus accumbens

Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri.