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Withdrawal may be viewed as a psychological defence mechanism it is a psychoanalytic term and refers to the tendency to escape from or avoid situations that may be experienced as emotionally or psychologically challenging.

When this strategy is overused personality disorders can develop for example avoidant personality disorder or schizoid personality disorder

See also[]

References[]

Books[]

  • Cheek, J. M., & Krasnoperova, E. N. (1999). Varieties of shyness in adolescence and adulthood. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Honk, J. v., & Haan, E. H. F. d. (2001). Conscious and unconscious processing of emotional faces. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Rubin, K. H., & Burgess, K. B. (2001). Social withdrawal and anxiety. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Serbin, L. A., Moskowitz, D. S., Schwartzman, A. E., & Ledingham, J. E. (1991). Aggressive, withdrawn, and aggressive/withdrawn children in adolescence: Into the next generation. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.


Papers[]

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  • Bhatnagar, S., Nowak, N., Babich, L., & Bok, L. (2004). Deletion of the 5-HT-sub-3 receptor differentially affects behavior of males and females in the Porsolt forced swim and defensive withdrawal tests: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 153(2) Aug 2004, 527-535.
  • Blau, G. (1998). On the aggregation of individual withdrawal behaviors into larger multi-item constructs: Journal of Organizational Behavior Vol 19(5) Sep 1998, 437-451.
  • Bonaminio, V. (2001). Through Winnicott to Winnicott. Philadelphia, PA: Whurr Publishers.
  • Carstensen, L. L., Fisher, J. E., & Malloy, P. M. (1995). Cognitive and affective characteristics of socially withdrawn nursing home residents: Journal of Clinical Geropsychology Vol 1(3) Jul 1995, 207-218.
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  • Chang, L. (2003). Variable effects of children's aggression, social withdrawal, and prosocial leadership as functions of teacher beliefs and behaviors: Child Development Vol 74(2) Mar-Apr 2003, 535-548.
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  • Crockenberg, S. C., Leerkes, E. M., & Lekka, S. K. (2007). Pathways from marital aggression to infant emotion regulation: The development of withdrawal in infancy: Infant Behavior & Development Vol 30(1) Feb 2007, 97-113.
  • Davy, J. A., Kinicki, A. J., & Scheck, C. L. (1997). A test of job security's direct and mediated effects on withdrawal cognitions: Journal of Organizational Behavior Vol 18(4) Jul 1997, 323-349.
  • Dekker, S. W. A., & Schaufeli, W. B. (1995). The effects of job insecurity on psychological health and withdrawal: A longitudinal study: Australian Psychologist Vol 30(1) Mar 1995, 57-63.
  • Diego, M. A., Field, T., & Hernandez-Reif, M. (2001). BIS/BAS scores are correlated with frontal EEG asymmetry in intrusive and withdrawn depressed mothers: Infant Mental Health Journal Vol 22(6) Nov-Dec 2001, 665-675.
  • Dollberg, D., Feldman, R., Keren, M., & Guedeney, A. (2006). Sustained Withdrawal Behavior in Clinic-referred and Nonreferred Infants: Infant Mental Health Journal Vol 27(3) May-Jun 2006, 292-309.
  • Dykens, E. M., Shah, B., Sagun, J., Beck, T., & King, B. H. (2002). Maladaptive behaviour in children and adolescents with Down's syndrome: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research Vol 46(6) Sep 2002, 484-492.
  • Eklund, M. B., & Arborelius, L. (2006). Twice daily long maternal separations in Wistar rats decreases anxiety-like behaviour in females but does not affect males: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 172(2) Jul 2006, 278-285.
  • Erdley, C. A., & Asher, S. R. (1996). Children's social goals and self-efficacy perceptions as influences on their responses to ambiguous provocation: Child Development Vol 67(4) Aug 1996, 1329-1344.
  • Erdley, C. A., & Asher, S. R. (1998). Linkages between children's beliefs about the legitimacy of aggression and their behavior: Social Development Vol 7(3) 1998, 321-339.
  • Estroff, S. E. (1992). "Positive withdrawal and the quest for meaning: The reconstruction of experience among schizophrenics": Comment: Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes Vol 55(3) Aug 1992, 279-281.
  • Evans, G. W., & Lepore, S. J. (1993). Household crowding and social support: A quasiexperimental analysis: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 65(2) Aug 1993, 308-316.
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  • Facuri Lopes, S. C., Ricas, J., & Mancini, M. C. (2008). Evaluation of the psychometrics properties of the alarm distress baby scale among 122 Brazilian children: Infant Mental Health Journal Vol 29(2) Mar-Apr 2008, 153-173.
  • Firestone, R. W., & Catlett, J. (1986). Psychosis. New York, NY: Human Sciences Press.
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  • Guedeney, A. (1999). Depression and relational withdrawal in the young child: A critical analysis of the literature and propositions: Psychiatrie de l'Enfant Vol 42(1) 1999, 299-331.
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  • Guedeney, A., Charron, J., Delour, M., & Fermanian, J. (2001). The evaluation of withdrawal behavior in infants during pediatric examinations using the Alarm Distress Scale (ADBB): Psychiatrie de l'Enfant Vol 44(1) 2001, 211-231.
  • Gullickson, T., & Ramser, P. (1996). Review of Behavioral Development: Concepts of Approach/Withdrawal and Integrative Levels: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 41 (8), Aug, 1996.
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  • Hanisch, K. A., Hulin, C. L., & Roznowski, M. (1998). The importance of individuals' repertoires of behaviors: The scientific appropriateness of studying multiple behaviors and general attitudes: Journal of Organizational Behavior Vol 19(5) Sep 1998, 463-480.
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  • Jones, N. A., Field, T., Fox, N. A., Davalos, M., Malphurs, J., Carraway, K., et al. (1997). Infants of intrusive and withdrawn mothers: Infant Behavior & Development Vol 20(2) Apr-Jun 1997, 175-186.
  • Kaczmarek, M. A., & LeVine, E. S. (1980). Expansion training: A counseling stance for the withdrawn rigid child: Elementary School Guidance & Counseling Vol 15(1) Oct 1980, 31-38.
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Dissertations[]

  • Bauknight, C. B. (1977). Parent-child interaction on the Family Drawing Test as an indication of withdrawn behavior in children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Bowker, A. E. (1996). Coping with daily hassles in the peer group during early adolescence. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Briggs, R. S. (1992). Timid and withdrawn children. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Burgess, K. B. (1997). Self-schemas and behavioural adjustment of socially withdrawn children. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Carrico, K. L. (1982). An examination of the social networks of normals and schizophrenics: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Chassine, E. A. (1993). A study of the differences between boys from divorced and intact families in relation to anxiety, aggression, and withdrawn behavior: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Childers, G. J. (1990). Relations among aggression, withdrawal, and victimization in peer-rejected children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Cochrane, N. J. (1982). The meanings that some adults derive from their personal withdrawal experiences: A dialogical inquiry: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Crawford, N. L. (1995). The emotional responses of aggressive and withdrawn preschoolers to peer interactions. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Cressey, K. N. (2000). Parallel formation processes of job, organization, and occupation withdrawal cognitions. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Daniels, T. L. (1996). Development and validation of the Withdrawal and Avoidance in Marriage scale. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Drew, K. D. (1986). Relationship of birth order to sociability in young children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Gooler, L. E. (1996). Coping with work-family conflict: The role of organizational support. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Gray, J. R. (2000). Emotional modulation of working memory. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Harrison, H. M. J. (1998). Modelling the structure of social (mal)adjustment during the developmental period. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Harrist, A. W. (1992). Synchronous and nonsynchronous parent-child interaction: Relations with children's later competence with peers: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Hart, M. T. (1994). Social-cognitive processing in aggressive/withdrawn, aggressive/nonwithdrawn, and nondeviant children. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Hirschfeld, N. B. (1986). Maternal intensity and infant disengagement in face to face play: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Howe, P. A. (1981). Patterns of playroom behavior in disturbed and adjusted preschool children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Kassier, M. R. (1979). The effects of televised modeling on selected pro-social behaviors of severely withdrawn children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Kim, W.-K. (1998). Social withdrawal and psychological well-being in older adults. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Lepore, S. J. (1992). Residential density and psychological distress: Some social explanations: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Loiacono, R. (1979). Differential response patterns of achievers and non-achievers as a function of locus of control: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • McAffer, V. J. (1992). A longitudinal study of intergenerational transfer of psychosocial risk: Aggressive and withdrawn girls as mothers: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • McGuire, M. D. (1984). Attentional functions and information processing in adolescents at behavioral risk for schizophrenia: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Mott, A. L. (2006). The relationship between social withdrawal, friendship, and socioemotional adjustment in children. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • O'Hearn, H. G. (1999). Daily patterns of anger and withdrawal in violent and nonviolent couples. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Partridge, R. T. (2000). A developmental contextual model of approach/withdrawal temperament. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Peters, P. L. (2000). Assortative mating among men and women with histories of aggressive, withdrawn, and aggressive-withdrawn behaviour. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Raybuck, C. (1991). Attributional and behavioral discriminators of aggressive-withdrawn versus aggressive children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Rigsby, R. K. (1995). An inquiry into the adaptive function of withdrawal: Focusing on depression and abusive relationships. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Ritzema, R. J. (1978). The labeling of mental illness by nonprofessionals: An attributional approach: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Schneider, M. J. (1984). A comparison of aggressive and withdrawn children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Schwartz, D. (1995). The social behavior of bullied children. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Smith, K. B. (1996). Homeless school-age children. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Stempniak, M. W. (1979). Rating scales of child behavior problems: Halo, sex, and race effects: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Vallejo, J. O. (1986). Withdrawal: A basic positive and negative adaptation in addition to compliance and rebellion: Transactional Analysis Journal Vol 16(2) Apr 1986, 114-119. (1996). A multimethod study of the structure of social withdrawal in middle childhood. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Warden, M. R. (1991). Withdrawal of academic effort: Implications for self-handicapping and self-worth theories: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Ventura-Cook, E. E. (1997). Attachment representations and socioemotional characteristics of lower-income solitary-passive, solitary-nonpassive, and nonwithdrawn preschool children. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.